Present Simple

Structure
Positive sentences
VERB I
I
like
tomatoes
You
like
potatoes
He
likes
broccoli
She
likes
fruit
It
likes
milk
We
like
chocolate
You
like
dark bread
They
like
onion and garlic
We form positive sentences in Present Simple by using the 1st form of the verb. The only element requiring extra attention is the -s
ending which we add to the verb following he/she/it (3rd person singular).
Questions
DO / DOES + INFINITVE
Do
I
like
tomatoes?
Do
you
like
potatoes?
Does
he
like
broccoli?
Does
she
like
fruit?
Does
it
like
milk?
Do
we
like
chocolate?
Do
you
like
dark bread?
Do
they
like
onion and gralic
We use DOES (and not DO) for he/she/it and at the same time there is no s ending with the verb (because it's been transferred to DO =>
DOES).
Negatives
DON'T / DOESN'T + INFINITVE
I
do not
=
don't
like
tomatoes.
You
do not
=
don't
like
potatoes.
He
does not
=
doesn't
like
broccoli.
She
does not
=
doesn't
like
fruit.
It
does not
=
doesn't
like
milk.
We
do not
=
don't
like
chocolate.
You
do not
=
don't
like
dark braed.
They
do not
=
don't
like
onion and garlic
Again, like with questions, it's important to stress that we use DOESN'T (and not DON'T) for he/she/it and, again, there is no s ending
with the verb (because it's been transferred to DON'T => DOESN'T).
Usage
We use Present Simple when talking about:
1.
routine actions, happening with certain regularity
e.g. She goes to the cinema once a week. / He often calls me.
2.
permanent states (not likely to change)
e.g. I live in Bristol / They work together.
3.
feelings, emotions, rules, instructions
e.g. I love fish and chips! / Water boils at 100C.
4.
future plans presented in the form of timetables, charts, programmes etc.
e.g. The film begins at 8. / The train leaves in 5 minutes.
Extra
Time expressions mostly associated with Present Simple:
always
usually
often
sometimes
from time to time
rarely
seldom
never
every (day/week/month etc.)
in the morning / afternoon / evening
at night
on Mondays / Tuesdays etc.

Present Continuous
Structure
Positive sentences
BE + -ING (be in present form = am/are/is)
I
am
reading
a book
You
are
sitting
on the sofa
He
is
playing
the piano
She
is
making
dinner
It
is
drinking
water
We
are
laughing
at her
You
are
learning
English
They
are
listening
to the music
We form positive sentences in Present Continuous by using the present form of the verb BE (am/are/is) and by adding the -ing ending to
the verb.
Questions

INVERSION
Am
I
reading
a book?
Are
you
sitting
on the sofa?
Is
he
playing
the piano?
Is
she
making
dinner?
Is
it
drinking
water?
Are
we
laughing
at her?
Are
you
learning
English?
Are
they
listening
to the music?
We form questions in Present Continuous by means of inversion (that is by reversing the word order). In this case, the verb BE swaps
places with the pronoun = > I am becomes Am I ...? The -ing ending remains the same.
Negatives
BE + NOT
I
am not
reading
a book.
You
are not
= aren't
sitting
on the sofa.
He
is not
= isn't
playing
the piano.
She
is not
= isn't
making
dinner.
It
is not
= isn't
drinking
water.
We
are not
= aren't
laughing
at her.
You
are not
= aren't
learning
English.
They
are not
= aren't
listening
to the music.
We form negatives in Present Continuous by adding NOT to the verb BE. The -ing ending remains the same.
Usage
We use Present Continuous when talking about:
1.
actions that are temporary, not permanent or routine
e.g. She is watching a film now. / I'm looking for a job.
2.
actions planned for the future
e.g. He's going to France next month
Extra
Time expressions most commonly associated with Present Continuous:
now
at the moment
currently
presently
at present
these days
nowadays

Present Perfect
Structure
Positive sentences
HAVE / HAS + III
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

have
have
has
has
has
have
have
have

spoken
seen
contacted
painted
drunk
argued
lived
been

to him.
her.
me.
the room.
the whole bowl of water.
3 times this week.
in Cardiff for 10 years.
teachers since 2008.

We form positive sentences in Present Perfect by using HAVE or HAS plus the verb in the 3rd form. It's important to stress that we use
HAS with he/she/it (3rd person singular).
Questions
INVERSION
Have
I
spoken
to him?
Have
you
seen
her?
Has
he
contacted
me?
Has
she
painted
the room?
Has
it
drunk
the whole bowl of water?
Have
we
argued
3 times this week?
Have
you
lived
in Cardiff for 10 years?
Have
they
been
teachers since 2008?
We form questions in Present Perfect by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word HAVE / HAS
swaps places with the pronoun = > I have becomes Have I ...? The 3rd form of the verb remains the same.
Negatives
HAVE / HAS + NOT
I
have not
You
have not

= haven't
= haven't

spoken
seen

to him.
her.

He
has not
= hasn't
contacted
me.
She
has not
= hasn't
painated
the room.
It
has not
= hasn't
drunk
the whole bowl of water.
We
have not
= haven't
argued
3 times this week.
You
have not
= haven't
lived
in Cardiff for 10 years.
They
have not
= haven't
been
teachers since 2008.
We form negatives in Present Perfect by adding NOT to HAVE or HAS. The 3rd form of the verb remains the same.
Usage
We use Present Perfect when talking about:
1.
actions that happened in the past, but we don't know or it's not important when they happened
e.g. She has sorted it out.
2.
actions completed in the past but having effect on the present
e.g. I have broken my leg ( I can't walk).
3.
actions that started in the past and continue till present
e.g. I have lived here since I was little.
4.
recently completed action
e.g. I have just finished my homework.
5.
life experiences
e.g. I have never been to Australia.

Extra
Many new teachers often get confused with Present Perfect because they automatically know that it describes a past action so naturally
they want to call it a past tense. Unfortunately, the name of the structure and how we use it doesn't always make sense. Just remember
that because we use 'have' or 'has' (which we use in the present) it is Present Perfect.
Time expressions mostly associated with Present Perfect:
since
for
how long
never
ever
yet
already
just
so far
recently

Present Perfect Continuous
Structure
Positive sentences
HAVE / HAS + III
I
have
been
writing
this essey for 5 hours.
You
have
been
waiting
for us for a while.
He
has
been
speaking
to them since the morning.
She
has
been
dancing
for 2 horus.
It
has
been
standing
here since we moved in.
We
have
been
discussing
this matter for too long.
You
have
been
arguing
since last night.
They
have
been
working
here for years.
We form positive sentences in Present Perfect by using HAVE or HAS plus the verb in the 3rd form. It's important to stress that we use
HAS with he/she/it (3rd person singular).
Questions
INVERSION
Have
I
been
writing
this essey for 5 hours.
Have
You
been
waiting
for us for a while.
Has
he
been
speaking
to them since the morning.
Has
she
been
dancing
for 2 horus.
Has
it
been
standing
here since we moved in.
Have
we
been
discussing
this matter for too long.
Have
you
been
arguing
since last night.
Have
they
been
working
here for years.
We form questions in Present Perfect by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word HAVE / HAS
swaps places with the pronoun = > I have becomes Have I ...? The 3rd form of the verb remains the same.
Negatives
HAVE / HAS + NOT
I
have not
= haven't
been
writing
this essey for 5 hours.
You
have not
= haven't
been
waiting
for us for a while.
He
has not
= hasn't
been
speaking
to them since the morning.
She
has not
= hasn't
been
dancing
for 2 horus.

It
has not
= hasn't
been
standing
here since we moved in.
We
have not
= haven't
been
discussing
this matter for too long.
You
have not
= haven't
been
arguing
since last night.
They
have not
= haven't
been
working
here for years.
We form negatives in Present Perfect by adding NOT to HAVE or HAS. The 3rd form of the verb remains the same.
Usage
We use Present Perfect Continuous when talking about:
1.
actions completed in the past but having visible results in the present, especially when we want to express the cause for the
current situation
e.g. I have been cooking dinner. ( It smells of fried onion).
2.
actions that started in the past and continue till present, especially when we want to put emphasis on the duration of the action
e.g. I have been waiting for you for an hour!
Extra
Many new teachers often get confused with Present Perfect because they automatically know that it describes a past action so naturally
they want to call it a past tense. Unfortunately, the name of the structure and how we use it doesn't always make sense. Just remember
that because we use 'have' or 'has' (which we use in the present) it is Present Perfect.
Time expressions mostly associated with Present Perfect:
since
for
how long
never
ever
yet
already
just
so far
recently

Past Simple
Structure
Positive sentences
VERB II
I
went
to the cinema yesterday.
You
spoke
to her 2 days ago.
He
finished
this project last night.
She
drove
home the other day.
It
stopped
raining 2 hours ago.
We
ran
5 miles yesterday.
You
flew
to India last month.
They
split up
5 months ago.
We form positive sentences in Past Simple by using the 2nd form of the verb.
Questions
DID + INFINITIVE
Did
I
go
to the cinema yesterday.
Did
you
speak
to her 2 days ago.
Did
he
finish
this project last night.
Did
she
drive
home the other day.
Did
it
stop
raining 2 hours ago.
Did
we
run
5 miles yesterday.
Did
you
fly
to India last month.
Did
they
split up
5 months ago.
In order to form a question in Past Simple, we use DID at the beginning of a structure. It is very important to stress that the verb form
changes from 2nd to infinitive, e.g. He went Did he go?
Negatives
DIDN'T + INFINITIVE
did not
= didn't go
to the cinema yesterday.
did not
= didn't speak
to her 2 days ago.
did not
= didn't finish
this project last night.
did not
= didn't drive
home the other day.
did not
= didn't stop
raining 2 hours ago.
did not
= didn't run
5 miles yesterday.
did not
= didn't fly
to India last month.
did not
= didn't split up
5 months ago.
We form a negative structure by adding NOT to DID DIDN'T. Again, it's very important to note that the verb form changes from 2nd
to infinitive, e.g. I went I didn't go.
Usage
We use Past Simple when talking about:
1.
actions that happened in the past and we know exactly when they happened
e.g. I read this letter 2 days ago.
2.
actions that happened in the past and will never happen again
e.g. He wrote 20 books in his life. (he's dead will not write another book)
3.
actions which were our habits in the past but aren't any longer
e.g. I went to school by bus when I was 7.
4.
actions which happened one after another, in chronological order
e.g. He came in, bowed, introduced himself and waited for my questions.

Extra
Time expressions mostly associated with Past Simple:
yesterday
last (week / month etc.)
ago
then

Past Continuous
Structure
Positive sentences
BE + -ING (be in past form was /were)
I
was
reading
a book for 2 hours last night.
You
were
sitting
on the sofa when I came home.
He
was
playing
the piano when she rang.
She
was
making
dinner while I was washing up.
It
was
standing
here when I saw it.
We
were
laughing
at her for 20 minutes.
You
were
learning
English and we were learning Spanish
They
were
listening
to the music last night.
We form positive sentences in Past Continuous by using the past form of the verb BE (was/were) and by adding the -ing ending to the
verb.
Questions
INVERSION
Was
I
reading
a book for 2 hours last night?
Were
you
sitting
on the sofa when I came home?
Was
he
playing
the piano when she rang?
Was
she
making
dinner while I was washing up?
Was
it
standing
here when I saw it?
Were
we
laughing
at her for 20 minutes?
Were
you
learning
English and we were learning Spanish?
Were
they
listening
to the music last night?
We form questions in Past Continuous by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the verb BE swaps places
with the pronoun = > I was becomes Was I ...? The -ing ending remains the same.
Negatives
BE + NOT
I
was not
= wasn't
reading
a book for 2 hours last night.
You
were not
= weren't
sitting
on the sofa when I came home.
He
was not
= wasn't
playing
the piano when she rang.
She
was not
= wasn't
making
dinner while I was washing up.
It
was not
= wasn't
standing
here when I saw it.
We
were not
= weren't
laughing
at her for 20 minutes.
You
were not
= weren't
learning
English and we were learning Spanish
They
were not
= weren't
listening
to the music last night.
We form negatives in Past Continuous by adding NOT to the verb BE. The -ing ending remains the same.
Usage
We use Past Continuous when talking about:
1.
actions that were happening in the past at a given point of time (were happening and not happened)
e.g. He was dancing all night long.
2.
actions that were happening and were interrupted by another action.
e.g. She was speaking to me when he rang.
3.
two actions happening simultaneously in the past
e.g. He was cooking while I was reading.
Extra
Time expressions mostly associated with Past Continuous are the same as the ones associated with Past Simple (in both tenses we know
exactly when something happened / was happening).
yesterday
last (week / month etc.)
ago
then

Past Perfect
Structure
Positive sentences
HAD + III
I
had
spoken
to him before you came.
You
had
seen
her before she left.
He
had
contacted
me before they rang.
She
had
painted
the room before she moved in.
It
had
barked
at me before it walked off.
We
had
argued
3 times before we split up.
You
had
lived
in Cardiff before you moved to London.
They
had
been
teachers before they decided to become singers.
We form positive sentences in Past Perfect by using HAD plus the verb in the 3rd form. Please note that the structure is the same for all
the pronouns (no exception for he/she/it).
Questions
INVERSION
Had
I
spoken
to him before you came?
Had
you
seen
her before she left?

Had
he
contacted
me before they rang?
Had
she
painted
the room before she moved in?
Had
it
barked
at me before it walked off?
Had
we
argued
3 times before we split up?
Had
you
lived
in Cardiff before you moved to London?
Had
they
been
teachers before they decided to become singers?
We form questions in Past Perfect by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word HAD swaps places
with the pronoun = > I had becomes Had I ...? The 3rd form of the verb remains the same.
Negatives
HAD + NOT
I
had not
= hadn't
spoken
to him before you came.
You
had not
= hadn't
seen
her before she left.
He
had not
= hadn't
contacted
me before they rang.
She
had not
= hadn't
painted
the room before she moved in.
It
had not
= hadn't
barked
at me before it walked off.
We
had not
= hadn't
argued
3 times before we split up.
You
had not
= hadn't
lived
in Cardiff before you moved to London.
They
had not
= hadn't
been
teachers before they decided to become singers.
We form negatives in Past Perfect by adding NOT to HAD. The 3rd form of the verb remains the same.
Usage
We use Past Perfect when talking about:
1.
actions that happened in the past before another action in the past (when we want to highlight which action was first). In that
situation we will use Past Perfect for the action that happened first (deeper in the past) and Past Simple for the action which
happened afterwards.
e.g. I had cooked dinner before I went to school.
She contacted me after she had picked up the letter.
Extra
This tense is often used when telling a story. Normally a story is told in the past. So, you are telling your story and you want to talk about
something that happened before that point in the story. It's the past of the past!
Time expressions mostly associated with Past Perfect:
before Past Perfect before Past Simple
e.g. He had left before I came.
after Past Simple after Past Perfect
e.g. She watched that film after she had read the book.

Past Perfect Continuous
Structure
Positive sentences
HAD + BEEN + -ING
I
had
been
writing
this essey for 5 hours before you came.
You
had
been
waiting
for us for an hour before you realized you got the day wrong.
He
had
been
speaking
to them for an hour before he realized it wasn't their fault.
She
had
been
dancing
for 2 horus, thats why her legs ached so much.
It
had
been
raining
a lot before summer came.
We
had
been
discussing
this matter for 2 days before he decided to drop the case.
You
had
been
arguing
for a while before you heard my point.
They
had
been
working
here for years before they were fired.
We form positive sentences in Past Perfect Continuous by using HAD plus BEEN plus we add the -ing ending to the main verb.
Questions
INVERSION
Had
I
been
writing
this essey for 5 hours before you came?
Had
you
been
waiting
for us for an hour before you realized you got the day wrong?
Had
he
been
speaking
to them for an hour before he realized it wasn't their fault?
Had
she
been
dancing
for 2 horus, thats why her legs ached so much?
Had
it
been
raining
a lot before summer came?
Had
we
been
discussing
this matter for 2 days before he decided to drop the case?
Had
you
been
arguing
for a while before you heard my point?
Had
they
been
working
here for years before they were fired?
We form questions in Past Perfect Continuous by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word HAD
swaps places with the pronoun = > I had becomes Had I ...? The rest of the structure (been + -ing ending) remains the same.
Negatives
HAD + NOT
I
had not = hadn't
been
writing
this essey for 5 hours before you came.
You
had not = hadn't
been
waiting
for us for an hour before you realized you got the day wrong.
He
had not = hadn't
been
speaking
to them for an hour before he realized it wasn't their fault.
She
had not = hadn't
been
dancing
for 2 horus, thats why her legs ached so much.
It
had not = hadn't
been
raining
a lot before summer came.
We
had not = hadn't
been
discussing
this matter for 2 days before he decided to drop the case.
You
had not = hadn't
been
arguing
for a while before you heard my point.
They
had not = hadn't
been
working
here for years before they were fired.
We form negatives in Past Perfect Continuous by adding NOT to HAD. The rest of the structure (been + -ing ending) remains the same.
Usage
We use Past Perfect Continuous when talking about:
1.
actions completed in the past and having visible results in the past, especially when we want to express the cause for the past
situation
e.g. I had been cooking dinner. ( It smelled of fried onion).
She had been running. ( She was tired a lot).

2.

actions that were happening in the past before another action happened in the past, to emphasize the duration of the first
action.
e.g. I had been waiting for an hour before you arrived!
Extra
This is not the easiest concept to get your head around. Fortunately, we teach this to students with a higher level of English who already
have a good understanding of English grammar so don't worry.
Time expressions mostly associated with Past Perfect Continuous are the same as the ones typical for Past Perfect (both express actions
that happened or were happening before another action in the past):
before
after

Future Simple
Structure
Positive sentences
WILL + INFINITVE
I
will
go
to school tomorrow.
You
will
get
to know me better.
He
will
learn
how to ski.
She
will
climb
that mountain.
It
will
fall
down.
We
will
be
happy forever.
You
will
meet
a lot of great teachers.
They
will
pass
this exam.
We form positive sentences in Future Simple by using WILL plus infinitive of the verb. The structure is the same for every pronoun.
Questions
INVERSION
Will
I
go
to school tomorrow?
Will
you
get
to know me better?
Will
he
learn
how to ski?
Will
she
climb
that mountain?
Will
it
fall
down?
Will
we
be
happy forever?
Will
you
meet
a lot of great teachers?
Will
they
pass
this exam?
We form questions in Future Simple by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word WILL swaps
places with the pronoun = > I will becomes Will I ...? The rest of the structure remains the same.
Negatives
WILL + NOT
I
will not = won't
go
to school tomorrow.
You
will not = won't
get
to know me better.
He
will not = won't
learn
how to ski.
She
will not = won't
climb
that mountain.
It
will not = won't
fall
down.
We
will not = won't
be
happy forever.
You
will not = won't
meet
a lot of great teachers.
They
will not = won't
pass
this exam.
We form negatives in Future Simple by adding NOT to WILL. The rest of the structure remains the same.
Usage
We use Future Simple when talking about:
1.
future actions planned spontaneously, at the moment of speaking
e.g. 'What are your plans for tonight?' 'I'm not sure really, I think I will go to the cinema'.
2.
predictions, beliefs, hopes (not based on specific evidence)
e.g. I hope he will come. / I think it will rain tomorrow.
3.
promises, warnings
e.g. I promise I will be home by 12.
If you don't come home, I will change the locks!
4.
actions planned for future, without being specific when they will happen
e.g. We will get married one day.
Extra
Time expressions mostly associated with Future Simple:
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next (week / month etc.)
tonight
soon
in a (week / month / year etc.)

Future Continuous
Structure
Positive sentences
WILL + BE + -ING
I
will
be
reading
this book.
You
will
be
sitting
on the sofa.
He
will
be
playing
the piano.
She
will
be
making
dinner.
It
will
be
raining
tomorrow.
We
will
be
laughing
at her.
You
will
be
learning
English.

They
will
be
listening
to the music.
We form positive sentences in Future Continuous by using WILL plus BE and by adding the -ING ending to the verb. The structure looks
the same for all the pronouns.
Questions
INVERSION
Will
be
reading
this book?
Will
be
sitting
on the sofa?
Will
be
playing
the piano?
Will
be
making
dinner?
Will
be
raining
tomorrow?
Will
be
laughing
at her?
Will
be
learning
English?
Will
be
listening
to the music?
We form questions in Future Continuous by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the verb WILL swaps
places with the pronoun = > I will becomes Will I ...?
The rest of the structure remains the same.
Negatives
WILL + NOT
I
will not = won't
be
reading
this book..
You
will not = won't
be
sitting
on the sofa.
He
will not = won't
be
playing
the piano.
She
will not = won't
be
making
dinner.
It
will not = won't
be
raining
tomorrow.
We
will not = won't
be
laughing
at her.
You
will not = won't
be
learning
English.
They
will not = won't
be
listening
to the music.
We form negatives in Future Continuous by adding NOT to the verb WILL. The rest of the structure remains the same.
Usage
We use Future Continuous when talking about:
1.
actions in progress at a certain time in the future
e.g. This time tomorrow I will be taking my driving test.
2.
future arrangements (already planned), instead of Present Continuous
e.g. I will be going to Leeds this weekend.
Extra
Time expressions mostly associated with Future Continuous are the same as the ones associated with Future Simple:
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next (week / month etc.)
tonight
soon
in a (week / month / year etc.)

Future Perfect
Structure
Positive sentences
WILL + HAVE + III
I
will
have
spoken
to him...
You
will
have
seen
her...
He
will
have
contacted
me...
She
will
have
painted
the room...
It
will
have
finished
playing...
We
will
have
argued
3 times...
You
will
have
lived
in Cardiff...
They
will
have
been
teachers...
We form positive sentences in Future Perfect by using WILL plus HAVE plus the verb in the 3rd form. The structure looks the same for
all pronouns.
Questions
INVERSION
Will
I
have
spoken
to him...?
Will
you
have
seen
her...?
Will
he
have
contacted
me...?
Will
she
have
painted
the room...?
Will
it
have
finished
playing...?
Will
we
have
argued
3 times...?
Will
you
have
lived
in Cardiff...?
Will
they
have
been
teachers...?
We form questions in Future Perfect by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word WILL swaps
places with the pronoun = > I will becomes Will I ...?
The rest of the structure remains the same.
Negatives
WILL + NOT
I
will not = won't
have
spoken
to him...
You
will not = won't
have
seen
her...
He
will not = won't
have
contacted
me...
She
will not = won't
have
painted
the room...
It
will not = won't
have
finished
playing...
We
will not = won't
have
argued
3 times...

You
will not = won't
have
lived
in Cardiff...
They
will not = won't
have
been
teachers...
We form negatives in Future Perfect by adding NOT to WILL. The rest of the structure remains the same.
Usage
We use Future Perfect when talking about:
1.
actions planned to take place by certain point in the future
e.g. I will have read this chapter by tomorrow morning.
2.
'anniversaries' at certain point in the future
e.g. Next month they will have been married for 10 years.
Extra
Time expressions mostly associated with Future Perfect:
by
before
until

Future Perfect Continuous
Structure
Positive sentences
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + -ING
I
will
have
been
writing
this essay...
You
will
have
been
waiting
for us...
He
will
have
been
speaking
to them...
She
will
have
been
dancing
here...
It
will
have
been
standing
here...
We
will
have
been
discussing
this matter...
You
will
have
been
arguing
with her...
They
will
have
been
working
here...
We form positive sentences in Future Perfect Continuous by using WILL + HAVE + BEEN plus we add the -ing ending to the main
verb.
Questions
INVERSION
Will
I
have
been
writing
this essay...?
Will
you
have
been
waiting
for us...?
Will
he
have
been
speaking
to them...?
Will
she
have
been
dancing
here...?
Will
it
have
been
standing
here...?
Will
we
have
been
discussing
this matter...?
Will
you
have
been
arguing
with her...?
Will
they
have
been
working
here...?
We form questions in Future Perfect Continuous by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word order. In this case, the word WILL
swaps places with the pronoun = > I will becomes Will I ...? The rest of the structure (have + been + -ing ending) remains the same.
Negatives
WILL + NOT
I
will not = won't
have
been
writing
this essay...
You
will not = won't
have
been
waiting
for us...
He
will not = won't
have
been
speaking
to them...
She
will not = won't
have
been
dancing
here...
It
will not = won't
have
been
standing
here...
We
will not = won't
have
been
discussing
this matter...
You
will not = won't
have
been
arguing
with her...
They
will not = won't
have
been
working
here...
We form negatives in Future Perfect Continuous by adding NOT to WILL. The rest of the structure (have + been + -ing ending) remains
the same.
Usage
We use Future Perfect Continuous when talking about:
1.
duration of an action at a certain point in the future
e.g. By next Monday we will have been renovating this house for 3 months.




Going To Do STH
Structure
Positive Sentences
BE + GOING TO + INFINITIVE
I
am
going to
wash my hair tonight.
You
where
going to
call him on Tuesday.
He
was
going to
study tonight.
She
is
going to
see her doctor in 2 days' time.
It
is
going to
fall down.
We
are
going to
meet them later.
You
were
going to
go to America next week.
They
are
going to
visit Japan next year.
As you can see, the structure is only correct when we use the verb BE with the unchangeable GOING TO followed by infinitive of the
verb. We can use this structure in many tenses, hence the examples above are in present and past tense (not normally used with future
tenses). What is important is to make sure the verb BE is in the right form, present or past. It is only the verb BE that will change
depending on the person and tense. The structure GOING TO DO will always look the same.

Questions
INVERSION
Am
I
going to
wash my hair tonight?
Were
you
going to
call him on Tuesday?
Was
he
going to
study tonight?
Is
she
going to
see her doctor in 2 days' time?
Is
it
going to
fall down?
Are
we
going to
meet them later?
Were
you
going to
go to America next week?
Are
they
going to
visit Japan next year?
The most important part of this structure is the verb BE. Hence, we form questions by means of inversion, that is by reversing the word
order. In this case, the word BE swaps places with the pronoun = > I am/was becomes Am/Was I ...? The rest of the structure (going
to do) remains the same.
Negatives
BE + NOT
Am
I
going to
wash my hair tonight.
Were
you
going to
call him on Tuesday.
Was
he
going to
study tonight
Is
she
going to
see her doctor in 2 days' time.
Is
it
going to
fall down
Are
we
going to
meet them later.
Were
you
going to
go to America next week.
Are
they
going to
visit Japan next year.
We form negatives by adding NOT to the verb BE. The rest of the structure (going to do) remains the same.
Usage
We use the structure GOING TO DO STH when talking about:
1.
actions planned for the future, when the decision was made before the moment of speaking
e.g. I'm going to visit my cousin in Canada next summer.
She was going to buy this ticket but he told her she wouldn't get a day off.
2.
predictions about something happening in the future which are based on solid evidence
e.g.: I think it's going to rain soon. (we can see the dark clouds etc.)
She is going to have a baby. (we can see the belly etc.)


Used To Do STH
Structure
Positive Sentences
USED TO + INFINITIVE
I
used to
stay up late when i was 18.
You
used to
tell me you love me once a day at the beginning of our relationship.
He
used to
drive his sister mad when they lived together.
She
used to
be very naughty when she was a teenager.
It
used to
stand in the living room.
We
used to
be best friends a few years ago.
You
used to
pick me up on your way to school when we studied together.
They
used to
go to work by train.
As you can see, the structure is very simple the same for all the pronouns (I, you, he...). All you need to remember is that after USED
TO we use the infinitive of a verb.
Questions
DID + USE TO + INFINITIVE
Did
I
use to
stay up late when i was 18?
Did
you
use to
tell me you love me once a day at the beginning of our relationship?
Did
he
use to
drive his sister mad when they lived together?
Did
she
use to
be very naughty when she was a teenager?
Did
it
use to
stand in the living room?
Did
we
use to
be best friends a few years ago?
Did
you
use to
pick me up on your way to school when we studied together?
Did
they
use to
go to work by train?
It is important that your students understand that the structure 'used to' is nothing different than the verb 'use' with the -ed ending typical
for Past Simple. As such, we create questions (and negations) the same way as in Past Simple by means of DID plus infinitive form of
a verb here USE to (instead of USED to). The rest of the structure remains the same.
Negatives
DID + NOT + USE TO + INFINITIVE
I
didn't use to
stay up late when i was 18.
You
didn't use to
tell me you love me once a day at the beginning of our relationship.
He
didn't use to
drive his sister mad when they lived together.
She
didn't use to
be very naughty when she was a teenager.
It
didn't use to
stand in the living room.
We
didn't use to
be best friends a few years ago.
You
didn't use to
pick me up on your way to school when we studied together.
They
didn't use to
go to work by train.
Again, following Past Simple tense rules, we form negatives by adding NOT to the verb DID, that is by means of DID NOT = DIDNT.
Remember that the ending -ed disappears from 'used to' leaving the phrase 'use to'. The rest of the structure remains the same.
Usage
We use the structure USED TO DO STH when talking about:
1. actions and states that were typical and happened regularly in the past but are not happening any more (old habits etc.)
e.g.: I used to like him. (I don't any more)

I used to smoke. (I don't any more)

Would Do STH
This structure has the same meaning as the structure USED TO. That's why, they are always introduced to students together. However,
there is a difference in the amount of contexts they can appear in. Structure 'would do sth' is much more limited:
1.
it is used to talk only about actions (i.e. activities) that were typical and happened regularly in the past but are not happening
any more. We can not express states from the past by means of 'would', e.g.:
I would swim a lot when I was young. = I used to swim a lot when I was young.
BUT
I used to love him a lot. (we can't say that sentence with 'would')
I used to be a real trouble maker. (we can't say that sentence with 'would')
2.
if we want to use 'would' instead of 'used to', we can only do that in positive sentences. When we want to ask questions or
negate something from the past we can only use 'used to'. Would in questions and negatives has a completely different
meaning reserved for other parts of grammar.
As you can see, the structure would is reserved only for positive sentences and only for those expressing the real actions. Just to make
sure the structure is clear, let's have a quick look at it:
Structure
Positive Sentences
WOULD + INFINITIVE
I
would
play a lot of tennis when i was 18.
You
would
tell me you love me once a day at the beginning of our relationship.
She
would
take my clothes all the time when she was a teenager.
He
would
drive his sister mad when they lived together.
It
would
stand in the living room.
We
would
act as best friends few years ago.
You
would
pic me up on your way to school when we studied together.
They
would
go to work by train.