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Closed Conduits
1- Introduction
Pressure
Pipelines
Laminar
Turbulent
Re
where
VD
(1)
Re<2000
Flow is always laminar
2000<Re<4000 Flow is either laminar or turbulent
Re>4000
Flow is always turbulent
For laminar flow, the frictional head loss was proportional to velocity.
For turbulent flow, the head loss was proportional to the square of the
velocity.
As
h
Whence
h
P1 P 2
Z
g
or
0 gR
gA
Z
(5)
0 PL
gA
(6)
hf
(7)
gRS f
where R (hydraulic radius) = A/P ( = D/4 for a circular pipe of diameter D).
Rewriting (7):
D hf
0 g
4 L
(8)
Laminar flow
32 LV
hf
gD 2
Hagen-Pouiseuille
Equation (9)
Turbulent flow
L V2
Darcy-Weisbach
hf
Formula (10)
D 2g
: Dimensionless friction factor
1. Smooth pipes
In the case of turbulent flow experimental work on
smooth pipes by Blasius (1913) yielded the relationship:
0.3164 Blasius equation (11)
Re 0.25
a. Laminar Flow
The relative roughness has no influence on the friction
factor.
64
64
DV Re
(12)
c. Smooth turbulence
d. Transitional turbulence
e. Rough turbulence
smooth pipes
Re
2 log
2 . 51
1
For
rough pipes
1
3 .7 D
2 log
Ks
(13)
(14)
ks
2.51
2 log
D
3
.
7
Re
(15)
This formula is
applicable for the
whole range of the
turbulent region for
commercial pipes
using an effective
roughness value
determined
experimentally for
each type of pipe, as
given in Table 1.
Pipe Material
Ks (mm)
Brass, copper,glass,
Perspex
Asbestos, Cement
Wrought iron
Galvanised Iron
Plastic
Bitumen-lined ductile
iron
Spun concrete lined
ductile iron
Slimed concrete sewer
0.003
0.03
0.06
0.15
0.03
0.03
0.03
6.0
v
V 2 2 gDi log
2.51
D 2 gDi
3.7 D
(16)
Re
1/ 3
which gives correct to 5% for 4x103 < Re < 1x107 and Ks/D<0.01.
3.7 D Re
(18)
f
0.63
V 0.355CD
or alternatively,
6 . 78 L
L
D 1 .165
hf
V
C
1 . 85
(20)
Example 1
hf
LV 2
8 g R (21) and
Ks
2.51v
2 log
14
.
8
R
4
V
R
(22)
V2
hL K L
2g
(23)
A. Sudden enlargement
P1 A1 P2 A2 Q(V2 V1 )
Q V1 A1 V2 A2
P1 P2 V2
(V1 V2 )
g
g
(26)
(V12 V22 ) ( P2 P1 )
hL
2g
g
(V1 V2 ) 2
hL
2g
by using (25) we obtain
2
2
V
A
hL 1 1 1
A2
2g
Whence,
A1
K L 1
A2
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
For the case of a pipe discharging into a tank, A2>A1, then KL=1.
B. Sudden Contraction
V22
hL 0.44
2g
(31)
Example 2
A uniform pipeline, 5000 m long, 200 mm in diameter and
roughness size 0.03 mm conveys water at 15C between
two reservoirs. The difference in water level between
which is maintained constant at 50 m. In addition to the
2
entry loss of 0.5 V a valve produces a head loss of 10 V 2 .
2g
2g