Constructio

n Materials
used in
Buildings
Maintenance
Management

Construction Materials used in Buildings

Maintenance Management

Page 1

Construction Materials used in Buildings

Materials used in the building

Substructure
Ready mix concrete Grade 20 for Column base, Plinth beams, Staircase footings, Wall
footing, Column/Staircase Shafts - Cement, River Sand, Metal.
Ready mix concrete Grade 15 for Screed concrete Wall footing, Under column base/Staircase
base Cement, River Sand, 1Metal.
Reinforcement in - Tor Steel (T/S), Mild Steel (M/S) use in footings, plinth beams, columns,
beams, slabs, Staircases.
Damp Proof Membrane (D.P.M.) - Gauge 1000 polythene use for floor concreting
Form work (F/w) - plywood, plywood use in footings, columns, beams, slabs
Retaining wall Rubble, Cement Sand (Mortar), Concrete, Tor Steel, Mild steel, Geo Textile,
Perforated pipe, 1 metal pack
Filling under floors - Imported gravelly earth

Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry (R.R.M.) - 6X4Rubble, 6X9Rubble
Damp Proof Course (D.P.C.) DPC tar CSS1
Walls 9 & 4 - Selected common burnt clay bricks, Fair face rubble
Bonding Material for fare face rubble Tile mortar

Superstructure
Ready mix concrete for columns Grade 25 (cement, river sand, metal) slab, beam,
column, staircase, built in vanity top

Roof
Roof structure - Mild steel Universal Beams and rafters, Mild steel plates, Red Balaw timber
bearings
Roof covering - Zinc Aluminum roofing sheets, Heat insulation sheets

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Doors/Windows
Door window frame, sash, lattice in treated Mahogany timber clear glass and heavy duty
ironmongery

Finishes
Internal walls, columns, soffit of slab, beams have been finished with cement and sand mortar
(1: 3). Min thickness
External wall and columns cement and sieved sand mortar (1:5), rough in external
1:3 cement and sand mix, min 3/4" thick floated with titanium oxide 1:10 pigment cement
rendering
Skirting 3 high
8"x 12 ceramic tiles in toilets
'Super flex'' ceiling fixed with Aluminium frame work
Hand railings in timer finish
Prepare surface with skim coat, leveling with acrylic wall putty, one coat primer and two
coats of emulsion paint
Prepare surface and apply weathersheild emulsion paint in external wall and columns
Prepare and apply two coats of sanding sealer, stain and two coats colourless matt lacquer in
door and window timber work and hand rail
Prepare and apply two coat anticorrosive paint, and two coats matt enamel paint to roof frame

Waterproofing
Toilet floor and wall - Prepare surface and apply two coats "Thoroseal"

Electrical
Wires, cables, switches, holders, Socket outlets, MCB, MCCB, DB, SDB, light fittings

Plumbing
Roof plumbing Zinc Aluminum gutter down pipe to colour math roof covering
Cold water supplies in 20mm, 25mm, 50mm, 63mm PVC. Pipes and plastic bib taps used
5000 Ltr capacity PVC water tanks
Drainage divide in two categories as Sewer and Waste water
110mm, 90mm dia. PVC pipes and PVC gullyies have been used in Sewer lines
63mm, 50mm dia. PVC pipes have been used waste water lines.
Ceremic Sanitary fiitings have ben used for Water Closet, Urinals and Wash basins

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Criteria for use of materials

Substructure
Ready mix concrete Grade 20 for Column base, Plinth beams, Staircase footings, Wall
footing, Column/Staircase Shafts - Cement, River Sand, Metal.
Reinforced cement concrete use for bases for strength.
Ready mix concrete Grade 15 for Screed concrete Wall footing, Under column base/Staircase
base Cement, River Sand, 1Metal.
Grade 15 Mass concrete is enough for screeds, below bases and footings.
10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm and 25mm Reinforcement in - Tor Steel (T/S) Cold worked high
yield reinforcement; BS 4461 characteristic strength of 460 N/msqr, 6mm Mild Steel (M/S)
Hot rolled mild steel bar reinforcement; BS 4449 characteristic strength of 250 N/msqr.
To keep high strength and durable to RCC concrete.
Damp Proof Membrane (D.P.M.) - Gauge 1000 polythene.
To prevent dampness from surface or ground water inside the building. Polythene sheet
membrane may include water tight joints.
Form work (F/w) - plywood, plywood.
plywood used footing form work. plywood used from upwards ground level to obtain
smooth and good finish of concrete surface.
Retaining wall Rubble, Grade 25 concrete, Cement Sand (Mortar), Geo Textile, Perforated
pipe, 1 metal pack.
Geo textile and metal pack have been used to filter the soil and water. Perforated pipes have
been used to overflow the water inside retaining wall. Also retaining wall purpose to protect
the land from landslides.
Filling under floors - Imported gravelly earth.
Excavated soil is not suitable because more unsuitable particles are there. Hense used gravel
without particles
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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry (R.R.M.) - 6X4Rubble, 6X9Rubble.
Rubble used as load bearing material,6X9 rubble use bottom of rubble foundation and
6X4 use in upper part of rubble foundation. Cement sand mortar used as bonding material
for rubble.
Damp Proof Course (D.P.C.) DPC tar CSS1.
Avoid dampness come through rubble foundations.
Walls 9 & 4 - Selected common burnt clay bricks.
To keep strength and inside cool condition.
Fair face rubble in entrance of the building wall.
To show school ancient proud look as per the Client and Architect requirements

Superstructure
Ready mix concrete for columns Grade 25 (cement, river sand, metal) slab, beam,
column, staircase, built in vanity top.
Load bearing capacity, strength and Structural Engineers requirement

Roof
Roof structure - Mild steel Universal Beams and rafters,Mild steel plates,Angle iron Nut and
Bolts Red Balaw timber bearings.
Roof covering - Zinc aluminum approved type profiled roofing sheets, Heat insulation sheets.
Zn/Al roofing sheets have been used to reduce the load ,keep high strength to roof by using
steel frame work as well as prevent heat from sunlight by using insulation.

Doors/Windows
Door window frame, sash, lattice in treated Mahogany timber clear glass and heavy duty
ironmongery.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

To show school ancient proud look as per the Client and Architect requirements through door
window designs with mahogany timber. Clear glass used to take maximum sunlight inside to
class rooms. Heavy duty ironmongery used considering usage of school boys

Finishes
Internal walls, columns, soffit of slab, beams have been finished with cement and sand mortar
(1: 3). min thickness to obtain smooth finish and reduce upcoming wall painting skim
coat, wall putty, primer, emulsion paint quantity.
External wall and columns cement and sieved sand mortar (1:5), rough in external has used o
reduce crack bridging and well bond to weather shield paint.
1:3 cement and sand mix, min 3/4" thick floated with titanium oxide 1:10 pigment cement
rendering applied for hard use of school children.
8"x 12 ceramic tiles have used in toilets to easy of cleaning works.
'Superflex'' ceiling fixed with Aluminum frame work has been used to reduce load of ceiling
as well as it can fixed in short period.
Hand railings have finished in timber to get ancient proud look of the school.
Skim coat, acrylic wall putty, one coat primer has been used to internal paintings to get
smooth surface and and reduce the emulsion paint quantity.
Weathersheild emulsion paint in external wall and column has been used to protect plaster
from sunlight and rain.
Two coats of sanding sealer, stain and two coats colourless matt lacquer in door and window
timber work and hand rail to avoid decay by water/moisture and get good appearance.
Two coats anticorrosive paint, and two coats matt enamel paint have been applied to roof
frame avoid from corrode the frame work and keep durable.

Waterproofing
Toilet floor and wall - Prepare surface and apply two coats "Thoroseal" in toilet floor and
walls to prevent leakages on floor and walls.

Electrical
Wires, cables, switches, holders, Socket outlets, MCB, MCCB, DB, SDB, used for protection
of school children and light fittings for protection of bulbs and good appearance
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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Plumbing
Roof plumbing Zinc Aluminum gutter down pipes have been used for to bare the volume of
storm water. P.V.C has not enough strength.
Cold water supply pipes in 1000 gauge P.V.C. because it should be in high gauge, high
pressure due to force main.
5000 Ltr capacity PVC water tanks used to reduce the time and cost of erecting R.C.C water
tank. Drainage divides in two categories as Sewer and Waste water. All drainage P.V.C. pipes
in 600 gauges thus no pressure, force main. Only the gravity pressure.
Sanitary fittings have been used in Ceramic for Water Closet, Urinals and Wash basins to
easy of cleaning purposes.

Benefits to occupants and owner

Ready mix concrete to improve strength of the structure of school building time saving is also
very important than hand mix.
Reinforcement use in B.S. is standards for footings, plinth beams, columns, beams, slabs,
Staircases, to achieve the characteristic strength of the school building.
D.P.M. Gauge 1000 polythene membrane use for floor concreting is good for occupant.
Dampness totally prevent
Plywood form work have used for reduce cost and good surface finish than steel form work
usage
Retaining wall materials Rubble, Cement Sand Mortar, Concrete, Tor Steel, Mild steel, Geo
Textile, Perforated pipe, 1 metal pack system disposal the filtered surface water and keep
retain soil
Rubble using can achieve the foundation width for distribute the load, reduce dampness of
come through ground soil and reduce cost if use concrete.
Burnt clay bricks have been used for keep cool condition and distribute the slab beam load.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Roof structure has been used in steel that reduce the cost, time and load of roof.
Zn/Al roofing sheets have been used to reduce the load , keep high strength to roof by using
steel frame work as well as prevent heat from sunlight by using insulation. There for no need
to fx any ceiling fans.
Treated Mahogany timber and ironmongery using is durable for hard use because the
occupants are scool children.
Skim coat, acrylic wall putty, one coat primer has been used to internal paintings to get
smooth surface and reduce the emulsion paint quantity.
Weathersheild emulsion paint in external wall and column has been used to protect plaster
from sunlight and rain.
Two coats of sanding sealer, stain and two coats colourless matt lacquer in door and window
timber work and hand rail to avoid decay by water/moisture and get good appearance.
Two coats anticorrosive paint, and two coats matt enamel paint have been applied to roof
frame avoid from corrode the frame work and keep durable.
Waterproofing of toilet wall and floors prevent harm to wall and floor by dampness

Drawbacks to occupants and owner

Filling under floors - Imported gravelly earth is not good. Another cost has to be bare for anti
termite treatment.
Use of fare face rubble is high cost than the pointing the wall.
Floor rendering with titanium cut polish is high cost than when comparing floor tiling.
Timber hand rail also cost comparing galvanized iron handrail.
Zn/Al roof covering and gutter and down pipe is cost to owner.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Alternative elements and cost compression

Substructure
Compacted earth fill use for embankments. Quarry dust can use alternately. Termite
attacks may reduce when using quarry dust than earth fill. It may cause reduce maintenance
cost of anti termite treatments in late maintenance.

Cost of compacted earth filling

= Rs.3500.00/m3 X 60m3 = Rs.210,000.00
Cost of quarry dust
= Rs.5000.00/m3 X 60m3 = Rs.300,000.00
Difference of cost
= Rs.90000.00
Alternative material cost higher 40% than proposed material.

Masonry
Brick walls use for partition walls. Hollow blocks can alternatively use. It may cause
reduce sounds go through the walls. Or precast concrete walls can be use, its reduce
plastering and later painting cost.

Cost of brick wall

= Rs.3500.00/m2 X 540m2
Cost of hollow block
= Rs.2500.00/m2 X 540m2
Difference of cost
Alternative material cost lower 28% than proposed material.

= Rs.1,890,000.00
= Rs.1,350,000.00
= Rs.540,000.00

Roof
Steel trusses used for roof. Alternatively concrete beams can be use for reduce
maintenance cost of roof.

Cost of steel truss

= Rs.600,000.00/nos X 4 nos = Rs.2,400,000.00
Cost of concrete beam
= Rs.400,000.00/nos X 4 nos = Rs.1,600,000.00
Difference of cost
= Rs.800,000.00
Alternative material cost lower 33% than proposed material.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Floor finishes
Cut and polish use for floor finishes. It difficult to clean out and can reduce that cost
by using floor tiles.
Cost of cut and polish
= Rs.2800.00/m2 X 1800m2 = Rs.5,000,000.00
Cost of floor tile
= Rs.3500.00/m2 X 1800m2 = Rs.6,300,000.00
Difference of cost
= Rs.1,300,000.00
Alternative material cost higher 26% than proposed material.

External wall finishes

Whether shield paints used for external walls. Plaster clacks are visible in this system
but using of electrometric wall primer, plaster cracks may reduce and durability of painting
may high.
Cost of external wall painting
= Rs.700.00/m2 X 312m2
Cost of alternative method
= Rs.1200.00/m2 X 312m2
Difference of cost
Alternative material cost higher 71% than proposed material.

= Rs.218,400.00
= Rs.374,000.00
= Rs.155,600.00

Doors and windows

Timber doors and windows are used. Use of aluminum for timber may reduce the
maintenance cost maintenance of doors and windows. And painting and polishing cost also
may reduce.
Cost of timber
= Rs.2500.00/m2 X 354m2
Cost of aluminum
= Rs.1500.00/m2 X 354m2
Difference of cost
Alternative material cost lower 40% than proposed material.

= Rs.885,000.00
= Rs.531,000.00
= Rs.354,000.00

Services
Zn:Al roof gutters used but its not durable, so if PVC gutters can use alternatively for
durability and reduce gutter maintenance cost.
Cost of Zn:Al roof gutters
Cost of PVC gutters
Difference of cost

= Rs.820.00/m X 200m
= Rs.575.00/m X 200m

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= Rs.164,000.00
= Rs.115,000.00
= Rs.49,000.00

Construction Materials used in Buildings

Alternative material cost lower 30% than proposed material.

External works
Interlocking blocks can use for external ground works than grassing. It may reduce
the gardening maintenance cost.
Cost of grass
= Rs.550.00/m X 300m2
Cost of interlocking blocks
= Rs.2500.00/m X 300m2
Difference of cost
Alternative material cost higher 350% than proposed material.

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= Rs.165,000.00
= Rs.750,000.00
= Rs.585,000.00

Construction Materials used in Buildings

Maintenance in practice

Maintenance
Planned maintenance
Preventive
maintenance

Corrective
maintenance

Unplanned
maintenance
Corrective
maintenance

Scheduled
maintenance
Condition-based
maitenance
Maintenance can generally define as, procedure of keep something in a proper
condition. In buildings point of view there are more things to do from the start to the end of
construction and operational stage of the building to maintain its condition well. Maintenance
is further defined as work on existing buildings undertaken with the intention of

Restoring material condition to a specified standard

Avoiding additional weakening or failure
Re-establish proper process within specified considerations
Restore elements at the end of their lifetime with present equivalents
Making temporary repairs for urgent health, safety and security reasons
Alleviation of the outcomes of a natural failure.

Maintenance of a building can mainly divide in to two categories.

Planned maintenance
Unplanned maintenance

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Unplanned maintenance
Unexpected or emergency maintenance are called as unplanned maintenance. These
kinds of maintenance are not expected at design or construction stages and may very
expansive and high effective for the operations of the building. This may happen because of
failures of design or construction stages or unexpected external cause.
This may be classified as an emergency when the work requires immediate action to
remove hazards that pose a threat to users of the building to avoid loss or damage to property
and equipment or to restore essential utility services or to ensure the continuation of
operations of the building or users.
In a junior school building there may many unplanned maintenances occur due to
junior school childrens activities. Door and window locks, bathroom items and electricity
items may frequently be renew in such kinds of buildings. So much better if not to use things
such as glass, sharp and breakable items for the safety of children. If it is not so it may affect
to the buildings maintenance cost and the operations of the building and activities of children
also. Can reduce the cost of maintenance of building by following such simply things.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Planned maintenance

This type of maintenance is tending to go with the definite need of clients and allocate
repair and maintenance cost over a specific period to guarantee utmost cost benefit and
budgetary control. Effective Planned Maintenance has the further benefit of minimizing
disruption to the workplace whether service based. With effective management, the
maintenance of a building to a high standard can be provided to achieve maximum value for
money.
Planned maintenance can also divide in to two more categories as preventive and
corrective maintenance and preventive maintenance can further divide in to scheduled and
condition based maintenance.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Preventive maintenance
The actions performed to avoid failure by providing systematic inspection and
monitoring to detect and avoid incipient deterioration or failure and includes testing to
confirm correct operation. Preventive maintenance is planned so that any required resources
are available.
Proper applications for preventive maintenance are;
Have a important operational utility
Have breakdown types that can be avoided with standard maintenance
Have a possibility of breakdown that rises with time or utilizing
And inappropriate applications are;
Have accidental breakdowns that are unassociated to maintenance
Do not have a important utilities
Advantages
Planning is the major advantage of preventive maintenance.
Unplanned, reactive maintenance has many overhead costs that can be avoided during the
planning process. The costs of unplanned maintenance include lost progress; time lost
reacting to tragedies and detecting errors while tools are not working. When maintenance is
planned, each of these costs can be decreased. Before closing, any essential elements,
materials and workers can be found to reduce the time taken for a repair. These measures
reduce the overall cost of the maintenance.
Preventive maintenance does not need condition based monitoring. This reduces the
requirement of carry out condition monitoring as well as the need to take the condition
monitoring and act on the results of that analysis. It also reduces the necessitation to own and
use condition monitoring equipment.
Disadvantages
Unlike unplanned maintenance, preventive maintenance requires maintenance
planning. This needs a saving in time and resources that are not needed. Maintenance may
happen too often with a preventive maintenance strategy or until the maintenance frequencies
are optimized for smallest maintenance, more or inadequate preventive maintenance will
occur.
The frequency of preventive maintenance is most likely to be more. This regularity
can be lessened, without give up reliability when supervising and investigation is used. The
reduction in maintenance occurrence is offset by the additional costs associated with
conducting the condition monitoring.

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Corrective maintenance
Corrective maintenance is the maintenance performed whenever there is an equipment
breakdown or failure. Corrective maintenance often is of an urgent situation requiring instant
performance due to it is generally more costly than preventive maintenance and often times
require workmen of special skills and perhaps special tools.
Some items of equipment located may have corrective maintenance performed by the
operator or unskilled workmen at the site. Some items or equipments may require corrective
maintenance performed by highly skilled or trained personnel at the site. Additionally there
are some items or equipments which cannot be repaired at the plant site and will require
corrective maintenance performed at the manufacturing plant or a plant equipped for this type
repair work.
When an item or equipment needs repair the operator should, except for minor items,
always ac quire additional assistance from such persons as supervisor, engineer, manufacturer
and skilled repairmen.
This assistance is to determine the cause and result of the failure or malfunction. The
operator must then evaluate the knowledge of his workmen, the instructions provided with
the item and the availability of tools and repair parts in order to ascertain whether the
corrective maintenance should be undertaken by employees of the owner or whether the
repair should be made by contract maintenance.
Contract maintenance is that portion of corrective maintenance which cannot be done
by employees. This type maintenance is that which is conducted in its entirety by the hiring
of workmen skilled and regularly engaged in the type work involved whether it be a factory
which builds the equipment, a service agency of the factory, which installs, services and
repairs equipment manufactured by the manufacturer, or whether it be a privately owned
independent firm skilled in the nature of work required.
Advantages
Enhanced component life time
Enable prior corrective actions
Lower equipment downtime
Quality improvement of the products
Enhanced the safety
Save energy
Disadvantages
Higher cost in diagnostic equipment
Higher cost for training

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Scheduled maintenance
Scheduled maintenance is a list of pre identified maintenance actions, carried out at
accepted periods, intended at the avoidance of breakdowns. Irregular continuing repair directs
to property deterioration, a shorter property lifetime and raised long-term capital. The main
objective of scheduled maintenance is to avoid equipment breakdown before it actually
happened. This constitutes of assessments, modifications, accepted service and designed
shutdowns. Standard scheduled maintenance checks like this can help increase the lifetime of
properties and decrease the need for part repair or replacement.
Condition-based maintenance
Condition Based Maintenance is a maintenance strategy that uses the actual condition
of the property to decide what maintenance needs to be done. Condition Based Maintenance
dictates that maintenance should only be performed when certain indicators show signs of
decreasing performance or future breakdown. Checking an element for these measures may
include non-invasive measurements, performance data and planned tests. Situation
information can be taken at certain intervals, or continuously. Condition Based Maintenance
can be applied to critical missions and non-mission critical properties.

School building maintenance

A school maintenance management is an institutional action carried out by the school
management in order to make longer the life anticipation of school buildings, its furniture and
equipment. In the beginning a school maintenance management the school building should
meet a lowest amount of standard situations. Maintenance is an unremitting process to keep
the school building, furniture, and equipment in the finest type for normal use, and to make
sure the use of the school building as a protection in case of an emergency caused by natural
hazard occasions. The school maintenance management should be organized and positive to
avoid the need for maintenance. It should have a satisfactory personnel and financial plan for
appropriate maintenance.
A school maintenance management should make sure that the school building can;
Utility at its designed purpose at all times.
Utility during the typical lifetime of the building.
Defend against the results of excessive natural events.
The maintenance of the school building is a day by day motion of the institute and its
personnel. It is a significant feature in the delivery of education. The maintenance
management should be including of three basic components.
Organization
Inspection
Maintenance plan

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Construction Materials used in Buildings

Conclusion and recommendations

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