VI.

Patho-physiology
A. Theoretical Based
Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels
supplying
cause;

the
it

underlying
which

damages
collagen

is

permanently
narrow,

brain.

stiff,

the
where

not

always

changes

the

deformed,

Hypertension
blood

vessel

platelets

and

to

and

architecture

the

lining,

aggregate

complete

uneven

is

of
more

endothelium,
initiate

perfect.
the

most

exposing
repairing

Sustained

blood

vulnerable

important

vessels
to

the
process

hypertension
making

fluctuations

in

them
blood

pressure.
A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usuallybecause a blood vessel
bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supplyof oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the
brain tissue.
The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness or numbness of
the face, arm or leg, most often on one side of the body. Other symptoms
include:
confusion,
difficulty
speaking
or
understanding
speech;
difficulty
seeing with one or both eyes; difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or
coordination;
severe
headache
with
no
known
cause;
fainting
or
unconsciousness.
The effects of a stroke depend on which part of the brain is injured and how severely it is affected. A
very severe stroke can cause sudden death. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study provided the
first

global

estimate

on

the

burden

of

135

diseases,

and cerebrovascular

diseases

ranked as the second leading cause of death after ischemic heart disease.
During the past decade the quantity of especially routine mortality data has
increased,
and
is
now
covering
approximately
one-third
of
the
worlds
population.
The
increase
in
data
availability
provides
the
possibility
for updating the estimated global burden of stroke.
Additionally,
cerebrovascular
disease
is
the
leading
cause
of
disability
in
adults and each year millions of stroke survivors has to adapt to a life with
restrictions
in activities
of
daily living as
a consequence
of cerebrovascular
disease. Many surviving stroke patients will often depend on other peoples
continuous support to survive

B. Client Based

Modifiable:

Non-modifiable:

Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking: 30 sticks/day
Alcohol intake:
occasional
Food and diet

Age: 63 years old

Gender: Male

Triglycerides: 242.48
mg/dL

Carotid stenosis
Decreased Cardiac Output

Compensatory rennin-aldosterone, ADH

Adequate or increased blood volume

Catecholamine compensatory r

Increased SVR

Systemic and pulmonary edema

Increased Preload, stroke volume, and Heart rate

Dyspnea

Increased Myocardial oxygen requirements

Decreased Cardiac output, Decreased ejection fraction

Increased Blood pressure

Decreased tissue perfusion

Impaired cellular metabolism