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1 Introduction
Optimization is a process in which an objective
function is maximized or minimized. In engineering
design, especially in civil engineering, the security
measures and cost must be taken into account
together. Thus, the optimization is one of the vital
issues in civil engineering.
In several studies, the optimum cost design of the
reinforced concrete (RC) elements has been
investigated.
By using a search technique employing genetic
algorithm (GA), Coello et. al. optimized RC beams
[1]. Also, genetic algorithm was employed to find
the optimum design of reinforced concrete biaxial
columns [2].
The shape optimization of RC flexural members
by using GA to optimize the diameter and number
of main reinforcement bars was studied by Rath et.
al [3].
GA was used in order to find the optimum cost
of RC flexural frames [4]. Ferreira et. al. studied on
the optimal design of T-shaped RC beams according
to various design codes [5].
The simulated annealing algorithm was also
employed to find optimum values of continuous
steel reinforced beams [6].
Cost optimization of singly and doubly RC
beams was investigated by Barros et. al. [7].
Govindaraj and Ramasamy studied on the
detailed optimum design of RC continuous beams
using GA. Different groups of reinforcements were
ISBN: 978-1-61804-137-1
122
START
Read Data
Generate initial HM
matrix according to
ACI318
STOP
Output the
results
Yes
Check
stopping
criteria
No
ISBN: 978-1-61804-137-1
123
3 Numerical Example
b=1000 mm
n33
n44
hf =100 mm
n22
n11
bw
CASE 1
CASE 2
CASE 3
CASE 4
ISBN: 978-1-61804-137-1
4 Conclusion
In this study, T-shaped beams under flexural
moments are optimized by using HS algorithm
according to rules of ACI318. In the numerical
example, the optimum values are investigated under
different flexural moment objectives.
124
CASE 4
CASE 3
CASE 2
CASE 1
Objective Flexural
Moment (kNm)
h (mm)
bw (mm)
1 (mm)
3 (mm)
n1
n3
2 (mm)
4 (mm)
n2
n4
Mu (kNm)
Cost ($/m)
h (mm)
bw (mm)
1 (mm)
3 (mm)
n1
n3
2 (mm)
4 (mm)
n2
n4
Mu (kNm)
Cost ($/m)
h (mm)
bw (mm)
1 (mm)
3 (mm)
n1
n3
2 (mm)
4 (mm)
n2
n4
Mu (kNm)
Cost ($/m)
h (mm)
bw (mm)
1 (mm)
3 (mm)
n1
n3
2 (mm)
4 (mm)
n2
n4
Mu (kNm)
Cost ($/m)
ISBN: 978-1-61804-137-1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
350
250
10
30
2
0
10
22
2
0
36.76
7.48
350
250
10
22
2
0
10
24
2
0
36.76
7.48
350
250
10
18
2
0
10
10
2
0
36.76
7.48
350
250
10
22
2
0
10
28
2
0
36.76
7.48
350
250
12
26
3
0
10
24
3
0
66.92
8.28
350
250
12
12
3
0
10
28
3
0
66.92
8.28
350
250
12
30
3
0
10
24
3
0
66.92
8.28
350
250
12
16
3
0
10
14
3
0
66.92
8.28
350
250
12
22
5
0
14
22
2
0
100.81
9.21
350
250
12
20
5
0
10
28
4
0
101.70
9.23
350
250
12
28
5
0
14
30
2
0
100.81
9.21
350
250
12
10
5
0
14
28
2
0
100.81
9.21
400
250
22
28
2
0
12
10
2
0
133.48
10.06
400
250
18
16
3
0
12
20
2
0
134.93
10.07
400
250
18
30
3
0
10
20
3
0
136.14
10.10
400
250
18
26
3
0
12
14
2
0
134.93
10.07
450
250
18
18
3
0
14
10
2
0
166.92
10.83
450
250
18
20
3
0
14
26
2
0
166.92
10.83
450
250
18
16
3
0
14
10
2
0
166.92
10.83
450
250
18
30
3
0
14
18
2
0
166.92
10.83
450
250
22
24
3
0
10
28
2
0
203.27
11.53
500
250
22
22
2
0
10
18
5
0
201.35
11.58
450
250
22
16
3
0
12
24
2
0
212.46
11.74
500
250
16
30
4
0
12
10
3
0
202.35
11.55
500
250
18
22
4
0
10
16
4
0
235.17
12.13
500
250
22
24
2
0
16
26
3
0
233.46
12.23
500
250
18
26
3
0
16
22
3
0
235.66
12.24
500
250
18
18
4
0
10
14
4
0
235.17
12.13
500
250
24
24
3
0
10
24
2
0
267.07
12.70
550
250
18
26
3
0
14
22
4
0
266.83
12.78
550
250
18
16
4
0
12
18
3
0
267.47
12.71
550
250
18
18
4
0
12
12
3
0
267.47
12.71
500
250
30
12
2
0
12
30
3
0
300.74
13.44
600
250
26
16
2
0
12
30
3
0
302.36
13.35
550
250
28
30
2
0
10
30
4
0
300.15
13.30
600
250
22
22
3
0
10
22
3
0
300.51
13.27
500
250
20
12
4
0
18
12
3
0
342.27
14.27
550
250
20
18
4
0
14
26
3
0
333.80
13.83
550
250
20
14
4
0
14
22
3
0
333.80
13.83
550
250
30
20
2
0
10
20
4
0
333.51
13.86
125
5 Appendix
: Strength Reduction Factor
i : Diameter of Reinforcement Bars in ith Line
ACI 318 : American Concrete Institute Building
Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
b : Width of Compressive Face of The Beam
bw : Web Width of The Beam
GA : Genetic Algorithm
h : Height of The Beam
hf : Slab Thickness
HM : Harmony Memory
HMCR : Harmony Memory Considering Rate
HMS : Harmony Memory Size
HS : Harmony Search
Mn : The Objective Moment
Mu : The Moment Capacity of The Beam
ni : Number of Reinforcement Bars in ith Line
RC : Reinforced Concrete
PAR : Pitch Adjusting Rate
References:
[1] C. C. Coello, F. S. Hernandez, F. A. Farrera,
Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Using Genetic Algorithms, Expert Systems with
Applications, Vol. 12, 1997, pp. 101-108.
ISBN: 978-1-61804-137-1
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