Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page 27
Strength of Materials
IA
D
O
Gate me 2013
Two mark
MCQ 2.5
A
I
D
2
2
(C) 2ML (D) 4ML
EI
EI
MCQ 2.8
For a long slender column of uniform cross section, the ratio of critical buckling
load for the case with both ends clamped to the case with both the ends hinged
is
.i2n
o
(A) 1
(B)
c
ia.
d
o
(C) 4
(D) 8
.n
O
N
w
ww
The homogeneous state of stress for a metal part undergoing plastic deformation is
J10 5
0N
K
O
T = K 5 20
0O
K 0 0 10O
L
P
where the stress component values are in MPa. Using Von Mises Yield criterion,
the value of estimated shear yield stress, in MPa is
(A) 9.50
(B) 16.07
(C) 28.52
(D) 49.41
MCQ 2.10
MCQ 2.11
A solid steel cube constrained on all six faces is heated so that the temperature
rises uniformly by DT . If the thermal coefficient of the material is a, Youngs
modulus is E and the Poissons ratio is u, the thermal stress developed in the
cube due to heating is
A pin joined uniform rigid rod of weight W and length L is supported horizontally by an external force F as shown in figure below. The force F is suddenly
removed. At the instant of force removal, the magnitude of vertical reaction
developed at the support is
(A) zero
(B) W/4
(C) W/2 (D) W
MCQ 2.4
MCQ 2.7
A long thin walled cylindrical shell, closed atn both the ends, is subjected to an
o.i (circumferential stress) to longiinternal pressure. The ratio of the hoop.cstress
tudinal stress developed in the shell
disia
o
n
(A) 0.5
(B) 1.0
w.
w
w
(C) 2.0
(D) 4.0
MCQ 2.3
A rod of length L having uniform cross-sectional area A is subjected to a tensile force P as shown in the figure below. If the Youngs modulus of the material varies linearly from E1 to E2 along the length of the rod, the normal stress
developed at the section-SS is
P ^E1 E2h
(A) P (B)
A
A ^E1 + E2h
(C) PE2 (D) PE1
AE1
AE2
MCQ 2.2
MCQ 2.6
Page 28
2 (T) E
(T) E
(B) (1 - 2)
(1 - 2)
3 (T) E
(T) E
(C) (D) (1 - 2)
3 (1 - 2)
(A) -
MCQ 2.15
MCQ 2.13
MCQ 2.14
IA
IA
D
O
D
O
.in
o
c
.
Match the following criteria of material
dia failure, under biaxial stresses s1 and s2
o
n
and yield stress sy , with their .corresponding
graphic representations.
w
ww
Page 29
Q 17 and 18n:od
in
o.
c
.
a
MCQ 2.17
The area moment of inertia about the neutral axis of a cross-section at a distance x measured from the free end is
3
3
(A) bxt (B) bxt
6l
12l
3
3
(C) bxt (D) xt
24l
12l
MCQ 2.18
12Pl 3
Ebt3
6Pl 3
Ebt3
Page 30
MCQ 2.25
Page 31
A massless beam has a loading pattern as shown in the figure. The beam is of
rectangular cross-section with a width of 30 mm and height of 100 mm
MCQ 2.20
MCQ 2.21
MCQ 2.22
A
I
D
O
N
3
3
(C) PL (D) 4PL
EI
3EI
in
o.
c
.
a
di
o
year 2009 one
mark
n
.
w
ww
If the principal stresses in
a plane stress problem are s1 = 100 MPa, s2 = 40
MCQ 2.24
A solid shaft of diameter d and length L is fixed at both the ends. A torque, T0
is applied at a distance L from the left end as shown in the figure given below.
4
O
N
in
MPa, the magnitude of the maximum shear stress (in MPa) will be
(A) 60
(B) 50
(C) 30
(D) 20
MCQ 2.23
A
I
D
3
3
(A) PL (B) 2PL
3EI
3EI
ia.
d
o
The transverse shear stress acting .in
n a beam of rectangular cross-section, subw
jected to a transverse shear load,
ww is
(A) variable with maximum at the bottom of the beam
(B) variable with maximum at the top of the beam
(C) uniform
(D) variable with maximum on the neutral axis
MCQ 2.27
MCQ 2.28
A cantilever type gate hinged at Q is shown in the figure. P and R are the
centers of gravity of the cantilever part and the counterweight respectively. The
mass of the cantilever part is 75 kg. The mass of the counter weight, for static
balance, is
Page 32
Page 33
(A) 75 kg
(C) 225 kg
MCQ 2.29
A
I
D
2
2 p2 EI
(A) p EI
2 (B)
L2
L
2
2
(C) p EI2 (D) p EI
2L2
2L
(B) 150 kg
(D) 300 kg
O
N
MCQ 2.33
MCQ 2.34
A two dimensional fluid element rotates like a rigid body. At a point within the
element, the pressure is 1 unit. Radius of the Mohrs circle, characterizing the
state of stress at that point, is
.i0nunit
(A) 0.5 unit
(B)
o
c
.
(C) 1 unit
dia(D) 2 unit
ia.
d
.no
ww
F (3L - b)
3 (3L + b)
(B)
4b3
4b3
F (3L - 4b)
F (3L - 2b)
(C)
(D)
3
4b
4b3
A solid circular shaft of diameter 100 mm is subjected to an axial stress of 50
MPa. It is further subjected to a torque of 10 kNm. The maximum principal
stress experienced on the shaft is closest to
(A) 41 MPa
(B) 82 MPa
(C) 164 MPa
(D) 204 MPa
A
I
D
O
N
For the component loaded with a force F as shown in the figure, the axial stress
in
at the corner point P is
co.
no
.
ww
Q 35 and 36 :
(A)
MCQ 2.31
MCQ 2.32
The rod PQ of length L and with flexural rigidity EI is hinged at both ends.
MCQ 2.35
MCQ 2.36
If the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio of the container material are 100 GPa
Page 34
and 0.3, respectively, the axial strain in the cylinder wall at mid-depth is
(A) 2 # 10-5 (B) 6 # 10-5
(C) 7 # 10-5 (D) 1.2 # 10-4
MCQ 2.37
Page 35
MCQ 2.41
MCQ 2.42
The strain energy stored in the beam with flexural rigidity EI and loaded as
shown in the figure is
2 3
2 3
(A) P L (B) 2P L
3EI
3EI
2 3
2 3
(C) 4P L (D) 8P L
3EI
3EI
(A) 4.12
(C) 1.73
(B) 3.46
(D) 0.86
(A) 25
(C) 35
MCQ 2.39
A
I
D
O
N
w
.no
ww
di
A
I
D
Q 43 and 44 :
O
N
in
o.
c
.
a
.no
ww
(B) 30
(D) 60
in
di
o.
c
.
a
A steel rod of length L and diameter D , fixed at both ends, is uniformly heated
to a temperature rise of DT . The Youngs modulus is E and the co-efficient of
linear expansion is a. The thermal stress in the rod is
(A) 0
(B) T
(C) ET (D) ETL
year 2007 two marks
MCQ 2.40
A uniformly loaded propped cantilever beam and its free body diagram are
shown below. The reactions are
5qL
, R2 =
8
5qL
(C) R1 =
, R2 =
8
(A) R1 =
3qL
qL2
3qL
5qL
qL2
(B) R1 =
,M =
, R2 =
,M =
8
8
8
8
8
3qL
3qL
5qL
, M = 0 (D) R1 =
, R2 =
,M = 0
8
8
8
MCQ 2.43
MCQ 2.44
The maximum principal stress in MPa and the orientation of the corresponding
principal plane in degrees are respectively
(A) - 32.0 and - 29.52
(B) 100.0 and 60.48
(C) - 32.0 and 60.48
(D) 100.0 and - 29.52
year 2006 one mark
MCQ 2.45
MCQ 2.46
Page 36
MCQ 2.52
MCQ 2.48
MCQ 2.53
MCQ 2.49
O
N
MCQ 2.54
(B) 50 MPa
(D) 120 MPa
Q 50 and Q. 51 :
MCQ 2.51
O
N
.in
dia
A
I
D
(A) 40 MPa
(C) 70 MPa
Two identical cantilever beams are supported as shown , with their free ends
in contact through a rigid roller. After the load P is applied, the free ends will
have
in
.
ocross-section
A steel bar of 40 mm # 40 mm square
is subjected to an axial
c
.
ia of the bar is 2 m and E = 200 GPa,
compressive load of 200 kN. If the
length
d
.no
the elongation of the bar willwbe
ww
(A) 1.25 mm
(B) 2.70 mm
(C) 4.05 mm
(D) 5.40 mm
A uniform, slender cylindrical rod is made of a homogeneous and isotropic material. The rod rests on a frictionless surface. The rod is heated uniformly. If the
radial and longitudinal thermal stresses are represented by sr and sz , respectively, then
(A) sr = 0, sz = 0 (B) sr =
Y 0, sz = 0
(C) sr = 0, sz =
Y 0 (D) sr =
Y 0, sz =
Y 0
A
I
D
Page 37
A beam is made up of two identical bars AB and BC , by hinging them together at B . The end A is built-in (cantilevered) and the end C is simply-supported. With the load P acting as shown, the bending moment at A is
(A) zero
(B) PL
2
(C) 3PL
2
MCQ 2.56
Page 38
(D) indeterminate
A cantilever beam carries the anti-symmetric load shown, where W0 is the peak
intensity of the distributed load. Qualitatively, the correct bending moment
diagram for this beam is
(A) 45 MPa
(C) 90 MPa
MCQ 2.59
MCQ 2.57
A
I
D
O
N
(B) 50 MPa
(D) 100 MPa
MCQ 2.60
MCQ 2.61
ww
A
I
D
In terms of Poissons ratio (u) the ratio of Youngs Modulus (E) to Shear Modulus (G) of elastic materials is
(A) 2 (1 + u) (B) 2 (1 - u)
(C) 1 (1 + u) (D) 1 (1 - u)
2
2n
O
N
.i
(A) 120
(C) 60
MCQ 2.62
MCQ 2.58
Page 39
(B) 80
(D) 40
The Mohrs circle of plane stress for a point in a body is shown. The design is
to be done on the basis of the maximum shear stress theory for yielding. Then,
yielding will just begin if the designer chooses a ductile material whose yield
strength is
Page 40
The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm cross sectional area. It is loaded
at four points, K, L, M and N. Assume E steel = 200 GPa . The total change in
length of the rod due to loading is
MCQ 2.69
Two identical circular rods of same diameter and same length are subjected to
same magnitude of axial tensile force. One of the rod is made out of mild steel
having the modulus of elasticity of 206 GPa. The other rod is made out of cast
iron having the modulus of elasticity of 100 GPa. Assume both the materials to
be homogeneous and isotropic and the axial force causes the same amount of
uniform stress in both the rods. The stresses developed are within the proportional limit of the respective materials. Which of the following observations is
correct ?
(A) Both rods elongate by the same amount
(B) Mild steel rod elongates more than the cast iron rod
(C) Cast iron rod elongates more than the mild steel rods
(D) As the stresses are equal strains are also equal in both the rods
MCQ 2.70
The beams, one having square cross section and another circular cross-section,
are subjected to the same amount of bending moment. If the cross sectional
area as well as the material of both the beams are same then
(A) maximum bending stress developed in both the beams is same
(B) the circular beam experience more bending stress than the square one
(C) the square beam experience more bending stress than the circular one
(D) as the material is same, both the beams will experience same deformation.
(A) 1 m (B) - 10 m
(C) 16 m (D) - 20 m
MCQ 2.64
A
I
D
A steel beam of breadth 120 mm and height 750 mm is loaded as shown in the
figure. Assume E steel = 200 GPa .
O
N
w
.no
ww
in
di
o.
c
.
a
MCQ 2.65
MCQ 2.66
MCQ 2.71
The second moment of a circular area about the diameter is given by (D is the
diameter).
4
4
(A) pD (B) pD
16
4
MCQ 2.72
4
4
(C) pD (D) pD
32
64
MCQ 2.68
A concentrated load of P acts on a simply supported beam of span L at a distance L/3 from the left support. The bending moment at the point of application of the load is given by
(A) PL (B) 2PL
3
3
A
I
D
O
N
Page 41
(A)
k1 + k2 + k 3 (B)
J
(C)
k1 + k 2 + k 3
(D)
J (k1 k2 + k2 k 3 + k 3 k1)
k1 k 2 + k 2 k 3 + k 3 k1
J (k1 + k2)
k1 k 2 + k 2 k 3 + k 3 k1
J (k2 + k 3)
Maximum shear stress developed on the surface of a solid circular shaft under
pure torsion is 240 MPa. If the shaft diameter is doubled then the maximum
shear stress developed corresponding to the same torque will be
(A) 120 MPa
(B) 60 MPa
(C) 30 MPa
(D) 15 MPa
year 2003 two marks
MCQ 2.73
A simply supported laterally loaded beam was found to deflect more than a
Page 42
specified value. Which of the following measures will reduce the deflection ?
(A) Increase the area moment of inertia
(B) Increase the span of the beam
(C) Select a different material having lesser modulus of elasticity
(D) Magnitude of the load to be increased
MCQ 2.74
Page 43
The shape of the bending moment diagram for a uniform cantilever beam carrying a uniformly distributed load over its length is
(A) a straight line
(B) a hyperbola
(C) an ellipse
(D) a parabola
year 2001 two marks
MCQ 2.82
The maximum principal stress for the stress state shown in the figure is
The state of stress at a point P in a two dimensional loading is such that the
Mohrs circle is a point located at 175 MPa on the positive normal stress axis.
MCQ 2.75
The maximum and minimum principal stresses respectively from the Mohrs
circle are
(A) + 175 MPa, - 175 MPa
(B) + 175 MPa, + 175 MPa
(C) 0, - 175 MPa
(D) 0, 0
MCQ 2.76
A
I
D
O
N
.
ww
The total area under the stress-strain curve of mild steel specimen tested upto
failure under tension is a measure of
(A) ductility
(B) ultimate strength
(C) stiffness
(D) toughness
MCQ 2.78
A
I
D
O
N
n
(A) s (B).i2s
o
c
.
(C) 3s (D)
dia 1.5s
no
.
ww
**********
The relationship between Youngs modulus (E ), Bulk modulus (K ) and Poissons ratio (u) is given by
(A) E = 3K (1 2u) (B) K = 3E (1 2u)
(C) E = 3K (1 u) (D) K = 3E (1 u)
MCQ 2.80
The ratio of Eulers bucking loads of columns with the same parameters having
Page 44
Page 45
solution
SOL 2.1
SOL 2.2
SOL 2.3
O
N
SOL 2.5
A
I
D
O
N
3
smin = Fmin = 20 # 10
Area
A
3
smax = Fmax = 100 # 10
Area
A
.in
o
c
.
Now
smean = smax + smin
dia
2
o
.n
3
3
w
120
10
# w = 60 # 10
=
w
2A
A
and
sv = smax smin
2
3
3
= 80 # 10 = 40 # 10
2A
A
According to soderbergs criterion
1 = sm + sv
sy se
FOS
1 = 60 # 103 + 40 # 103
or
2
240A
160A
3
3
1 = 10 + 10
or
2
4A 4A
or
A = 1000 mm2
in
F =
o.
c
.
a
sin b 3px l dx
L
0
L
= ; cos b 3px l # L E
3p 0
L
=; L L E = 2L
3p
3p
3p
This load acting at the centre of the beam because of the sin function. Now taking the moment about point B , we have
SMB = 0
RA # L = 2L # L
3p
2
L
R A =
3p
Option (D) is correct.
Given
Fmin = 20 kN , Fmax = 100 kN , sy = 240 MPa = 240 N/mm2 , FOS = 2
se = 160 MPa = 160 N/mm2
A
I
D
di
o
n
When the Force F is suddenly
w. remove,
w
w
condition with angular acceleration
a.
SOL 2.4
SOL 2.6
Page 46
and
SOL 2.7
SOL 2.10
d 2y
EI 2 = M
dx
Since
Integrating
EI
At x = 0,
dy
= mx + C1 ...(i)
dx
dy
= 0
dx
A
I
D
So
EI (0) = M (0) + C1 & C1 = 0
Hence Eq.(i) becomes
.in
dy
o
EI = mx
c
dx
ia.
O
N
w
EI (0) =
At x = 0, y = 0 ,
Then Eq. (ii) becomes
SOL 2.8
y = Mx
2EI
Therefore,
SOL 2.11
2
...(i)
Critical buckling load, = p EI
L2
For both ends clamped L = L
2
SOL 2.9
p2 EI
L 2
2
^2h
Ratio for both ends clamped to both ends hinged is = 2
= 42 # L = 4
1
p EI
L
2
L
Option (B) is correct.
According to Von Mises Yield criterion
2
2
2
sY2 = 1 6(x y) 2 + (y z ) 2 + (z x ) 2 + 6 ( xy
+ yz
+ zx
)@
2
in
di
o.
c
.
a
C 2 = 0
ww
m (0) 2
+ C2
2
2
EIy = Mx
2
.no
+ C 2 ...(ii)
A
I
D
O
N
d
no 2
.mx
w
EIyw =
Again integrating
Page 47
R10 5
0VW
S
Given,
T = S 5 20
0W
SS 0 0 10WW
T
X
From given Matrix
sx = 10
txy = 5
sy = 20
tyz = 0
sz = 10
tzx = 0
So,
sY2 = 1 6(10 20) 2 + (20 + 10) 2 + ( 10 10) 2 + 6 (52 + 02 + 02)@
2
= 1 # [100 + 900 + 400 + (6 # 25)] = 27.83 MPa
2
Shear yield stress
tY = sY = 27.83 = 16.06 MPa
3
3
Option (B) is correct.
Given, sxx = 40 MPa = AN , syy = 100 MPa = BN , txy = 40 MPa = AR
Diagram for Mohrs circle
SOL 2.12
OR =
ey = y
E
E
(x + y)
ez = z
E
E
From symmetry of cube, ex = ey = ez = e
and
sx = sy = sz = s
(1 2)
So
e =
#
E
Where = T (Thermal compression stress)
Therefore,
s = # E = TE = TE
(1 2)
(1 2)
(1 2)
Option (A) is correct.
Page 48
First of all we have to make a free body diagram of the given beam.
Page 49
32T b L l
2
32T (L)
9
18TL
1 + 1 = 32TL
q =
= 32TL
+
# 16 =
:
D
4
4
4
4
16
2
p (2d) G
pd G
pd G
pd G
pd 4 G
1
d = b 18TL l4
G
Option (B) is correct.
Let, b = width of the base of triangle ABD = BD
t = thickness of conilever beam
SOL 2.17
A
I
D
SOL 2.14
SOL 2.15
SOL 2.16
bh3 /12
I
Where,
=
k =
b#h
A
Substitute the values, we get
1
3
12
# 20 # (10) # 10
12
=
k =
in106
.
10 # 20o#
.c
= 8.33 # o10
dia6 = 2.88 # 103 m
n
1.
Slenderness ratio = ww
= 347.22 - 346
2w
.88 # 103
Option (C) is correct.
(P) Maximum-normal stress criterion " (M)
(Q) Maximum-distortion energy criterion " (N)
(R) Maximum-shear-stress criterion " (L)
So correct pairs are, P-M, Q-N, R-L
O
N
20 # 103
12 # 10 # 20
SOL 2.18
A
I
D
O
N
2
2
0 = 12PL3 + C1 & C1 = 12PL3
Ebt
Ebt
Again integrating equation (i),
x2 + C x + C ...(ii)
y = 12PL
#
1
2
2
Ebt3
When x = L , y = 0
3
3
So, 0
= 12PL3 # L2 + C1 L + C2 = 6PL3 12PL3 + C2
2Ebt
Ebt
Ebt
3
C2 = 6PL3
Ebt
From equation (ii),
2
2
3
y = 6PLx3 12PL3x + 6PL3 ...(iii)
Ebt
Ebt
Ebt
So,
SOL 2.19
SOL 2.20
Page 50
SOL 2.22
SOL 2.23
IA
D
O
= 1.5x 1.5 (x 2) 2 ...(ii)
For maximum Bending moment,
d (M ) = 0
XX
dx
1.5 - 2 # 1.5 (x - 2) = 0
1.5 3x + 6 = 0
- 3x = 7.5
x = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
So the maximum bending moment occurs at 2500 mm to the right of A.
SOL 2.21
A
I
D
Page 51
O
N
Te =
Induced shear stress is,
M2+T2
.no
T
16
16
w
t =
=
#
pd 3 wwpd 3
in
o.
c
.
a
di
M2+T2
Ssy
N
First, the shaft is divided in two parts (1) and (2) and gives a twisting moment
T1 (in counter-clockwise direction) and T2 (in clock wise direction) respectively.
By the nature of these twisting moments, we can say that shafts are in parallel
combination.
So,
T0 = T1 + T2 ...(i)
From the torsional equation,
T = = G
& T = GJq
r
J
l
l
But, here
G1 = G 2
q1 = q2
So,
Page 52
J1 = J 2
T1 l1 = T2 l2
Diameter is same
And
SOL 2.25
SOL 2.26
A
I
D
O
N
in
SOL 2.27
UBC =
M x2 dx =
2EI
^Px h2
dx
2EI
Mx = P # x
2 3
2
3 L
UBC = P :x D = P L
2EI 3 0
6EI
UAB =
M y2
dy =
2EI
.
ww
From the application of load P , the length of the rod increases by an amount of
DL
DL = PL = PL = 4PL
p D2 E
AE
pD 2 E
4
And increase in length due to applied load P in axial or longitudinal direction,
the shear modulus is comes in action.
Shearing stress
= ts = ts L
G =
Shearing strain TL/L TL
So, for calculating the resulting change in diameter both youngs modulus and
shear modulus are used.
O
N
.c
ia
od
We have to take sections XX and YY along the arm BC and AB respectively and
find the total strain energy.
So, Strain energy in arm BC is,
L
A
I
D
n
So, transverse shear stress is variable with maximum
on the neutral axis.
o.i
o.
c
.
a
i
od
.
ww
T2 = T0
4
T1 = 3T0
4
Here
T1 > T2
So, maximum shear stress is developed due to T1 ,
T1 = tmax
& tmax = T1 # r
r
J
J
Substitute the values, we get
3T0
b 4 l
d = 32 # 3T0 = 12T0
tmax =
p d4 # 2
8p # d 3
pd 3
32
Option (D) is correct.
We have to solve this by Castiglianos theorem.
Page 53
T1 # L = T2 # 3L
4
4
T1 = 3T2
Now, From equation (i),
T0 = 3T2 + T2 = 4T2
P2 L2 dy
2EI
My = P # L
2 3
=PL
2EI
SOL 2.28
Page 54
The shaft is subjected to a torque of 10 kN-m and due to this shear stress is
developed in the shaft,
3
From Torsional equation
txy = T # r = 10 # 10 # d
2
p d4
J
32
3
4
= 16 # 10 3# 10 = 16 # 10 1 3 = 160 = 50.95 MPa
3.14
pd
3.14 # (10 )
Maximum principal stress,
+ y 1
2
s1 = x
+
(x y) 2 + 4xy
2
2
Substitute the values, we get
s1 = 50 + 1 (50) 2 + 4 # (50.95) 2 = 25 + 1 12883.61
2
2
2
= 25 + 113.50 = 25 + 56.75 = 81.75 MPa - 82 MPa
2
SOL 2.32
SOL 2.30
SOL 2.31
A
I
D
The figure shown the Gerbers parabola. It is the characteristic curve of the
fatigue life of the shaft in the presence of the residual compressive stress.
The fatigue life of the material is effectively increased by the introduction of a
in
compressive mean stress, whether applied
co. or residual.
O
N
A
I
D
O
N
ia.
d
Option (D) is correct.
no
.
Here corner point P is fixed.
wwAt point P double stresses are acting, one is due to
w
bending and other stress is due to the direct Load.
So, bending stress, (From the bending equation)
sb = M y
I
Distance from the neutral axis to the external fibre y = 2b = b ,
2
4
F (L b)
For square section I = b
sb =
# b
4
12
(2b)
12
12F (L b) 3F (L b)
=
=
16b3
4b3
and direct stress,
sd = F 2 = F 2 = F 2 # b = Fb3
b
(2b)
4b
4b
4b
Total axial stress at the corner point P is,
3F (L b) Fb
F (3L 2b)
s = sb + sd =
+ 3 =
3
4b
4b
4b3
Option (B) is correct.
Page 55
.no
ww
in
di
o.
c
.
a
C = 1
2
From equation (i),
Wcr = p EI
L2
Minimum force F required , Wcr = F cos 45c
Here both ends are hinged,
SOL 2.33
F = Wcr =
cos 45c
2 p2 EI
L2
Page 56
SOL 2.37
Page 57
k2 = D1 3 = 20 3 = 8
k1 b D2 l b 10 l
k2 = 8k1
So, stiffness is increased by 8 times.
SOL 2.34
SOL 2.35
A
I
D
O
N
2tE b 2 m l
Substitute the values, we get
10 4 # 2 # 1
1 0.3
sa =
l
2 # 103 # 100 # 109 b 2
4
= 10 8 b 1 0.3 l = 104 # 0.2 = 2 # 105
10 2
O
N
in
Here,
p = Pressure of the fluid inside the shell
So, pressure at 1 m depth is,
p = rgh = 1000 # 10 # 1 = 10 4 N/m2
From equation (i),
4
1 = 5 106 N/m2 = 5 MPa
sa = 10 # 2 #
#
3
4 # 10
and hoop or circumferential stress,
4
p D
sy = sc = #
= 10 # 23 = 10 # 106 N/m2 = 10 MPa
2t
2 # 10
SOL 2.36
A
I
D
RB # 4L - P # L - P # 3L = 0
RB # 4L - 4PL = 0
RB = 4PL = P
4L
2 3
2
L (Px) dx
=2#
+P L = P
2EI
EI
EI
0
Integrating above equation, we get
#0
x2 dx + P L
EI
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2
3 L
U = P :x D + P L = P L + P L = 4P L
EI 3 0
EI
3EI
EI
3EI
Option (B) is correct.
Due to 100 N force, bending moment occurs at point C and magnitude of this
bending moment is,
(in clock wise direction)
MC = 100 # (0.1) = 10 Nm
We have to make a free body diagram of the given beam,
SOL 2.38
Page 58
O
N
w
ww
a =
SOL 2.40
In equilibrium of forces,
R1 + R2 = qL ...(i)
qL2 5qL2
+
M = 0
2
8
3qL
5qL
=
8
8
SOL 2.41
SOL 2.42
A
I
D
O
N
M =
qL
8
in
o.
c
.
a
di= qL2
5qL
3qL
o
, R2 =
and
M
n
8
8 w.
8
Option (B) is correct.
ww
Given :
n = 200 # 100 # 50 mm3 = 106 mm3
p = 15 MPa = 15 # 106 N/m2 = 15 N/mm2
E = 200 GPa = 200 # 103 N/mm2
1
b u or m l = 0.3
We know the relation between volumetric strain, youngs modulus and Poissons
ration is given by,
= 3p (1 2u)
E
Substitute the values, we get
= 3 # 15 (1 2 0.3)
#
106
200 # 103
= 45 # 10 (1 0.6) = 225 # 0.4 = 90 mm3
2
Option (C) is correct.
Given : T = 10 N m = 10 4 N mm , G = 80 GPa = 80 # 103 N/mm2
L1 = L2 = 100 mm , d1 = 50 mm , d2 = 25 mm
We know that for a shaft of length l and polar moment of inertia J , subjected to
a torque T with an angle of twist q. The expression of strain energy,
2
U = 1 T l
U = 1 Tq , and q = Tl
2 GJ
2
GJ
Therefore, R1 =
s = E = ETT
or,
dl = l # a # TT
And temperature strain,
e = l = l # # TT = # TT
l
l
Basically temperature stress and strain are longitudinal (i.e. tensile or compressive)
stress and strain
E = Stress =
Strain
3qL
8
.i
.co
dl
l # TT
R1 = qL R2 = qL
A
I
D
dia
& R2 =
.no
Page 59
Page 60
Page 61
SOL 2.43
J = p d4
32
From the Torsional equation
T = = G
r
J
l
Take first two terms,
T = t
r
J
T = t
p d4
d
32
2
16
tmax = T3
pd
s = M # y = 600 # 300 # d Here M = bending moment
p d4
2
I
64
4
4
= 18 # 10 3 # 32 = 18 # 10 #3 32 = 67.9 MPa
pd
3.14 (30)
T
And from Torsional equation, shear stress,
=t
r
J
t = T # r = 600 # 500 # d
T = Force # Area length
p d4
2in
J
.
32
co
.
a
i
d 56.61 MPa
= 16 # 600 # 500
o=
3.14 # (30w
) 3.n
SOL 2.46
A
I
D
SOL 2.44
2q = 59.04
q = 59.04 = 29.52c
2
Option (C) is correct.
in
di
o.
c
.
a
w
According to Eulers theory, the
wwcrippling or buckling load (Pcr ) under various end
conditions is represented by a general equation,
2
Pcr = Cp 2EI ...(i)
L
Where, E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Mass-moment of inertia
L = Length of column
C = constant, representing the end conditions of the column or
end fixity coefficient.
Here both ends are hinged, C = 1
2
Substitute in equation (i), we get Pcr = p EI
L2
sx = ?
SOL 2.45
O
N
.no
ww
= 99.95 - 100 MPa
2xy
And
tan 2q =
x y
Substitute the values, we get
tan 2q = 2 # 56.6 = 1.667
0 67.9
A
I
D
O
N
SOL 2.47
SOL 2.48
SOL 2.49
Page 62
= 1 + 612 + 22 + 23 (1 2 + 2 3 + 1 3)@
3E
Option (A) is correct.
Given : A = (40) 2 = 1600 mm2 , P = 200 kN (Compressive)
L = 2 m = 2000 mm , E = 200 GPa = 200 # 103 N/mm2
Elongation of the bar,
3
DL = PL = 200 # 10 # 2000
= 1.25 mm Compressive
AE
1600 # 200 # 103
In magnitude,
DL = 1.25 mm
SOL 2.52
SOL 2.53
SOL 2.54
Given :
A = 700 mm2
From the free body diagram of the segment QR,
A
I
D
O
N
.no
ww
SOL 2.51
in
di
o.
c
.
a
A
I
D
O
N
in
o.
c
.
a
di
Page 63
SOL 2.55
Page 64
SOL 2.56
SOL 2.57
sA = 60 # 106 # 0 = 0
And at point C (x = 1 m)
sC = 60 # 106 # 1 = 60 MPa
As no any forces are acting to the right of the point C .
So bending stress is constant after point C .
SOL 2.58
A
I
D
O
N
Page 65
A
I
D
Maximum shear stress at the elastic limit in simple tension (yield strength) = sY
2
s
s
max - smin
Y
To prevent failure
#
2
2
Here
So,
SOL 2.59
O
N
smax - smin = sY
.in
o
c
.
smax = i10
d a MPa , smin = 100 MPa
o
n
sw
Y . = 10 ( 100) = 90 MPa
w
Option (B) is correct.
Initial length (un-deformed) of the spring = L and spring stiffness = k
Page 66
10L = 2.1
Page 67
First of all we have to make the F.B.D of the sections KL, LM and MN separately.
SOL 2.60
SOL 2.61
A
I
D
O
N
.no
sx = 100 MPa
di
ww
w
(Tensile), sy = 20 MPa
SOL 2.62
SOL 2.63
R =
2
;100 ( 20)E = 60
2
A
I
D
O
N
in
o.
c
.
a
(Compressive)
+ y
y 2
2
We know that, s1 = x
+ a x
+ xy
2
2 k
+ y
y 2
2
s2 = x
a x
+ xy
2
2 k
From the figure, Radius of Mohrs circle,
y 2
2
+ xy
R = s1 s2 = 1 # 2 a x
2
2 k
2
Substitute the values, we get
SOL 2.64
SOL 2.65
SOL 2.66
Page 68
DL = PL
AE
Now, for steel or iron rod
DLs = Ps Ls
Ai Ei = Ei
Es
DL i
As Es # Pi Li
Substitute the values, we get
DLs = 100 = 0.485 < 1
206
DL i
So,
SOL 2.67
SOL 2.68
O
N
A
I
D
.no
ww
SOL 2.69
in
di
o.
c
.
a
Where, RA and RB are the reactions acting at the ends of the beam.
In equilibrium condition of forces,
P = RA + RB ...(i)
Taking the moment about point A,
R B # L = P # L
3
R B = P
3
From equation (i),
RA = P RB = P P = 2P
3
3
Now bending moment at the point of application of the load
M = RA # L = 2P # L = 2PL
3
3
3
9
Or,
M = RB # 2L = 2PL
3
9
Option (C) is correct.
Given : Ls = Li , Es = 206 GPa , Ei = 100 GPa , Ps = Pi , Ds = Di , & As = Ai
Where subscript s is for steel and i is for iron rod.
We know that elongation is given by,
Page 69
or,
DLs < DLi
& DL i > DL s
So, cast iron rod elongates more than the mild steel rod.
SOL 2.70
Let,
a = Side of square cross-section
d = diameter of circular cross-section
Using subscripts for the square and c for the circular cross section.
Given :
Ms = Mc ; Ac = As
p d 2 = a2 ...(i)
So,
4
.in
o
c
From the bending equation,
ia.
d
o
M = s = E
.n & s = MI # y
y
I
R ww
A
I
D
O
N
w
Where,
y = Distance from the neutral axis to the external fibre.
s =Bending stress
For square cross-section bending stress,
a = 6Ms ...(ii)
s
ss = M
a # 2
a3
12
And for circular cross-section,
c
sc = pMc 4 # d = 32M
3 ...(iii)
2
d
d
64
On dividing equation (iii) by equation (ii), we get
sc = 32Mc
a3 = 16 a3
Mc = Ms ...(iv)
#
3
ss
3 d3
6Ms
d
From equation (i),
p 2 3/2
3
2 3/2
a 4 d k = (a ) = a
4
a3 = p 3/2 = 0.695
d3 a 4 k
Substitute this value in equation (iv), we get
sc = 16 0.695 = 3.706
ss
3 #
sc > 1
& sc > ss
ss
So, Circular beam experience more bending stress than the square section.
SOL 2.71
Page 70
SOL 2.74
O
N
A
I
D
t1 # d 13 = t2 # d 23
&
Let consider a element to which shear stress have been applied to the sides AB
and DC . Complementary stress of equal value but of opposite effect are then
setup on sides AD and BC in order to prevent rotation of the element. So,
applied and complementary shears are represented by symbol txy .
Consider the equilibrium of portion PBC . Resolving normal to PC assuming
unit depth.
# PC = xy # BC sin + xy # PB cos
= 240 # 1 = 30 MPa
8
SOL 2.75
O
N
.
ww
.c
ia
od
r = d and J = p d 4
2
32
Again integrating,
A
I
D
= xy # PC cos + xy # PC sin cos
= xy (2 sin cos ) # PC
= 2xy sin cos
The maximum value of is txy when q = 45c.
n
= 2t sin 45c cos 45c Given
(txy = t)
o.i
t2 = t1 # d 13
d2
in
co
ia.
do d3
n
t2 = 240 #
.
b l
ww 2d
w
Alternative Method :
Page 71
k1 k 2 + k 2 k 3 + k1 k 3
J (k1 + k2)
SOL 2.73
SOL 2.76
Given, Mohrs circle is a point located at 175 MPa on the positive Normal stress
(at point P )
So, s1 = s2 = 175 MPa , and tmax = 0
So, both maximum and minimum principal stresses are equal.
Alternate Method :
sx = 175 MPa sy = 175 MPa and txy = 0
Maximum principal stress
2
s1 = 1 7(x + y) + (x y) + 4xy
A = 12 6(175 + 175) + 0@ = 175 MPa
2
Minimum principal stress
2
s2 = 1 7(x + y) (x y) + 4xy
A = 12 6(175 + 175) 0@ = 175 MPa
2
Option (D) is correct.
Mohrs circle is a point, and a point will move in every direction. So, the directions
of maximum and minimum principal stresses at point P is in all directions.
Every value of q will give the same result of 175 MPa in all directions.
Page 72
SOL 2.77
SOL 2.78
SOL 2.79
(1 2)
(1 + 2 + 3)
E
IA
Put s1 = s2 = s3 = s ,
3 (1 2)
(in magnitude)
= 1 2 ( 3) =
E
E
The above equation gives the volumetric strain when the elemental volume is
subjected to a compressive stress of s from all sides. Negative sign indicates a
.in
compressive volumetric strain.
o
c
.
= 3 (1 2u) & o dia =
E
So,
n 3 (1 2u)
E
.
ww
w
But
= K (Bulk modulus)
D
O
Hence,
SOL 2.80
SOL 2.81
E = 3K (1 2u)
Page 73
2
Mx = Wx # x =Wx
2
2
The equation for Mx gives parabolic variations for B.M. Maximum B.M. occurs
at x = L and is equal to WL2 /2 . (in magnitude)
SOL 2.82
O
N
A
I
D
.no
ww
*******
in
di
o.
c
.
a