Report for Vocational

Training at
NTPC Limited, Sipat Super Thermal
Power Project,
(CHHATTISGARH)
on

POWER PLANT
FAMILIARIZATION

Submitted by-

Mechanical Engineering
Govt. Engineering College, Bilaspur

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project is being
submitted in fulfillment of the Vocational Training
Programme in NTPC Limited, Sipat, and is the
result of self-gained knowledge under the
guidance of various Engineers and other officers.
I further declare that to the best of my
knowledge,
The structure and
of this project are
contents
original
An
the information
data given in the report
d
and
is
authentic.

SUBMITTED BYMechanical Engineering

Govt. Engineering College, Bilaspur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am truly thankful to all the Faculties who imparted the
lectures on various subjects/topics along with detailed
explanation about the plant and machinery.
I would also thank Sh. Pravin Patel (Manager-Training)
and other Employees of EDC, Sipat for giving me the
chance of having this wonderful learning experience.

I would also like to thank the training and placement

officer and all the teachers of my College, for providing
me a chance especially Mr. A.K. Garg for the support and
guidance at each and every step which helped me
secure this vocational training.
All the officials at NTPC went out of their way to provide
me with as much information as they could, inspire of
the fact that they were laden with their own work. I cant
really express my feeling of gratitude towards them.
A lot of information has also been retrieved from the
internet due to lack of proper plant visiting facilities.

INDEX
S.NO.

PAGE

TOPIC

NO.

1. About NTPC
2.Overview of NTPC Sipat STPP
3.Basic Power Plant cycle
4.Coal to Electricity
5.Supercritical Technology
6.Boiler
7.Turbine
8.Electrical
Plant

Equipments

in

Power

9.Switchyard
10.

Electronic Instruments in PP

11.

Conclusion

ABOUTNTPC:

NTPC Sipat Super Thermal Power Project is a cynosure

of power generation in India. It is a priceless gem of
mineral rich state of Chhattisgarh. Being in the vicinity of
Bilaspur , the second largest city of Chhattisgarh and at
the vertex of transport arteries adds to its majestic aura.
Total installed capacity of the Sipat Super Thermal
Power Project is 2980 MW (Stage 1-660 X 3 & Stage II-500
X 2 MW).The present generation capacity of the project is
2320MW(Stage 1-660X2 &Stage II-500 X2). Plant's water
requirement is catered by Hasdeo right bank canal. It gets
coal supply from Dipika mines of SECL,Korba. The coal is
transport via MGR system of total length 42 km.
Sipat Super Thermal Power Project has many
accolades to its credits. Being a pioneer of Super Critical
Technology in India and transmission system of 765 kV for
the first time in India are the most unique attributes.
Addressing this most pressing need of the hour, i.e.
our environment, Sipat Project has 100 meter wide
peripheral green belt, submerged ash dykes and state-ofthe art technology for environment management.

Indias largest power company, NTPC was set up in

1975 to accelerate power development in India. NTPC is
emerging as a diversified power major with presence in
the entire value chain of the power generation business.
Apart from power generation, which is the mainstay of the
company, NTPC has already ventured into consultancy,
power trading, ash utilization and coal mining. NTPC
th
ranked 337 in the 2012, Forbes Global 2000 ranking of
the Worlds biggest companies. NTPC became a
Maharatna company in May, 2010, one of the only four
companies to be awarded this status.
The total installed capacity of the company is 41,184 MW
(including JVs) with 16 coal based and 7 gas based
stations, located across the country. In addition under JVs,
7 stations are coal based & another station uses
naptha/LNG as fuel and 2 renewable energy projects. The
company has set a target to have an installed power
generating capacity of 1,28,000 MW by the year 2032.
The capacity will have a diversified fuel mix comprising
56% coal, 16% Gas, 11% Nuclear and 17% Renewable
Energy Sources(RES) including hydro. By 2032, non-fossil
fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 28%
of NTPCs portfolio.
NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency
levels. Although the company has 17.75% of the total
national capacity, it contributes 27.40% of total power
generation due to its focus on high efficiency.

In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public

Offering (IPO) consisting of 5.25% as fresh issue and 5.25%
as offer for sale by Government of India. NTPC thus
became a listed company in November 2004 with the
Government holding 89.5% of the equity share capital. In
February 2010, the Shareholding of Government of India
was reduced from 89.5% to 84.5% through Further Public
Offer. The rest is held by Institutional Investors and the
Public.

NTPC- COAL BASED THERMAL

At NTPC, People before Plant Load Factor is the mantra
POWER
PLANTS
that guides all HR related policies. NTPC has been awarded
No.1, Best Workplace in India among large organizations
and the best PSU for the year 2010, by the Great Places to
Work Institute, India Chapter in collaboration with The
Economic Times.
Sr.No.
Sta
Inst.Capa
The concept of Corporate Social
is deeply
te Responsibility
city(inM
Project
ingrained
in NTPC's culture. UttarPrade
Through its expansive
W)2,000 CSR
1.
Singrauli
initiatives,
NTPC strives to develop
mutual trust with the
sh
SuperThermal
communities
that surround its Chhattisgarh
power stations. 2,60
Power Station
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

NTPCKorba
NTPCRamagundam
FarakkaSuperThermal
Power Station
NTPCVindhyachal
RihandThermal
Power Station

7.
KahalgaonSuperTher
mal Power Station
8.
NTPCDadri
9.
NTPCTalcherKaniha
10.
FerozeGandhi
Unchahar Thermal
Power Plant
11.
TalcherThermal
Power Station
12.
Simhadri
SuperThermal
Power Plant
13.
TandaThermal Power
Plant 14. Badarpur Thermal
Power
Station
15.
SipatThermal
PowerPlant 16.
18.
RihandThermal
NTPCBongaigaon
Power
Station
(commissioning2
(erection
phase)
013 onwards)
17.
NTPCMouda

AndhraPrade
sh
WestBengal
MadhyaPrade
sh
UttarPradesh
Bih
ar
UttarPrade
sh Orissa
UttarPrade
sh
Oriss
a
AndhraPrad
esh
UttarPrade
sh Delhi
Chhattisg
arh Assam

Maharasht
ra
Uttar
Pradesh

0
2,60
0
2,10
4,26
0 0
2,50
0
2,34
0
1,82
0
3,00
0
1,05
46
00
200
0
44
0
70
5
2980
750(3x250M
W)
2320(2x500
MW;2x660M
W) 1*500MW

Evolution
197
5
199
7
200
4
200
5
200
8
200
9
201
0

NTPCwasset up in 1975 with

100%ownershipbytheGovernmentof India.Inthe last30
years,NTPChasgrown intothe largestpowerutilityin India.

Governmentof India grantedNTPCstatusofNavratna

beingone of the ninejewelsof India,enhancingthe
powerstotheBoardofDirectors.
NTPCbecamealistedcompanywith
majorityGovernmentownershipof 89.5%.
NTPCbecomesthirdlargestbyMarketCapitalisationof
listedcompanies.
The company rechristenedasNTPCLimitedin line with
itschanging businessportfolioand transformitselffroma
thermalpowerutility toan integratedpower utility.

NationalThermalPowerCorporationisthe
largestpowergenerationcompanyinIndia.Forbes
Global2000 for2008 rankedit411thin the world

NationalThermalPowerCorporationisthe
largestpowergenerationcompanyinIndia.Forbes
Global2000 for2009 rankedit317thin the world

BecameaMaharatnComp
any

BASICPOWERPLANTCYCLE
RANKINECYCLE
The Rankin cycle is a cycle that converts heat into work.
The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which
usually uses water. This cycle generates about 80% of all
electric power used throughout the world, including
virtually all solar thermal, biomass, and coal and nuclear
Power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn
Rankin,
a
Scottis
h
Polymath. The
cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic
o
Rankin underpinning
f
The steam engine.

OverviewofNTPCSipat
SuperThermalPowerProject:

A thermal power station consists of all the equipments

and a subsystem required to produce electricity by using a
steam generating boiler fired with fossil fuels or bio fuels to
drive an electric generator. Some prefer to use the term
ENERGYCENTRE because such facilities convert form of
energy like nuclear energy, gravitational potential energy or
heat energy (derived from the combustion of fuel) into
electrical energy.

The description of some of the components of the thermal

power plant is as follows:

1. Cooling Tower:
It is evaporative coller for cooling water. Cooling tower uses
the concept of evaporation of water to reject heat from
processes such by cooling the circulating water used in oil
refineries, chemical plants, power plants, etc. Smaller
towers are normally factory built while larger ones are
constructed on site. The primary use of large, industrial
cooling tower system is to remove the heat by circulating
the hot water used by the plants
The absorbed heat is rejected to the atmosphere by the
evaporation of some of the cooling water in mechanical
forced - draft or induced draft towers or in natural draft
hyperbolic shaped cooling towers as seen at most nuclear
power plants.
4 Nos Induced draft cooling towers with 10 fans each tower
is installed at NTPCsipat for the above said purpose.

2.Threephasetransmissionline&stepuptransformer:
Three phase electric power is a common method of electric
power transmission. Its a type of polyphase system mainly
used for power motors and many other devices. In a three
phase system, three circuits reach their instantaneous peak
values at different times. Taking one conductor as reference,
the other two conductors are delayed in time by one-third
and two-third of cycle of the electrical current. This delay
between phases has the effect of giving constant power over
each cycle of the current and also makes it impossible to
produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor. At the
power station, an electric generator converts mechanical
power into a set of electric currents one from each
electromagnetic coil or winding of the generator. The
currents are sinusoidal functions of time, all at the same
frequency but offset in time to give different phases. In a
three phase system, the phases are spaced equally giving a
phase separation of one-third of one cycle. Generators
output at a voltage that ranges from hundreds fools to

30,000 volts at the power station. Transformers step-up this

voltage for suitable transmission after numerous further
conversions in the transmission and distribution network the
power is finally transformed to standard mains voltage i.e.
the household voltage. This voltage

transmitted may be in three phase or in one phase only when

we have the corresponding step down at the receiving stage.
The output of the transformer is usually star connected with the
standard mains voltage being the phase neutral voltage.

3.ElectricalGenerator:
An electrical generator is a device that coverts mechanical
energy to electrical energy, using electromagnetic induction
whereas electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy
with the help of electric motor. The source of mechanical
energy may be a rotating shaft of steam turbine engine.
Turbines are made in variety of sizes ranging from small 1
hp(0.75 kW) used as mechanical drives for pumps,
compressors and other shaft driven equipment to 2,000,000
hp(1,500,000 kW) turbines used to generate electricity.
4.Steamturbine:
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that
thermal energy
extracts
from
pressurized steam,
Conver
moder
and
ts
it into rotary motion. Its
n
manifestati was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in
on
1884.
It has
complete Replac the
piston
engin
almost
ly
ed
reciprocating steam
e
primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher
power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary
motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an
electrical generator - about 80% of all electricity generation in
the world is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a
form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in
thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages
in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer
approach to the ideal reversible process.

5.Steamcondenser:
The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the
turbine into liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser

can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is

reduced and efficiency of the cycle increases. The surface
condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling
water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from
the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and
converted to

condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the

adjacent diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or
rotary motor-driven exhausters for continuous removal of air
and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum

6.BoilerFeedPump:
A Boiler Feed Pump is a specific type of pump used to pump
water into steam boiler. The water may be freshly supplied or
retuning condensation of steam produced by the boiler. These
pumps are normally high pressure units that use suction from
a condensate return system and can be of centrifugal pump
type or positive displacement type.
and Operation feed
Construction
water
pumps range from sizes up to many
and the electric
horsepower
motor is
usually separated from the pump body by some form of
mechanical coupling. Large industrial condensate pumps may
also serve as the feed water pump. In either case, to force
water into the boiler, the pump must generate sufficient
pressure to overcome the steam pressure developed by the
boiler. This is usually accomplished through the use of
centrifugal pump. Feed water pumps usually run intermittently
and are controlled by a float switch or other similar levelsensing device energizing the pump when it detects a lowered
liquid level in the boiler substantially increased. Some pumps
contain a two stage switch. As liquid lowers to the trigger point
of the first stage, the pump is activated.
If the liquid continues to drop (perhaps because the pump has
failed, its supply has been cut-off or exhausted, or its
discharge is blocked),the second stage will be triggered. This
stage may switch off the boiler equipment (preventing the
boiler from running dry and overheating), trigger an alarm or
both.

7.Controlvalves:

Control Valves are the valves used within industrial plants and
elsewhere to control operating conditions such as
temperature, pressure, flow and liquid level by fully or partially
opening or closing in response to signals received

from controllers that compare a "set point" to a "process

variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor
changes in such conditions. The opening or closing of control
valves is done by means of electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic
systems.

8.Deaerator:
A De-aerator is a boiler feed device for air removal and used
to remove dissolved gases from water to make it non
-corrosive. A de-aerator typically includes a vertical domed
de-aeration section as the de-aeration feed water tank. A
steam generating boiler requires that the circulating steam,
condensate and feed water should be devoid of dissolved
gases, particularly corrosive ones and dissolved or
suspended solids. The gases will give rise to corrosion of the
metal (due to cavitations). The solids will deposit on heating
surfaces giving rise to localized heating and tube ruptures
due to overheating. De-aerator level and pressure must be
controlled by adjusting control
valves-the level by regulating condensate flow and pressure
by regulating steam flow.
Most de-aerators guarantee that if operated properly, oxygen
in de-aerated water will not exceed 7ppb by weight.

9.FeedWaterHeater:
A feed water heater is a power plant component used to pre
heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Feed
water heater improves the efficiency of the system. This
reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid
thermal shock to boiler metal when the feed water is
introduced back into the steam cycle. Feed water heaters
allow the feed water to be brought up to the saturation

temperature very gradually.

10.Pulveriser
Apulveriserisadeviceforgrindingcoalforcombustioninafurnace.

11.BoilerSteamDrum
Steam Drums are a regular feature of water tube boilers. It is
reservoir of water/steam at the top end of the water tubes in
the water-tube boiler. They store the steam generated in the
water tubes and act as a phase separator for the steam/water
mixture. The difference in densities between hot and cold
water helps in the accumulation of the "hotter-water/and
saturated - steam into steam drum. Made from high-grade
steel (probably stainless) and its working involves
temperatures 411'C and pressure well above 350psi (2.4MPa).
The separated steam is drawn out from the top section of the
drum. Saturated steam is drawn off the top of the drum. The
steam will re-enter the furnace in through a super heater,
while the saturated water at the bottom of steam drum flows
down to the mud- drum /feed water drum by down comer
tubes
accessories include a safety valve, water level indicator and
fuse plug. A steam drum is used in company of a muddrum/feed water drum which is located at a lower level. So
that it acts as a sump for the sludge or sediments which have
a higher tendency at the bottom.

12.SuperHeater:
A Super heater is a device in a steam engine that heats the
steam generated by the boiler again increasing its thermal
energy and decreasing the likelihood that it will condense
inside the engine. Super heaters increase the efficiency of the
steam engine, and were widely adopted. Steam which has
been superheated is logically known as superheated steam;
non-superheated steam is called saturated steam or wet
steam; Super heaters were applied to steam locomotives in

quantity from the early 20th century, to most steam vehicles,

and so stationary steam engines including power stations.

13. Economisers:
Economiser is a mechanical device intended to reduce energy
consumption, or to perform another useful function like
preheating the fluid. The term economizer is used for other
purposes as well, e.g. air conditioning. Boiler heating in power
plants. In
boilers, economizer are heat exchange devices that heat
fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond the
boiling point of the fluid. Economizers are so named because
they can make use of the enthalpy and improving the boiler's
efficiency. They are a device fitted to a boiler which saves
energy by using the exhaust gases from the boiler to preheat
the cold water used for feed into the boiler (the feed water).
Modern day
boilers, such as those in coal fired power stations, are still
fitted with economizer which is decedents of Green's original
design. In this context they are turbines before it is pumped to
the boilers. A common application of economizer is steam
power plants is to capture the waste hit from boiler stack
gases (flue gas) and transfer thus it to the boiler feed water
thus lowering the needed energy input, in turn reducing the
firing rates to accomplish the rated boiler output. Economizer
lowers stack temperatures which may cause condensation of
combustion gases (which are acidic in nature) and may cause
serious equipment corrosion damage if care is not taken in
their design and material selection.

14.AirPreheater:
Air preheater is a general term to describe any device
designed to heat air before another process (for example,
combustion in a boiler). The purpose of the air preheater is to
recover the heat from the boiler flue gas which increases the

thermal efficiency of the boiler by reducing the useful heat

lost by the flue gases. As a consequence, the flue gases are
also sent to the flue gas stack (or chimney) at a lower
temperature allowing simplified design of the ducting and the
flue gas stack. It also allows control over the temperature of
gas leaving the stack (chimney).

15. Electrostatic Precipitator:

An Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air cleaner is
a particulate device that removes particles from a flowing gas
(such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.
Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices,
and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and
smoke from the air steam. ESP's continue to be excellent
devices for control of many industrial particulate emissions,
including smoke from electricity-generating utilities (coal and
oil fired), salt cake collection from black liquor boilers in pump
mills, and catalyst collection from fluidized bed catalytic
crackers from several hundred thousand ACFMin the largest
coal-fired boiler application. The original parallel plateWeighted wire design (described above) has evolved as more
efficient (and robust) discharge electrode designs were
developed, today focusing on rigid discharge electrodes to
which many sharpened spikes are attached, maximizing
corona production. Transformer -rectifier systems apply
voltages of 50-100 Kilovolts at relatively high current densities.
Modem controls minimize sparking and prevent arcing,
avoiding damage to the components. Automatic rapping
systems and hopper evacuation systems remove the collected
particulate matter while on line allowing ESP's to stay in
operation for years at a time.

16.Fuelgasstack:
A Fuel gas stack is a type of chimney, a vertical pipe, channel
or similar structure through which combustion product gases
called fuel gases are exhausted to the outside air. Fuel gases
are produced when coal, oil, natural gas, wood or any other
large combustion device. Fuel gas is usually composed of
carbon dioxide (C02) and water vapor as well as nitrogen and
excess oxygen remaining from the intake combustion air. It
also contains a small percentage of pollutants such as
particulates matter, carbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxides and
sulfur oxides. The flue gas stacks are often quite tall, up to 400
meters (1300 feet) or more, so as to disperse the exhaust
pollutants over a greater aria and thereby reduce the
concentration of the pollutants to the levels
required by governmental environmental policies and
regulations.

CoaltoElectricity

Coal is first milled to a fine powder, which increases the

surface area and allows it to burn more quickly. In these
pulverised coal combustion (PCC) systems, the powdered
coal is blown into the combustion chamber of a boiler where
it is burnt at high temperature (see diagram below). The hot
gases and heat energy produced converts water in tubes
lining the boiler into steam.
The high pressure steam is passed into a turbine containing
thousands of propeller-like blades. The steam pushes these
blades causing the turbine shaft to rotate at high speed. A
generator is mounted at one end of the turbine shaft and
consists of carefully wound wire coils. Electricity is generated
when these are rapidly rotated in a strong magnetic field.
After passing through the turbine, the steam is condensed

and returned to the boiler to be heated once again.

The electricity generated is transformed into the higher

voltages (up to 400,000 volts) used for economic, efficient
transmission via power line grids. When it nears the point of
consumption, such as our homes, the electricity is
transformed down to the safer 100-250 voltage systems used
in the domestic market.

SupercriticalTechnology
Supercritical power plants were in service from the late
fifties. But the technology did not really take off due to
problems of reliability especially from the metallurgical
aspect.
The single most important factor that determines the use of
higher and higher pressure and temperatures are the
availability of materials to withstand these conditions.
Increases in operating pressure and temperatures have to go
hand in hand with developments in metallurgy.
With more than 600 units in service the reliability issue
seems to be resolved. Supercritical units are the standard for
future power plants in many countries including China.
What are the key differences between the subcritical units
and the Supercritical units?

Efficiency
The main advantage and the reason for a higher pressure
operation is the increase in the thermodynamic efficiency of
the Rankin cycle.
Large Subcritical thermal power plants with 170 bar and 540 /
540 C (SH / RH) operate at an efficiency of 38 %.
Supercritical units operating at 250 bar and 600/615 C can
have efficiencies in the range of 42 %.
Ultra supercritical units at 300 bar and 615 / 630 C will still
increase the efficiency up to 44 %.
Increase in efficiency directly lead to reductions in unit cost of
power and CO2 emissions.

Operational Flexibility
Most of the Supercritical units use the once through
technology. This is ideal for sliding pressure operation which
has much more flexibility in load changes and controlling the
power grid.
However this also requires more sensitive and quick

responding control systems.

Evaporation End Point

In subcritical units the drum acts as a fixed evaporation end
point. The furnace water walls act as the evaporator. Not so
in the case of a supercritical unit. The evaporation end point
can occur in various levels ofthe furnace depending on the
boiler load. The percentage of Superheat in supercritical units
is higher than subcritical units. Because of this the furnace
tubes act more as super heaters than water walls. This
necessitates the use of higher grade of materials like alloy
steels in the furnace.

Heat transfer Area

Higher steam temperatures in supercritical units results in a
lesser differential temperature for heat transfer. Because of
this heat transfer areas required are higher than subcritical
units.
Higher Superheat steam temperatures entering the HP
turbine also mean higher reheater inlet temperatures which
again results in a higher heat transfer areas.

Water chemistry
In supercritical units the water entering the boiler has to be of
extremely high levels of purity. Supercritical boilers do not
have a steam drum that separates the steam and the water.
If the entering water quality is not good, carryover of
impurities can result in turbine blade deposits.

Materials
Supercritical power plants use special high grade materials
for the boiler tubes. The turbine blades are also of improved
design and materials. In fact, the very increase in higher
pressure and temperature designs are dependendent on the
development of newer and newer alloys and tube materials.

The aim of the industry is to achieve power plant efficiencies

in the range of 50 %.

Boiler
A boiler is the central or an important component of the
thermal power plant which focuses on producing
superheated steams that is used for running of the turbines
which in turn is used for the generation of electricity. A
boiler is a closed vessel in which the heat produced by the
combustion of fuel is transferred to water for its
conversation into
steam of the desired temperature & pressure.
The heatgenerating
Unit includes a furnace
burned
With the advantage of water.
cooled
heater air
and economizers, the
s,
heaters
term
evolved as a better description of the
apparatus.

in which the fuel

is furnace walls,
super
steam
generator was

Boilers may be classified on the basis of any of the following

characteristics

Use
Pressure
Materials
Size
Tube Content
Tube Shape and position
Firing
Heat Source
Fuel
Fluid
Circulations
Furnace position
Furnace type

 General shape
Trade name
Special features.

Use: The characteristics of the boiler vary according to the

nature ofservice performed. Customarily boiler is called either
stationary or mobile. Large units used primarily for
electric power generation are known as control station

steam generator or utility plants.

Pressure:To provide safety control over construction features,

allboilers must be constructed in accordance with the Boiler
codes, which differentiates boiler as per their characteristics.

Materials:Selection of construction materials is controlled by

boiler code material specifications. Power boilers are usually
constructed of special steels.

Size:Rating code for boiler standardize the size and ratings of

boilers based on heating surfaces. The same is verified by
performance tests. Tube Contents: In addition to ordinary shell
type of boiler, there are two general steel boiler
classifications, the fire tube and water tube boilers. Fire tube
boiler is boilers with straight tubes that are surrounded by
water and through which the products of combustion pass.
Water tube boilers are those, in which the tubes themselves
contain steam or water, the heat being applied to the outside
surface.

Firing:The boiler may be a fired or unfired pressure vessel In

fired boilers, the heat applied is a product of fuel combustion.
A non-fired boiler has a heat source other than combustion.

HeatSource:The heat may be derived from (1) the

combustion of
fuel (2) the hot gasses of other chemical reactions (3) the
utilization of

nuclear energy.

Fuel:Boilers are often designated with respect to the fuel

burned.

Fluid: The general concept of a boiler is that of a vessel to

generate steam. A few utilities plants have installed mercury
boilers.

Circulation: The majority of boilers operate with natural

circulation. Some utilize positive circulation in which the
operative fluid may be forced 'once through' or controlled
with partial circulation.

FurnacePosition:The boiler is an external combustion device

in which the combustion takes place outside the region of
boiling water. The relative location of the furnace to the boiler
is indicated by the description of the furnace as being
internally or externally fired.

The furnace is internally fired if the furnace region is

completely surrounded by water cooled surfaces. The
furnace is externally fired if the furnace is auxiliary to the
boiler.

Furnacetype: The boiler may be described in terms of the

furnace type.

GeneralShape: During the evaluation of the boiler as a heat

producer, many new shapes and designs have appeared and
these are

widely recognized in the trade.

Trade Name: Many manufacturers coin their own name for

each boiler and these names come into common usage as
being descriptive of the boiler.

Specialfeatures:sometimes the type of boiler like differential

firing and Tangential firing are described.

Categorization of Boilers:
Boilers are generally categorized as follows:
Steel boilers
Fire Tube type
Water tube type
Horizontal Straight tube
The boiler is generally used for power production are two
types:1. Corner boiler
2. Front fire boiler
The boiler mainly has natural circulation of gases, steam
and other things. They contain vertical membrane water.
The pulverized fuel which is being used in the furnace is
fixed tangentially. They consume approximately 700 ton of
coal of about 1370kg\cm2 of pressure having temperature
of540oC.
The first pass of the boiler has a combustion chamber
enclosed with water walls of fusion welded construction on
all four sides. In addition there are four water platens to
increase the radiant heating surface. Beside this super
heater reheated sections are also suspended in the furnace
combustion chamber. The first pass is a highheat zone since
the fuel is burned in this pass.

The second pass is surrounded by steam cooled walls on all

four sides as well as roof of the boiler. A horizontal super
heater, an economizer & two air heaters are located in the
second pass.
The main components of a boiler and their functions are
given below:

a)DRUM: It is a type of storage tank much higher placed

than thelevel at which the boiler is placed, and it is also a
place where water and steam are separated. First the drum is
filled with water coming from the economizer, from where it is
brought down with the help of down-comers, entering the
bottom ring headers. From there they enter the riser, which
are nothing but tubes that carries the water (which now is a
liquid-vapor mixture), back to the drum. Now, the steam is
sent to the super heaters while the saturated liquid water is
again circulated through the down-comers and then
subsequently through the risers till all the water in the drum
turns into steam and passes to the next stage of heating that
is superheating.

NOTE: for a 660 MW plant, the boiler does not employ any
drum; instead the water and steam go directly into the
super heater because the pressure employed being higher
than the critical pressure of water on further stages of
heating will eventually turn completely into steam without
absorbing any latent heat of vaporization since the boiling
part in the T-s curve no longer passes through the saturation
dome rather its goes above the dome.

b)SUPERHEATERS:The steam from the

boiler drum is
then
for superheating. This takes place in stages. In the
sent
three
first
stage,
steam is sent to a simple super heater, known as
the
the low
temperature super heaters (LTSH), after which the second
stage consists of several divisional panels super heaters
(DPSH). The final stage involves further heating in the Platen
super heaters (PLSH), after which the steam is sent through
the Main Steam (MS) piping for driving the turbine.

Superheating is done to increase the dryness fraction of the

exiting steam. This is because if the dryness fraction is low,
as is the case with saturated steam, the presence of
moisture can cause corrosion of the blades of the turbine.
Super-heated steam also has several merits such as
increased working capacity, ability to increase the plant
efficiency, lesser erosion and so on. It is also of interest to
know that while the super heater increases the temperature
of the steam, it does not change the pressure. There are

different stages of super heaters besides the sidewalls and

extended sidewalls. The first stage consists of LTSH (low
temperature super heater), which is conventional mixed
type with
upper & lower banks above the economizer
in rear
assembly
pass.
The other is
Panel Super
which is
above in
Divisional
heater
hanging
the
first pass of the
above the
The third stage is the
boiler
furnace.
Platen
Super heater from where the steam goes into the HP turbine
through the main steam line. The outlet temperature &
pressure of the steam coming out from the super heater is
540 degrees Celsius & 157 kg/ern'. After the HP turbine part
is crossed the steam is taken out through an outlet as
CRH(Cold Re-heat steam) to be re-heated again as HRH(Hot
Re-heat steam) and then is fed to the IPT(Intermediate
pressure turbine) which goes directly to the LPT(Low
pressure turbine) through the IP-LP cross-over.

c)WATERWALLS: The water from the bottom ring header

is thentransferred to the water walls, where the first step in
the formation of steam occurs by absorbing heat from the hot
interior of the boiler where the coal is burned continuously.
This saturated water steam mixture then enters the boiler
drum.
In a 500 MW unit, the water walls are of vertical type, and
have rifled tubing whereas in a 660 MW unit, the water walls
are of spiral type till an intermediate ring header from where
it again goes up as vertical type water walls. The advantage
of the spiral wall tubes ensures an even distribution of heat,
and avoids higher thermal stresses in the water walls by
reducing the fluid temperature differences in the adjacent
tubes and thus minimizes the sagging produced in the
tubes.

Figure
the
between
vertic
water wall
depicting
difference
the
al
and
the spiral
wall type of tubing where the vertical water
water
waslies
have the rifle type of tubes increase
surfac
area unlike
to
the
e
the
spiral ones that have plain, smooth
surfaces.

d) ECONOMIZER: The economizer is a tube-shaped

structurewhich contains water from the boiler feed pump. This
water is heated up by the hot flue gases which pass through
the economizer layout, which then enters the drum. The
economizer is usually placed below the second pass of the
boiler, below the Low Temperature Super heater. As the flue
gases are being constantly produced due to the combustion of
coal, the water in the economizer is being continuously being
heated up, resulting in the formation of steam to a partial
extent. Economizer tubes are supported in such a way that
sagging, deflection & expansion will not occur at any condition

of operation.

e)DEAERATOR:

A
is a device
widely for the
o
deaerator that
is
used removal
f air
and other dissolved
fro the
steamgases
m
feedwater
to
generating
particular, dissolved oxygen in boiler
will
boilers. In feedwaters
cause
serious corrosion damage in steam systems by to the walls
attaching
of
metal piping and other metallic
and
(rust)
equipment
forming
oxides
.
Wate
any
dioxid
r
also combines with dissolved
carbon e
to form
carboni
acid that
further
ar
c
causes
corrosion. Most de aerators e
design to remove oxygen down to levels
ppb by weight
ed
of 7
(0.005
cmvl.
)
or less.

 There are two basic types of deaerators, the tray-type

and the spray-type:
The tray-type (also
a
called
the cascade-type) includes vertical
domed de aeration
mounted on top of a
cylindric
section
horizontal
al
vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feedwater
storage tank.

The spray-type consists only of a horizontal (or vertical)

cylindrical vessel which serves as both the de aeration
section and the boiler feedwater storage tank.
In addition to these there are several other smaller
components attached to a boiler, including several safety
valves, which have their own special significance.
So briefly, the boiler functions this way. The water enters the
boiler through the economizer. From there it passes to the
drum. Once the water enters the drum it comes down the
down comers to the lower inlet water wall headers. From the
headers the water rises through the water walls and is
eventually turned into steam due to the continuous heat
being generated by the burners. As the steam is formed it
enters the steam drum. Here the steam and water is
separated. The separators and dryers remove the droplets of
water and the cycle through the water walls is repeated.
This cycle is known as natural circulation cycle. In the forced
circulation of water pumps are used to maintain the flow of
water.

Turbine

the overall figure of the boiler depicting the flow of the fuel
and the gases along the given direction of the arrows.
Sole purpose of turbine is to produce work by expanding
steam from
very high pressure to low condenser pressure.
We mainly use three types of turbine here viz. 1
1 IP
HP turbine,
turbine
and 2 LP turbine
We are using different pressure turbines for
reheating purpose
So
that we can enhance overall efficiency of the plant
(or so that
we can
overcome problem of wet steam)
First superheated steam is allowed to expand in
HPT to some
IP and
then send back to boiler for reheating purpose.

 Then this reheated steam is sent to IP turbine

wher afte
for expanding
e
r
it get expanded to some lower pressure a BLEND steam is
taken out and sent to FEED WATER HEATER (FWH) for heating feed
water for REGENERATION)

RATEDCONDITIONS
LOAD
BEFORE HP STOP
VALVE
STEAM
PRESSURE

AFTER
HPC

660MW

247KSC
0
537

C
STEAMTEMPERATURE
:
STEAM
FLOW
:
2023.75T/HR
STEAM
PRESSURE
STEAM
PRESSURE
BEFORE IP STOP
VALVE
STEAM
PRESSURE

48KSC
0
298.71

43.2KSC
0
565

C
STEAM TEMPERATURE
:
STEAM FLOW TO
REHEATER
:
1681.12T/HR.
DESIGN CONDENSER
0.105KSC
PRESSURE
:
(abs.)
COOLING WATER
3
64000M /HR
FLOW
:
0
286.35
FINAL FEED WATER
C
TEMP. :
FREQUENCY
47.5 51.5
RANGE
:
Hz
Generator rated
3000rp
speed
m

Generator
manufacturer
No. of bleedings 8
Length of the
turbine
No. of stages
HPT
17
11x
IPT
2
5x2
LPT-1
LPT-2
5x2
Total
59

Electrosi
la

36.362

INTRODUCTIONTOSTEAMTURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into
rotary motion, lts modern manifestation was invented by Sir
Charles Parsons in 1884.

DefinitionsofSteamturbine:
Turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them
tum.
A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor
through which steam is passed to generate rotational
energy. Today, normally used in power stations
A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam
(produced in a boiler) into mechanical power which can then
be used to generate electricity.
Equipment unit flown through by steam, used to
convert the energy of the steam into rotational energy.

PrincipleofOperation:
In reciprocating steam engine, the pressure of energy of
steam is used to overcome external resistance and dynamic
action of the steam is negligibly small. Steam engine may be
retum by using the full pressure without any expansion or
drop of pressure in the cylinder.
The steam energy is converted mechanical work by
expansion through the turbine. The expansion takes place
through a. series of fixed blades (nozzles) and moving
blades each row of fixed blades and moving blades is called
a stage. The moving blades rotate on the central turbine
rotor and the fixed blades are concentrically arranged within
the circular turbine casing which is substantially designed to
withstand the steam pressure.

ClassificationofSteamTurbines
The first steam turbine, at its time indeed did spark off the
industrial revolution throughout the west. However, the
turbine at that time was still an inefficient piece of heavy
weighing high maintenance machine. The power to weight
ratio of the first reciprocating steam turbine was extremely
low, and this led to a great focus improving the design,
efficiency and usability of the basic steam turbine, the
result of which are the power horses that currently produce
more than 800/0of today's electricity at power plants.
SteamTurbinesareClassifiedas:
Steam Turbines can be classified on the basis of a number
of factors. Some of the important methods of steam turbine
classification are enunciated below:
OnthebasisofStageDesign:
Steam turbines use different stages to achieve their
ultimate power conversion goal Depending on the stages
used by a particular turbine, it is classified as Impulse
Turbine, or Reaction type.
OntheBasisoftheArrangementofitsMainShaft:
Depending on the shaft arrangement of the steam turbine,
they may be classified as Single housing (casing), tandem
compound (two or more housings, with shafts that are
coupled in line with each other) and Cross compound
turbines (the shafts here are not in line).
OntheBasisofSupplyofSteamandSteamExhaustCondition:
They may be classified as Condensing, Non Condensing,
Controlled or Automatic extraction type, Reheat (the steam
is bypassed at an intermediate level, reheated and sent

again) and Mixed pressure steam turbines (they have more

than one source of steam at different pressures).
OnthebasisofDirectionofSteamFlow:
They may be axial, radial or tangential flow steam turbines.
OntheBasisofSteamSupply:
Superheated steam turbine or saturated steam turbine.

BasictypesofTurbines
The two most basic and fundamental types of steam
turbines are the impulse turbine and the impulse reaction
turbine.
TheImpulseTurbine:
The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades
followed by a set of rotor blades which rotate to produce the
rotary power. The high pressure steam flows through the
fixed blades, which are nothing but nozzles, and undergo a
decrease in pressure energy, which is converted to kinetic
energy to give the steam high velocity levels. This high
velocity steam strikes the moving blades or rotor and
causes them to rotate. The fixed blades do not completely
convert all the pressure energy of the steam to kinetic
energy, hence there is some residual pressure energy
associated with the steam on exit. Therefore the efficiency
of this turbine is very limited as compared to the next
turbine we are going to review-the reaction turbine or
impulse reaction turbine.

WorkingofImpulseTurbine
The impulse turbine was one of the basic steam turbines. It
involved striking of the blades by a stream or a jet of high
pressure steam, which caused the blades of the turbine to
rotate. The direction of the jet was perpendicular to the axis
of the blade. It was realized that the impulse turbine was
not very efficient and required high pressures, which is also
quite difficult to maintain. The impulse turbine has nozzles
that are fixed to convert the steam to high pressure steam
before letting it strike the blades. Impulse turbine
Mechanism deals with the Impulse force action-reaction.
As we all know the Newton 3rd law of motion," Every action
has equal and opposite reaction", the same is work on this.
As the water fall on the blade of the rotor it generate the
impact force on the blade surface, The blade tends to give
the same reaction to the fluid, but the rotor is attached to
the rotating assembly, it absorb the force impact and give
the reaction In the direction of the fluid now. Thus the whole
turbine rotates.
The rotation speed of the turbine depends on the fluid
velocity, more the fluid velocity, greater the rotation speed,
and greater the speed means more power generation.
TheReactionTurbine
The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the
impulse and the reaction of the steam to produce the rotary
effect Oil the rotors. The moving blades or the rotors here
are also nozzle shaped (They are aerodynamically designed
for this) and hence there is a drop in pressure Willie moving
through the rotor as weU. Therefore in this turbine the
pressure drops occur not only in the fixed blades, but
a.further pressure drop occurs in the rotor stage as well.
This is the reason why this turbine is more efficient as the
exit pressure of the steam is lesser, and the conversion is

more. The velocity drop between the fixed blades and

moving blades is almost zero, and the main velocity drop
occurs only ill the rotor stage.

WORKINGOFREACTIONTURBINE:
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are
arranged to form convergent nozzle Reaction Turbines. In
the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are
arranged to form convergent
nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force
produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles
formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the
fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that
fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then
changes direction and increases its speed relative to the
speed
of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator
and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator
and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in
steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both
pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in
the driving of the rotor. This type of turbine makes use of
the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates
through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed
onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the
stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor.
The steam then changes direction and increases its speed
relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs

across both the stator and the rotor, with steam

accelerating through the stator and decelerating through
the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the
stage but with a decrease in both pressure and
temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of
the rotor.

LUBRICATIONOILSYSTEM
Introduction: same oil is used for governing & lubrication.
The oil is kept in the main oil tank. The governing is
designed for operation at the oil pressure of 14kglcmsq
while lubrication of bearings is designed to work at
2kglcmsq.The following equipment is available in the
lubricating system.
1. Auxiliary oil pump
2. A.C lube oil pt1l11p
3. D.C emergency oil pump
4. main oil pump
5. booster pump
6. oil tank
7. oil coolers
8. vent fans
Lubrication oil system lubricates both turbine and generator
bearings. Moreover it supplies oil to seal oil system.
During normal operation of turbine shaft directly drives
pump (centrifugal type) at 3000 rpm and supplies oil to the
lubrication system. Auxiliary oil pump is incorporated in the
oil system to deliver oil to governing system and bearings
at the time of starting of turbine with back up protection.
D.C. stands by oil pumps are used for bearing oil supply
only.
AUXILARY OlL PUMP:
It is centrifugal pump driven by A.C electric motor. Auxiliary
oil pump is provided for meeting the requirement of oil for
the turbine governing system and bearing lubrication
system during and stopping. It is mounted on the main oil
tank.
DC LUB OIL PUMP:
The bearing are protected from possible lubrication failure

by the provision of two automatically starting oil pumps-i.e.

AC lubrication oil pUl11pand DC emergency oil pump AC
lube oil pump automatically start when lubrication oil
pressure drops to l.2kglcmsq. The emergency

lubrication oil pump (DC driven) is provided as a backup

protection against the failure of AC lubrication oil pump or
AC supply. DC lubrication oil pull up cuts in automatically
when lubrication pressure drops down to 0.8kglcmsq. Both
AC lubrication oil pump and DC lubrication oil pump are
mounted on main oil tank.
MAIN OIL PUMP:
During normal operation of turbine, main lubrication oil I
pUl11pis mounted on turbine shaft and driven by turbine
shaft at 3000rpm. It supplies oil to the governing and lube
oil system.
Pump is designed for continues operation at 3000rpm and
installed inside the front pedestal of turbine. The MOP is
capable to supply oil to the system at full capacity when the
turbine reaches to 2800rpm. Then the AOP, which is in
service, will be separated from the system automatically.
BOOSTER PUMP:
The oil pressure developed by auxiliary oil pump discharge
during starting and stopping of turbine operates booster
pump. During normal running of turbine (at 3000rpm) it is
operated by main oil pump discharge. It supplies oil to
lubricating.
OIL TANK:
Oil is stored in main oil tank (MOT) whose capacity is
16cum. Two numbers of vapor fans are mounted on MOT to
extract oil vapor and dissolved gases also to the
atmosphere from MOT. Auxiliary oil pump, AC lubrication oil
pump, DC lubrication booster pump and oil coolers are
mounted on MOT.
Oil level indicators and instruments such as oil pressure and
temperature gauges and pressure switches for pump
interlocks and annunciation's are mounted on MOT. Local
starting and stopping of plilllpS and local pressure
indicators are also available on MOT. The oil cooler
changing system and magnetic duplex system selection

also mounted on MOT. The line to oil purification system is

connected to .MOT.
OIL COOLERS:
Oil coolers are of surface type. Usually one cooler will be in
service while

the other is standby. It consists of tubes through which

cooling medium flows. The cooling medium used is raw
water. The oil cooler consist of the following.
1. shell
2. upper water chamber
3. lower water chamber
4. tube system
5. cooler change over mechanism

SteamTurbineFlowDiagram

MainturbineLubricatingOilSystem

ElectricalEquipmentsinPowerPlant
Power plant consists of variety of electrical
equipment.
electrical equipment are Alternator,
Major
Exciters,
Synchronizing
Circui Breakers,
Equipment,
t
current
and
potenti
transformer rela an
protection
al
s,
ys
d
equipment,
isolator lighting arresters,
equipmen statio
,
earthing
t,
n
transformer, battery and
for driving
motor
auxiliaries

Generator

In
electricity
generation,
an
electric
generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy. A generator forces
electric current to flow through an external
circuit.

Generator are varies in type according to the

type power plant.
Generator decide the size of power plant.

Exciters
Excitation system is required to provide the
necessary fieldcurrent to the rotor winding of a
synchronous machine. Availability of excitation at all
times important. Larger the load currents, lower the
speed and lagging power factor which require more
excitation.
Types of excitation system:
1.DC Excitation System
2.AC Excitation System
3.Static Excitation System

PowerTransformer
Power transformers are used for stepping-up the
voltage for transmission at generating stations
and for stepping-down voltage for distribution
purpose.

Normally naturally cooled, oil immersed, two

winding, three phase transformers are used up
to the rating of 10 MVA.

For regulating the voltage, transformers are

provide with on load tap changers.

They are put in operation during large load

hours and disconnected during light load hours.

VoltageRegulators

Every
alternator
provide
automatic
voltage
regulator
perform following function

with
which

2.Control of voltage within prescribed limits.

3.Proper division of reactive
alternator operating in parallel.

power

b/w

4.Prevention of dangerous over-voltage in system.

* Types
* Using Transformer
* Induction Voltage Regulator
* Now-a-days Electronic voltage regulators are used
for greater sensitivity and accuracy.

BusBars
Bus bar is a main bar or conductor carrying an
electric current to which many connections are to be
made.
Usually two buses are provided in a system one
is called the Main" bus and other Auxiliary" or
transfer bus

There are many shapes of bus bar available

like round tubes, round solid bars or square tube

Material used for bus bar is aluminum

because it has high corrosion resistance than
copper and lower cost.

Bus bar of 5 to 6 meter in length.

Reactors
Reactor is a coil having large inductive reactance
in comparison touts resistance.

It is used in the circuit to limit the short

circuit currents to a safer value in order to
protect the electrical installation

the

It avoid the faulty current to flow through

As their reactance is very small,

efficiency of the system is not affected.
the healthy system. Types of reactor

1.Open type
2.Oil Immersed type

Insulators
The porcelain insulators are used to support the
bus-bar
It also provide the insulation to the bus-bar from
pole to ground

Current rating of porcelain is above 2000A

Post type insulator

Switchgear
During the operation of power system the
generating plants,
transmission
lines,
distributors
and
other
electrical equipment are required to be switched
on and offunder both normal and abnormal
conditions Switchgears aroused.

All the protection equipment like switches,

fuse, Circuit breakers, relays are installed in
switchgear
Types
2.Outdoor type
3.indoor type

For the voltage above the

outdoor switchgear are installed.

66KV

Switches
A switch is a device which is used in making or
breaking the electric circuit. By simple motion of
a knob or handle.
They can make or break the circuit
during normal andabnormal conditions
Types of switches:
1.Air switches
2.Oil switch
Oil switches are used in high voltage and heavy
current circuit.

ProtectiveInstruments
Protective equipment are very important in system
to isolate the abnormal conditions
Feature of protective equipment
1.greater reliability
2.High speed of operation
3.Simple and withstand to large value of fault
Various Protective equipment are Fuse, Circuit
Breakers, Relays,
Lightning arresters.

Fuse
A Fuse is a wire of short length or thin strip of
material which melt with the flow of excessive
current
Under normal working conditions safe value of
current flows but during short circuit load current
increased which heat the wire so wire melt and
circuit break.
Advantages:1.Cheap in cost
2.Needs no maintained
3.It interrupts short-circuit current without noise,
flame, gas or smoke

4.Under short circuit condition it limits the current of

inverse time characteristic it is easily provided for
over load protection.

Disadvantages of fuse:1.Wire should be replaced after every operation

Rewire able Kit-Kat Fuse.

CircuitBreaker
A circuit breaker is mechanical device used to
open and close contact under normal and
abnormal conditions

Relay is use as a sensor with circuit

breaker for automatic operation.

Circuit breaker carry normal current without

overheating
or damage.
Function of circuit breaker:1.To carry full load current continuously
2.To open and close the circuit under no load

3.To break the circuit under short-circuit condition

Types of circuit breaker according to voltage level:

1.Low Voltage CB :- V <1ooovac , I up to 100A
2.Medium voltage CB:- V up to 72KV ,I up to 6300A
3.High voltage CB:- v up to 1200KV
, I > 6300A Miniature Circuit
Breaker

Relay
Relay is electro-mechanical device which sense the
excessive flow of current and send signal to the
circuit breaker.
Relay has three essential elements:
1.Sensing element- it sense and measure the change.
2.Comparing

element-

compare

the

measured quantity to pre-settled value.

3. Controlling element- it sends signal to
circuitbreaker.

Types of relay:
1.Latching relay
2.Reed relay
3.Mercury relay
4.Polarized relay
5.Solid-state relay

CurrentTransformer

It is an instrument transformer which is used

to measure the current from high voltage line
with these of normal ampere meter.

High currents or voltages of electrical power

systemcannot be directly fed to relays and meters.
(T steps down rated system current to 1Amp or 5

The relays and meters are generally

designed for 1 Amp, 5 Amp and 110V.

It is normally a step-down transformer

Secondary winding has a 5 ampere

value of current tithe rated current of
primary winding.

PotentialTransformer

It is also an instrument transformer which

is used to measure the voltage above 380
volts Take the ordinary low voltage instrument
suitable for measurement if high voltage and
isolate from high voltage.
When rated high voltage is applied to primary of
PT, it give the secondary voltage of 110 volts.

Batteries
All power plant and sub-stations uses DC supply
for protection and control purpose
DC supply is provided from Storage batteries.

Lead acid batteries mostly used in power

stations because their higher cell voltage and
lower cost.

ControlRooms

Control room is nerve center of the power

station

Various
controls
like
Voltage
adjustments, load control, emergency
tripping of turbine and other equipment
and instruments are housed in the control
room.

Location of control room is away from

noise and should near to the switch house.

There should be no glare, neat and clean,

well-ventilated and free from draughts.

SWITCHYARD
It is a switching station which has the following credits :
Main link between generating plant and Transmission
system, which has a large influence on the security of the
supply.
Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending
upon the Network Node.
Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which
has effect on Quality of power.

SalientFeaturesofSIPATSwitchyard
First switchyard in INDIA at 765 Kv level.
First switchyard in NTPC with total substation automation
and numerical relays.
First switchyard in INDIA with a highest rating EHV
Interconnecting transformer of 1000MVA.
Various voltage levels such as 765Kv, 400Kv and132Kv.
Two 765 kiva lines to SEONI , two 400 kv lines to Raipur,
two 400 kv lines to Ranchi. One LILO from LANCO patadi
to Raipur.
As we know that electrical energy cant be stored like cells,
so what we generate should be consumed instantaneously.
But as the load is not constants therefore we generate
electricity according to need i.e. the generation depends
upon load. The yard is the places from where the electricity
is send outside. It has both outdoor and indoor
equipments.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220KV SWITCH YARD-

OUTDOOR
EQUIPMENTS

INDOOR EQUIPMENTS

2.

LIGHTENING
ARRESTER

1.

3.

WAVE TRAP

2.

RELAYS
CONTROL
PANELS

The insulating fluids commonly used in circuit

breakers are:

1.
2.

Compressed air
Oil which
excitation.

produces

3.

Ultra high vacuum

4.

Sulphur hexafluorides

hydrogen

for

arc

The Specifications of the circuit breaker

used are:
CROMPTON GREAVES
LTD.

MAKE
TYPE

AIR BLAST
CIRCUITREAKER

RATED
VOLTAGE

245 KV
RATED
IMPULSE

LIGHTING

WITHSTAND VOLTAGE
RATED SHORT CIRCUIT
BREAKING CURRENT
RATED FREQUENCY
RATED
CURRENT

NORMAL

1050 KV
25 - 40KA
50HZ
2000 A TO 4000 A

RATED
VOLTAGE

CLOSING

220 V DC

RATED
VOLTAGE

OPENING

220 V DC

LIGHTING ARRESTER:
It saves the transformer and reactor from over
voltage and over currents. We have to use the

lightning arrester both in primary and

secondary of transformer and in reactors.
A meter is provided which indicates the
surface leakage and internal grading current of
arrester.

1.

Green arrester is healthy

2.

Red arrester is defective.

In case of red we first de-energize the arrester and then do
the operation.
AIR BREAK EARTHING SWITCH:
The code of earthling switch is 5, 6, 7.The work of this
equipment comes into picture when we want to shut down
the supply for maintenance purpose. This help to
neutralize the system from induced voltage from extra high
voltage. This induced power is up to 2KV in case of 400 KV
lines.
The specification of earthling switch is:
MAKE

S & S POWER

TYPE

MADRAS

VOLTAGE

245 KV

CURRENT

10 KA

MOTOR VOLT (AC)

415 VOLTS

CONTROL VOLT (DC)

220 VOLTS

BUS BAR:
Bus bars generally are of high conductive aluminum
conforming to IS-5082 or copper of adequate cross
section .Bus bar located in air insulated enclosures &
segregated from all other components .Bus bar is
preferably cover with polyurethane.
1.

Current Transformer (CT):

A current transformer is a type of instrument transformer
designed to provide a current in its secondary winding
proportional to the alternating current flowing in its

primary

Current Transformer Diagram

Application:
1.

They are commonly used in metering and protective

relaying in the electrical power industry where they
facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in
the presence of high voltages.
2. The current transformer safely isolates measurement
and control circuitry from the high voltages typically
present on the circuit being measured.

3.

4.

Current transformers are used extensively for

measuring current and monitoring the operation of the
power grid. The CT is typically described by its current ratio
from primary to secondary. Often, multiple CTs are installed
as a "stack" for various uses (for example, protection
devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs).
Similarly potential transformers are used for measuring
voltage and monitoring the operation of the power grid.
CapacitiveVoltageTransformer(CVT):
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer
used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage
signals and provide low voltagesignals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay. In itsmost
basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an
inductive element used to tune the device to the supply

frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further

step -down the voltage for the instrumentation or
protective relay as shown in figure below.

The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage

terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground
terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs
are typically single -phase devices used for measuring
voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use
of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice
the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of
capacitors connected in series. This results in a large
voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced
the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor C2, and hence the secondary
terminals.

Conclusion
Allthe minor & major sections in thethermal
projecthad beenvisited&alsounderstood tothe best
tha
ofmy knowledge. Ibelieve t
thistraining has
mademewertversedwith thevarious processesin
thepowerplant.AsfarasIthink there isalongway
togotillweuseournewest
of ever improving
th
technologies to increase e efficiencybecause the
stocks ofcoalare dwindlingand they arenotgoing
tolastforever.Its
imperative
that we start
shouldering the burdentogethertoseeashining and
SustainableIndia.