CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2

09/04/2009

Pressure loss velocity relationship

School of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Laminar

p u

Turbulent

Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 2

p u1.7 to 2.0

Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill

t w 4L

d
tw is almost impossible to measure

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

Pressure loss in Laminar Flow

Laminar flow example

In laminar flow it is possible to do theoretical

analysis

Determine the diameter of a pipe that is to convey 0.057 cumecs

(m3/s) of oil a horizontal distance of 300m, if the pressure loss is not
to be greater than 140 kN/m2.
At the operating temperature the relative density of the oil is 0.9 and
the dynamic viscosity is 1.43 Ns/m2.
Q
0.057 4 0.0726
Flow velocity
u 2

d / 4 3.142 d 2
d2

fluid particles move in straight lines

Hagen-Poiseuille equation

See level 1 fluids notes

32 Lu
p
d2

Hagen-Poiseuille
p

p gh

32 Lu
d2

Equate

In terms of head loss

32 Lu
hf
gd 2

Check Re:

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

pd 2 140 1000 d 2

10.198 d 2
32 L 32 1.43 300

0.0726
10.198 d 2
d2
d 0.29 m
0.0726
u
0.86
d2

<2000
OK

Re

ud 0.9 1000 0.86 0.29

157

1.43

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

Pressure loss in Turbulent Flow

Pressure loss in Turbulent Flow

Consider the forces on this element of fluid

flowing down the slope (open channel)
L
p1 A
A

The first pressure loss term is the piezometric

head, p*, loss per unit length, dp*/dx p p gz t
L

dp*
P
1

dx

P
z
Wetted perimeter

W=gAL,

tPL

p2 A

Writing p*= phf

sin = -Dz/L
p1 p2 gz t P 0
L
A

t m

P
0
A

Hydraulic mean depth, m

p1 A p2 A t LP W sin 0

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

A
P

dp *
dx

Gives shear stress in terms of head loss

gh f
t m
L
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2

09/04/2009

Introduction of Friction factor

Darcy-Weisbach equation

To make use of this equation we must introduce

gh
a friction factor, f
t m
L
u 2

tf
2

This is the Darcy-Weisbach equation

Gives head loss due to friction in a circular pipe
4 fLu 2
hf
2 gd

Equating and rearranging gives

hf

For a circular pipe, m

Giving

Q Au

A d / 4 d

P
d
4

hf

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

Often referred to as the Darcy equation

In terms of Q

fLu 2
2 gm
2

d 2
4

4Q

hf

d 2

64 fLQ2
2 gd 5

In metric terms, g=9.81m2/s then

4 fLu 2
2 gd

Or
7

hf

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

hf

fLQ 2
3d 5

fLQ2
3.03d 5
8

Darcy-Weisbach equation

f, American f and l

Have an equation to describe head-loss due to

friction
4 fLu 2
hf
In terms of velocity u
2 gd

The f described here is that common in UK

4 fLu 2
(in text books and practice)
hf
2 gd
In US (and some text book) famerican = 4f,

fLQ 2
hf
3d 5

Of discharge Q

so

hf

fLu 2
2 gd

To try and avoid confusion this is sometime

written as l,
lLQ 2

And a friction factor, f

hf

The value of f is crucial to calculation of hf

How do we find this?

BE CAREFULL!

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

When using any book, look at the equation for hf

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

10

Pipeline Analysis

What is f dependent on?

The friction factor depends on many physical things

Two reservoirs have a height difference 15m.

They are connected by a pipeline 350 mm in diameter and 1000 m long with a friction
factor f of 0.005. What is the flow in the pipe? (ignore all local losses)

15m

d=0.35m

f =0.005

hf L
hf v2
hf 1/d
hf depends on surface roughness of pipes,
k = size, k spacing, a = shape of particles

L=1000m

z A z B hpump hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f

fLQ 2 0.005 1000 Q 2

317.33Q 2
3d 5
3 0.355
Q 0.0473 0.217 m3 / s 217 litres / s

15

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2

3d 5

hf depends on fluid density and viscosity

hf independent of pressure difference in pipe

Cannot be constant!

11

ud k k '
Can be written: f , d , d , a
2

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture

f is complex !!
12

CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2

09/04/2009

Todays lecture:
Friction Head loss, hf

Laminar and Turbulent

Darcy Weisbach Eqn

In terms of Q

hf

4 fLu 2
2 gd

hf

fLQ 2
3d 5

First application of analysis of pipeline

13