Half turn stair

These stairs are

common in residential
and public building.
These are having
direction reversed or
changed by 180
degree.
These are of two
types:
dog
legged stair & open
newel stair.

Dog legged
stair
Newel post are
provided at the
beginning and
end of each flight.
There is no space
between two
flights.
A half spaced
landing is
provided
generally to
affect the change
in direction.

These components are reinforced with steel that give stability to the
structure. Staircase is one such important component in a RCC structu
Dog Legged Stair
In this article, we will discuss different
types of staircases and study the RCC
design of a dog-legged staircase
Stairs
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a
series for purpose of giving access to
different floors of a building. Since a stair
is
often
the
only
means
of
communication between the various
floors of a building, the location of the
stair
requires
good
and
careful
consideration.
In a residential house, the staircase may
be provided near the main entrance.
In a public building, the stairs must be
from the main entrance itself and
located centrally, to provide quick
accessibility to the principal apartments.

Open newel
stair
Space of width
0.15m to 1m is
left between
two parallel
flights.

Bifurcated stair
Used in public
building at or near
the entrance hall.
Wider flight from the
bottom bifurcate into
two narrower flight
one towards right
and other towards
right at the landing.

Continuous stair
It do not have
intermediate newel
post or landing.
These stairs may be
of circular, helical or
spiral in shape.
These are
emergency stairs.

Material for stair

construction
These may be constructed of timber,
steel, stone, RCC and bricks.
RCC commonly used for residensial
or public building.
RCC stairs are of two types:
Stair with slab spanning
longitudinally Stair with slab
spanning horizontally

the slab is
supported at
bottom and top of
the flight and
remain unsupported
on sides.

Stair with slab

spanning
horizontally
The slab is
supported by wall on
one side and stringer
beam on other side.
Thickness of slab
vary between 8 to
12cm.

ADMIN have been

Stairs and staircases
a engineering marvel since the
start of the multi story
architectural designs. But now
in this modern era
engineers have taken designing
to its utmost limit, here are
some of the most amazing
staircases from around the
world. Top 10 crazy stairs.

TRAVERSINERTOBEL
SWITZERLAND BRIDGE-STAIR
In traversinertobel Switzerland you will find an
amazing Bridge-stair on a side valley of Via
Mala, it is one of its kind amazing staircases
from around the world, designed by Engineer
jurgConzett and his associate Rolf Bachofner.
The main engineering problem they faced was
the problem of connecting two different
elevations over the gorge by creating a
staircase. The staircase replaces a rope bridge
for hikers that was wiped out by a rock slide.
This suspended footbridge spans a distance of
56 metres, with a difference in height of 22

Vertigo Staircase at the Queen Vict

Building Australia

The Grand Staircase" of Sydney's Grand Queen Victoria Bu

Australia is affectionately known as the QVB, was designed
completed 1898 by George McRae, replacing the original Sy
markets on the site. Built as a monument to the long reignin
monarch, construction took place in dire times, as Sydney w
severe recession. The elaborate Romanesque architecture
specially planned for the grand building so the Governmen
employ many out-of-work craftsmen stonemasons, plaster
and stained window artists in a worthwhile project.

Long champ S
stairs at New

It took six months an

inches of ho rolled ste
build the stairs at Lo
champ store, these st
weight 55 tons and is
a ribbon like form wh
give wave look. They
and converge to form
topography of walkwa
landings and steps.

Umschrei bung KPMG

Building Munich
(Germany)

This amazing staircase are

actually functional and not just
a design. Designed by Olafur
Eliasson this staircase is called
Umschreibung (Rewriting), and
was completed in 2004. It's in
the courtyard of the global
accounting firm KPMG in
Munich.

World's Longest Mosaic Stair the

San Francisco's Tiled Steps (USA)
This could be the world's longest mosaic
staircase (163 steps, 82' high) the 16th
Avenue Tiled Steps, are , was conceived and
fabricated by Irish ceramicist Aileen Barr and
San Francisco mosaic artist Colette Crutcher. It
took about 2 and half years of hard work by a
group of neighbors who raised funds and
lobbied city government to make the project,
unveiled in August 2005, a reality. Over 2000
handmade tiles and 75,000 fragments of tile,
mirror and stained glass went into the finished

The Lello Bookshop Stairca

at Portugal
The amazing grand staircase at
Lello Bookshop in Portugal is one
its kind. The steps of this staircase
are like two channels pouring and
swirling to a single point. The side
view gives you a closer idea of the
immense curves and giddy sinking
feeling to each step.

Tulip Staircase design from Queen's

House England
This beautiful architecture of Tulip Stairs can be seen at the
Queen's House
it is the first geometric self-supporting spiral stairs in Britain.
Although called
the 'Tulip Stairs,' it is thought that the stylized flowers in the
wrought-iron
balustrade are actually fleurs-de-lis, as this was the emblem of
the Bourbon
family of which Queen Henrietta Maria (wife of Charles I) was
a member.
The Tulip Stairs are also the location of the Rev R. W. Hardy's
famous 'ghost'
photograph taken on 19 June 1966, which when developed
revealed what
appear to be two or three shrouded figures on the staircase.

Loreto Chapel Staircase at New

Mexico US
The Loreto Chapel is a chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is a
spiral staircase that is an artistic work of carpentry and
engineering. The construction and builder of the staircase are
considered a miracle by the Sisters of Loreto and many who
visit it, because it had no central support (a support was added
later). The resulting staircase is an impressive work of
carpentry. It ascends twenty feet, making two complete
revolutions up to the choir loft without the use of nails or
apparent centre support. It has been surmised that the central
spiral of the staircase is narrow enough to serve as a central
beam. Nonetheless there was no attachment unto any wall or
pole in the original stairway. Instead of metal nail,the staircase
was constructed using dowels or wooden pegs. The wood for
the staircase cannot be found anywhere in the region. The
stairs had 33 steps, the age of Jesus when he died. The mystery
had never been satisfactorily solved as to who the carpenter

The Spiral Staircase at the Vatican Museum (I

The Vatican Museums spiral staircase is one of the

Photographed staircases in the world, and certainly
of the most beautiful. Designed by Giuseppe Momo
1932, the broad steps are somewhere between a ra
and a staircase. The stairs are actually two separa
helixes, one leading up and the other leading down
twist together in a double helixformation. Little did
Vatican Museum know in 1932 that this formation w
come to represent life itself, with the discovery of
double helical DNA strand.

is located at

arvan
Institute in

ydney,
Australia. 6.5 revs

nd
five stories from

op to

bottom white paint

nd
lights. The six

torey
staircase is the

howpiece of the

arvan

ustralia. Its shape

eminds me of a DNA helix,

nd its clean white colour, glass

Institute of Medical
Research in

Basics about Stair Slabs

Types: There are two types of stair flights,
classified on the direction of span:
1. Transverse: The steps may be supported on
both sides, or may be cantilevered from an
adjacent wall, for example.
2. Longitudinal: The stair flight spans onto
landings or beams at either end of the stair
flight.
Design of Transverse Stairs: Design of these
sections are based on the average effective
depth of the section. These flights may
cantilever from a wall or span from a wall to a
stringer beam, for example.
Design of Longitudinal Stairs: The design of
these stairs is more complicated. The additional
factors to consider are:

Basics about Stair Slabs

1. Geometry:
Given the rise, going and the number of steps, the span and overall height
rise can
be determined:
Span = (No. Steps 1) going Height = No. Steps rise
Slope Length = (Span2 + Height2)
When the flight is built monolithically into members spanning at right
angles to
its span, the effective span is given by:
la = 0.5(lb1 + lb2)
where la = clear horizontal distance between supporting members
lb1 = Breadth of supporting member at end 1 but 1.8 m
lb2 = Breadth of supporting member at end 2 but 1.8 m

Basics about Stair Slabs

Loading:
The dead load is based on the slope length of the stair flight. The
average
thickness of the stair slab is used to calculate the dead load:
h = 0.5 rise going / (rise2 + going2) + waist + finishes
Finishes are included as they are generally assumed to have a density
equal to that of concrete.
The live load is based on the plan area of the stairs and is to be taken as
the same
to the floor which the stairs give access, but (60 psf) 3 kN/m 2 and
(100psf)
5 kN/m2.
If two stair flights, at right angles, share a landing, the landing loads may
be
assumed to be divided equally between the spans. As part of the landing
may be
considered as part of the stair flight, the loading on the landing must be
taken into
account in the shear check.
Design: Flights with significant end restraint, such as those that are
continuous with their supporting slabs or beams may be designed for
mid-span design moment of wl2/10 and hogging moment at the supports
of the same value. Where there is not sufficient end restraint the stair

Detailing:
The reinforcement arrangement in stair flights follows a standard
pattern.
Deviation from this is not recommended unless a specific need arises.
Longitudinal steel is the main reinforcement and in the transverse
direction the minimum percentage of steel is provided as distribution
steel to help prevent cracking.
Strength requirements are not always critical for stair slabs. It is
therefore
essential that the other limit states are checked:
a. Deflection
b. Cracking
c. Min % As

The usual form of stairs can be classified into two types: ( 1)

Those spanning horizontally in the transverse direction, and (2)
Those spanning longitudinally.
-Stairs of this type may be supported on both
sides or they may be cantilevered from a
supporting walls
-Figure shows a stair supported on one side
by a wall and on the other side stringer
beam. Each step is usually designed as
having a breadth b and an effective depth of
d = D/2 as shown in the figure;
-Distribution steel in the longitudinal
direction is placed above the main
reinforcement.
-Details of a cantilevered stair are shown in
figure The effective depth of the member is
taken as the mean effective depth of the
section and the main reinforcement must be
placed in the top of the stairs and anchored
into the support.

Stair Slab Spanning

Longitudinally

The stair slab may span into landings

which span at right angles to the
stairs as in Figure a or it may span
between supporting beams as in
figure b

Design of Stair slab

The dead load is calculated along the slope length of the stairs
but the live load I, based on the plan area. Loads common to
two spans which intersect at right angles and surround an
open well may be assumed to be divided equally between the
spans. The effetive spa n (I) is measured horizontally between the
centres of the supports and the thlckness of the waist (h) is taken
as the slab thickness.
Span-effective depth ratios may be increased by fifteen per cent
provided that the stair flight t occupies at least 60 per cent of the
span.
Stair slabs which are continuous and constructed monolithically
with their
supporting slabs or beams can be designed for a bending moment
of say F1/ 10.where F is the total ultimate load. But in many
instances the stairs are precast or constructed after the main
structure, pockets with dowels being left in the supporting beams
to receive the stairs , and with no appreciable end restraint the
design may be done by Fl/8

Design Example