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If on-site power is your sole source of power and you follow the NEC Art. 250, then grounding is straight
forward. But, if it serves an alternate source, then grounding becomes much more complex.
Be careful when grounding on-site power systems: Simply conforming to minimum NEC requirements won't
necessarily assure the required degree of reliability. You must consider several factors, including protecting
against power disruption within the building or facility and providing adequate ground-fault protection.
Basically, you must use techniques for both equipment and system grounding that provide optimum safety while
assuring maximum continuity of power to essential loads. This includes proper grounding and ground-fault
sensing when the transfer switch is in the emergency position as well as the normal position. In most
applications requiring ground-fault sensing, area protection, multiple transfer switches, or multiple engine
gensets, you should consider the on-site power as a separately derived system. In such cases, you ground the
neutral of the engine genset at its location.
Grounding particulars. You should permanently bond together engine generator frames, automatic transfer
switch enclosures, conduits, and other exposed components of an emergency power system to the grounded
conductor of the service equipment providing normal power and/or the grounded conductor of the genset.
Connect these grounded conductors to grounding electrodes by means of grounding electrode conductors.
The NEC permits the grounding electrode to be a metal underground water pipe. However, don't use buried
portions of a water pipe system less than 10 ft in length or one that includes plastic or cement materials. For
small emergency power systems where the ground currents are of relatively low magnitude, designers prefer
existing buried water pipe systems as electrodes because they're economical. Nevertheless, before relying on any
existing electrodes, measure their resistance to earth.
Larger emergency power systems in industrial and commercial buildings often use the grounded metal frame of
the building and concrete-encased metal below ground level as a grounding electrode. The concrete encasement
of steel, along with contributing to low-grounding resistance, provides some corrosion protection compared to
the earth's contact. Consider the ampacity of the equipment-grounding path and verify it can handle the higher
available ground-fault current.
Another alternative is to use "made" electrodes such as driven ground rods, buried cables, and plates. The type
you select depends on the soil and available depth. Although the NEC permits up to 25 ohms resistance to
ground for "made" electrodes, keep grounding electrode resistance for gensets in industrial/commercial
installations below 5 ohms. Where you have the building steel bonded to the ground grid as well as most pipe
lines, it's not unusual to get an impedance as low as 0.1 to 0.2 ohms. Although Code requires only one electrode,
sometimes you need more than one.
Meeting NEC requirements for transfer switching. You can use three approaches in meeting current
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milliseconds).
Multiple transfer switches. Designers often use multiple transfer switches close to the loads, rather than one
transfer switch for the entire load. In such cases, consider the possibility of equipment failure between the
service equipment and transfer switches, which can cause an emergency system to become ungrounded. This is
important if a solidly interconnected neutral conductor is grounded only at the service equipment. With this,
there's a possibility of tripping the ground-fault circuits when no ground fault exists.
Multiple gensets. With multiple gensets connected in parallel, serving as a common source of power, you
should connect each generator neutral to a common neutral bus within the paralleling switchgear; which, in
turn, is grounded. Locate the associated switchgear containing the neutral bus in the vicinity of the gensets. One
system-grounding conductor between the neutral bus and ground simplifies the addition of ground-fault sensing
equipment.
You can argue by using individual grounding resistors, circulation of harmonic currents between paralleled
generators isn't a problem. If you suppress third harmonics, circulating currents aren't a problem.
Upgrading transfer switching equipment. Upgrading older transfer switch equipment to present
requirements can be a challenge. It hasn't been too apparent in the past that 3-pole transfer switches may not
always provide complete isolation and proper ground-fault sensing. With more end users wanting to update
their emergency power systems, you can't treat the concern for safety and product liability too lightly.
Regardless whether or not you need ground-fault sensing, proper switching of the neutral conductor is a good
practice because of the system isolation, improved grounding, and the extra safety it can provide.
Castenschoild is President of LCR Consulting Engeers, P.A., Green Village, N.J. Gordon Johnson is Technical
Advisor for Electrical Generating Systems Association, Boca Raton, Fla. Both are Fellows of the IEEE.
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