1.

Perform the following unit conversions:

(a) 1 L

0.0353 ft 3 12 in.
1L
1 ft

(b) 650 J

61 in.3

1 kJ

1 Btu
0.616 Btu
103 J 1.0551 kJ

(c) 0.135 kW

(d) 378

3413 Btu/h 1 h 778.17 ft lbf

ft lbf
99.596
1 kW
3600 s
1 Btu
s

g 1 kg
1 lb
60 s
lb
50
s 10 3 g 0.4536 kg 1 min
min

1 lbf/in. 2 10 3 Pa
lbf
44.09
6894.8 Pa 1 kPa
in. 2

(e) 304 kPa

(f) 55

m 3 3.2808 ft
h
1m

(g) 50

km 10 3 m 3.2808 ft 1 h
ft
45.57
h 1 km
1m
3600 s
s

(h) 8896 N

1h
ft 3
0.54
3600 s
s

1 lbf
1 ton
1 ton
4.4482 N 2000 lbf

1.28 A closed system consisting of 4 lb of a gas undergoes a process during which the relation
between pressure and volume is pVn = constant. The process begins with p1 = 15 lbf/in.2, v1 =
1.25 ft3/lb and ends with p2 = 53 lbf/in.2, v2 = 0.5 ft3/lb. Determine (a) the volume, in ft3,
occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value of n. (c) Sketch Process 1-2 on pressurevolume coordinates.
KNOWN: Gas undergoes a process from a known initial pressure and specific volume to a
known final pressure and specific volume.
FIND: Determine (a) the volume, in ft3, occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value
of n. (c) Sketch Process 1-2 on pressure-volume coordinates.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1

State 2

Gas
Gas
p2 = 53 lbf/in.2
v2 = 0.5 ft3/lb

m = 4 lb
p1 = 15 lbf/in.2
v1 = 1.25 ft3/lb

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The relation between pressure and volume is pVn = constant during process 1-2.
ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass. Thus, the volume occupied by the gas can be
determined by multiplying its mass by its specific volume.
V = mv
For state 1

ft 3
= 5 ft3
V1 mv1 (4 lb)1.25

lb

For state 2

ft 3
V2 mv2 (4 lb) 0.5 = 2 ft3

lb

(b) The value of n can be determined by substituting values into the relationship:
p1(V1)n = constant = p2(V2)n
Solving for n
p1 V2

p2 V1

ln

V
p1
n ln 2
p2
V1

2
p1 ln 15 lbf/in.
ln
53 lbf/in. 2
p
= 1.38
n 2
3
V
2 ft
ln 2
ln 3
5 ft
V1

(c) Process 1-2 is shown on pressure-volume coordinates below:

Process 1-2
60

State 2

Pressure (lbf/in.2)

50

40
30
20

State 1

10
0
0

3
Volume (ft3)

1.46 As shown in Figure P1.46, an inclined manometer is used to measure the pressure of the
gas within the reservoir. (a) Using data on the figure, determine the gas pressure, in lbf/in.2 (b)
Express the pressure as a gage or a vacuum pressure, as appropriate, in lbf/in.2 (c) What
advantage does an inclined manometer have over the U-tube manometer shown in Figure 1.7?
KNOWN: A gas contained in a reservoir with inclined manometer attached.
FIND: (a) Pressure of gas within the reservoir, in lbf/in.2 (b) Pressure expressed as gage or
vacuum pressure, as appropriate, in lbf/in.2 (c) Advantage of inclined manometer over the Utube manometer.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:
patm = 14.7 lbf/in.2
g = 32.2 ft/s2

Gas
b

15 in.

40o

Oil ( = 54.2 lb/ft3)

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. Atmospheric pressure is exerted at the open end of the manometer.
3. The manometer fluid is oil with a density of 54.2 lb/ft3.
ANALYSIS:
(a) Applying Eq. 1.11
pgas = patm + gL
where patm is the local atmospheric pressure, is the density of the manometer fluid (oil), g is the
acceleration due to gravity, and L is the vertical difference in liquid levels. Since level a is the
same as level b, applying trigonometry to determine the vertical difference in liquid levels
between level b and the liquid level at the free surface with the atmosphere yields
pgas = patm + gL(sin 40o)
Substituting values

p gas 14.7

lb
ft
1 lbf
1 ft 3

= 15.0 lbf/in.2
54.2 32.2 (15 in.)(sin 40)
2
2
3
lbm ft 1728 in.
ft
in.
s
32.2
s2
lbf

(b) Since the pressure of the gas is greater than atmospheric pressure, gage pressure is given by
Eq. 1.14
p(gage) = p(absolute) patm(absolute) = 15.0 psia 14.7 psia = 0.3 psig
(c) The advantage of the inclined manometer is its easier readability since the surface of the
liquid is wider than with a same diameter U-tube manometer. The scale on the inclined
manometer is much more precise since more graduations are possible compared with the U-tube
manometer.

Substituting values for pressures and specific volume yields

1

m 3 250 kPa 0.5

3

v2 = 0.5
= 3.125 m /kg
kg
100
kPa

The volume of the system increased while pressure decreased during the process.
A plot of the process on a pressure versus specific volume graph is as follows:
Pressure versus Specific Volume
260

Pressure (kPa)

240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Specific Volume (m^3/kg)

3.00

3.50

Problem 2.27
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a process from a state
where p1 = 5 lbf/in.2, V1 = 2.5 ft3 to a state where p2 = 20 lbf/in.2, V2 = 0.5 ft3. The relationship
between pressure and volume during the process is given by p = 23.75 7.5V, where V is in ft3
and p is in lbf/in.2 Determine the work for the process, in Btu.
KNOWN: CO2 gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a process where the p-V
relation is given. The initial and final states are specified.
FIND: Determine the work for the process.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:
25

p1 = 5 lbf/in.2
V1 = 2.5 ft3
CO2

p (lbf/in^2)

p2 = 20 lbf/in.
V2 = 0.5 ft3

p = 23/75 7.5 V

20
15
10

.
1

ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The CO2 is the

closed system. (2) The p-V relation during the
process is linear. (3) Volume change is the only
work mode.

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

V (ft^3)

ANALYSIS: The given p-V relation can be used with Eq. 2.17 as follows:

= -3600 ftlbf
=

(negative sign denotes energy transfer in.)

Alternative Solution
Since the p-V relation is linear, W can also be evaluated geometrically as the area under the
process line:

= -4.63 Btu

Problem 2.34
Carbon monoxide gas (CO) contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three
processes in series:
Process 1-2: Constant pressure expansion at 5 bar from V1 = 0.2 m3 to V2 = 1 m3.
Process 2-3: Constant volume cooling from state 2 to state 3 where p3 = 1 bar.
Process 3-1: Compression from state 3 to the initial state during which the pressure-volume
relationship is pV = constant.
Sketch the processes in series on p-V coordinates and evaluate the work for each process, in kJ.
KNOWN: Carbon monoxide gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes
in series.
FIND: Sketch the processes in series on a p-V diagram and evaluate the work for each process.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

p
(bar)

CO
5
Process 1-2: Constant pressure expansion at 5
bar from V1 = 0.2 m3 to V2 = 1 m3.
Process 2-3: Constant volume cooling from
state 2 to state 3 where p3 = 1 bar.
Process 3-1: Compression from state 3 to the
initial state during which the pressure-volume
relationship is pV = constant.

pV = constant

0.2

ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The gas is the closed system. (2) Volume change is the only
work mode. (3) Each of the three processes is specified.
ANALYSIS: Since volume change is the only work mode, Eq. 2.17 applies.
Process 1-2: Constant pressure processes:
(out)
Process 2-3: Constant volume (piston does not move). Thus W23 = 0

V (m3)

Problem 2.33 (Continued)

Process 3-1: For process 3-1, pV = constant = p1V1 . Noting that V3 = V2, we get

Inserting values and converting units

1

= -160.9 kJ (in)

1. The net work for the three process is

Wnet = W12 + W23 + W31 = (+400) + 0 + (-160.9) = 239.1 kJ (net work is positive - out)

PROBLEM 2.37

PROBLEM 2.46

Problem 2.56
Each line of the following table gives data for a process of a closed system. Each entry has the
same energy units. Determine the missing entries.
Process
a
b
c
d
e

Process
a
b
c
d
e

Q
+50

E1
-20

+20
-60
-40
+50

Q
+50
+50
-40
-90
+50

E2
+50
+60

+40
+50

+150

W
-20
+20
-60
-90
+150

E1
-20
+20
+40
+50
+20

Process a:
W = Q - E = +50 (+ 70) = -20
E = E2 E1
E2 = E + E1 = +70 + (-20) = +50
Process b:
Q = E + W = +30 + (+20) = +50
E = E2 E1
E1 = E2 E = +50 (+30) = +20
Process c:
E = E2 E1 = +60 (+40) = +20
Q = E + W = +20 + (-60) = -40
Process d:
W = Q E = (-90) 0 = -90
E = E2 E1
E2 = E + E1 = 0 +50 = +50
Process e:
E = Q W = +50 (+150) = -100
E1 = E2 E = (-80) (-100) = +20

E2
+50
+50
+60
+50
-80

-80

E
+70
+30
+20
0
-100

E
+70
+30

E = Q - W

Problem 2.62
An electric motor draws a current of 10 amp with a voltage of 110 V, as shown in Fig. P2.62.
The output shaft develops a torque of 9.7 Nm and a rotational speed of 1000 RPM. For
operation at steady state, determine for the motor
(a) the electric power required, in kW.
(b) the power developed by the output shaft, in kW.
(c) the average surface temperature, Ts, in oC, if heat transfer occurs by convection to the
surroundings at Tf = 21oC.
KNOWN: Operating data are provided for an electric motor at steady state.
FIND: Determine (a) the electric power required, (b) the power developed by the output shaft,
and (c) average the surface temperature.
Tf = 21oC
Ts
T = 9.7 Nm
1000 RPM
10 amp
110 V
hA = 3.9 W/K
ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The motor is the closed system. (2) The system is at steady
state.
ANALYSIS: (a) Using Eq. 2.21
- (voltage) (current) = - (110 V)(10 amp)

= -1.1 kW (in)

(b) Using Eq. 2.20

= (torque) (angular velocity)
= 1.016 kW (out)
(c) To determine the surface temperature, first find the rate of energy transfer by heat using the
energy balance
0

= (-1.1 kW) + (1.016 kW) = -0.084 kW

The surface temperature of the motor is

Problem 2.62 (Continued)

= (-0.084 kW)/(3.9 W/K)
= 315.5 K = 42.5 oC

+ 294 K

Fig. P2.62 8e
Pick-up motor graphic from Fig. E2.6 7e

PROBLEM 2.76

Problem 2.79
A gas undergoes a cycle in a piston-cylinder assembly consisting of the following three
processes:
Process 1-2: Constant pressure, p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W12 = 10.5 kJ
Process 2-3: Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2
Process 3-1: Constant volume, U1 U3 = -26.4 kJ
There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy.
(a) Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram.
(b) Calculate the net work for the cycle, in kJ.
(c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2, in kJ
KNOWN: A gas undergoes a cycle consisting of three processes.
FIND: Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram and determine the net work for the cycle and the heat
transfer for process 1-2.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:
Process 1-2: Constant pressure, p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3,
W12 = 10.5 kJ
Process 2-3:

Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2

Process 3-1:

Constant volume, U1 U3 = -26.4 kJ

Gas

ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The gas is a closed system. (2) Kinetic and potential energy
effects are negligible. (3) The compression from state 2 to 3 is a polytropic process.
ANALYSIS: (a) Since W12 > 0, the process is an expansion. Thus
p
3

.
.

Problem 2.79 (Continued)

0
(b) The net work for the cycle is Wcycle = W12 +W23 + W31. W12 = 10.5 kJ, so we need W23.
W23

(*)

where V3 = V1 has been incorporated. But, we still need to evaluate V2. For Process 1-2 at
constant pressure
W12 =
or
V2 =

+ 0.028 m3 = 0.103 m3

Thus, with Eq. (*)

W23 =

= -18.78 kJ

Thus
Wcycle = 10.5 kJ + (-18.78 kJ) + 0 = -8.28 kJ
0
0
(c) To get Q12, we apply the energy balance to process 1-2: KE + PE + (U2 U1) = Q12 W12
With U2 = U3,
Q12 = (U3 U1) + W12 = (+26.4 kJ) + (10.5 kJ) = 36.9 kJ

PROBLEM 2.86

Problem 2.92
A window-mounted room air conditioner removes energy by heat transfer from a room and
rejects energy by heat transfer to the outside air. For steady operation, the air conditioner cycle
requires a power input of 0.434 kW and has a coefficient of performance of 6.22. Determine the
rate that energy is removed from the room air, in kW. If electricity is valued at $0.1/kWh,
determine the cost of operation for 24 hours of operation.
KNOWN: Steady-state operating data are provided for an air conditioner.
FIND: Determine the rate energy is removed from the room and air the cost of 24 hours of
operation.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Room air

Outside air
Air
Conditioner

= 0.434 kW

ENGINEERING MODEL:
(1) The system shown in the schematic
undergoes a refrigeration cycle.
(2) Energy transfers are positive in the
directions of the arrows.
(3) The cycle operates steadily for 24
hours.
(4) Electricity is valued at $0.1/kWh.

Refrigeration
Cycle, =
6.22

Electric cost:
$0.1/kWh
ANALYSIS: Using Eq. 2.45 on a time rate basis
= 6.22
=

(6.22)(0.434 kW) = 2.70 kW

The total amount of electric energy input by work for 24 h of operation is

Wcycle =

= (0.434 kW)(24 h) = 10.42 kWh

Thus, the total cost is

Total cost = (10.42 kWh)($0.1/kWh) = $1.04 (for 24 hours)

PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of H2O at the following conditions and
sketch the p-v and T-v diagrams showing the location of each state.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

p = 10 bar, T = 179.9oC
p = 10 bar, T = 150oC
T = 100oC, p = 0.5 bar
T = 20oC, p = 50 bar
p = 1 bar, T = - 6oC

(a) p = 10 bar, T = 179.9oC

10 bar

Two-phase
liquid-vapor
mixture

T
179.9oC

10 bar
179.9oC
(Table A-3)
v

(b) p = 10 bar, T = 150oC

p

T<Tsat@p
sub-cooled liquid

10 bar

179.9oC

10 bar
179.9oC
150oC
v

150oC

Problem 3.5 (Continued)

(c) T = 100oC, p = 0.5 bar
p<psat@T
superheated
vapor

1.014 bar (Table A-2)

0.5 bar

1.014 bar

100oC

0.5 bar

100 C
v

v
(d) T = 20oC, p = 50 bar
p>psat@T
sub-cooled liquid

50 bar
0.02339 bar (Table A-2)

50 bar

0.02339 bar
20oC

20oC

(e) p = 1 bar, T = - 6oC

p>psat@T
solid
(T is below the triple
point temperature)

T
1 bar
0.003689 bar (Table A-5)

1 bar
0.003689 bar
-6 oC
v

-6 oC
v

PROBLEM 3.7

PROBLEM 3.9

COMMENT: As the pressure increases, the difference in specific volume between saturated
vapor and saturated liquid decreases. At the critical pressure, the two states
coincide and the difference is zero.

PROBLEM 3.16
A 1-m3 tank holds a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of carbon dioxide at 17oC. The quality of
the mixture is 70%. For saturated carbon dioxide at 17oC, vf = 0.9827 x 10-3 m3/kg and vg =
1.756 x 10-2 m3/kg. Determine the masses of saturated liquid and saturated vapor, each in kg.
What is the percent of the total volume occupied by saturated liquid?
saturated vapor
carbon
dioxide
T = -17oC
x = 0.7

V = 1 m3
saturated liquid
vf = 0.9827 x 10-3 m3/kg
vg = 1.756 x 10-2 m3/kg

First, find the total mass as follows:

vx = vf +x (vg - vf) = 0.9827 x 10 -3 + (0.7)(1.756 x 10-2 - 0.9827 x 10 -3) = 0.01258 m3/kg
Thus
m = V/vx = (1 m3)/(0.01258 m3/kg) = 79.46 kg
Now, using the definition of quality
mg = x m = (0.7) ( 79.46 kg) = 55.62 kg
mf = (1 - x) m = (1 0.7) (79.46 kg) = 23.84 kg
The volume of saturated liquid is
Vf = vf mf = (0.9827 x 10-3 m3/kg) (23.84 kg) = 0.0234 m3
The total volume is 1 m3, so the percent of the total volume occupied saturated liquid is 2.34%.
Note: Although the liquid is 30% of the total mass, its specific volume is much less than that of
the vapor. Consequently, the liquid occupies a very small fraction of the total volume.

PROBLEM 3.33
Two kg of Refrigerant 134A undergoes a polytropic process in a piston-cylinder assembly from
an initial state of saturated vapor at 2 bar to a final state of 12 bar, 80oC. Determine the work for
the process, in kJ.
KNOWN: Refrigerant 134A undergoes a polytropic process in a piston-cylinder assembly.
FIND: Determine the work.
SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:
p
R-134A
m = 2 kg

.2

ENGINEERING MODEL: 1. The refrigerant is a

closed system. 2. The process is polytropic: pvn =
constant.

12 bar
80oC

pvn = constant

2 bar
v

ANALYSIS: The work for the polytropic process is determined using Eq. 2.17, with pvn =
constant. Following the procedure of part (a) of Ex. 2.1

(*)

W=
In order to evaluate this expression, we need to determine the specific volumes and the
polytropic exponent, n.
State 1: From Table A-11; v1 = vg1 = 0.0993 m3/kg
State 2: From Table A-12, at 12 bar, 80oC; v2 = 0.02051 m3/kg
The polytropic exponent is found from pvn = constant as follows.

n = ln(p1/p2) / ln(v2/v1)

n = ln(2/12) / ln(0.02051/0.0993) = 1.136

Inserting values in Eq. (*) and converting units, we get

PROBLEM 3.33 (CONTINUED)

W=

= -69.88 kJ (in)

PROBLEM 3.47

4. The volume is constant.

PROBLEM 3.49

PROBLEM 3.71

PROBLEM 3.92
Determine the volume, in m3, occupied by 2 kg of H2O at 100 bar, 400oC, using (a) data from the
compressibility chart, (b) data from the steam tables.
Compare the results of parts (a) and (b) and discuss.

H2O

V = ??

m = 2 kg
p = 100 bar
T = 400oC

(a) Using the compressibility chart, first we need to determine the reduced pressure and
temperature. From Table A-1:
pc = 220.9 bar and Tc = 647.3 K
pR = p/pc = (100)/(220.9) = 0.45

(Figure A-1): z 0.86

TR = T/Tc = (400 + 273.15)/(647.3) = 1.04

Now, we can calculate the specific volume as follows.
v=

= (0.86)

= 0.0267 m3/kg

So, the volume is: V = m v = (2)(0.0267) = 0.0534 m3

(b) From Table A-4 at 100 bar, 400oC; v = 0.02641 m3/kg
Thus, V = m v = (2)(0.02641) = 0.05282 m3
Comments: The compressibility chart gives a fairly accurate value considering the relative
imprecision of reading values from the chart. The percent difference is approximately 1.1%.
Note also that the value of z is 0.86. Hence, the ideal gas model is not particularly applicable at
this state. The ideal gas model would predict a volume of 0.03105 m3, which is about 15% low.

PROBLEM 3.105

PROBLEM 3.141