Professional Documents
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Engineering
SUNDAY, JULY 12, 2009
37. Refrigeration
38. 1 tonne Refrigeration
39. Humidification
40. Dehumidification
41. Gear Train
42. Gyroscopic Couple
43. Heat Treatment
44. Ferrous-Metal
45. Non-ferrous metal
46. Allowance
47. Tolerance
48. Clearance
49. Stiffness
50. Toughness
51. Fatigue
52. Nuclear Fission
53. Nuclear Fussion
54. Welding
55. Machine Tool
56. Cutting Tool
57. Indexing
58. Jig
59. Fixture
Details
Torque or Turning Force:
It is the total amount of force which is required to create acceleration on moving substance.
Couple:
Two forces those acts on equally,parallely & oppositely on two separate points of same material.
Moment:
It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning force.
Stress:
It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force. That means, it is the preventing force. If one
force acts on outside of a material, then a reactive force automatically acts to protest that force. The
amount of reactive force per unit area is called stress. e.g. Tensile Stress, Compressive Stress,
Thermal Stress.
Strain:
If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would deform. Then the amount of
deformation per unit length of that substance is called strain.
Spring:
It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount of load & also can also go to its
original face after the removal of that load.
Its function:
To store energy.
To absorb energy.
Mach Number:
It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow
Entropy:
It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat, T = Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of tranfering energy
of a system is entropy.
Boiler/Steam
Generator:
It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to generate steam.
Economiser:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.
Superheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.
Air-Preheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it recover heat from
exhaust gas.
Boler Draught:
It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the fire grate. This
pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier. It actually maintaind the rate of
steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the boiler rate of fuel burning is
maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper amount of fresh air never entered into the boiler, then
proper amount of fuel inside the boiler never be burnt. So, proper fresh air enters into the boiler only
by maintaining boiler draught.
Nozzle:
Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying cross-sectional
area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of pipe or tube that
carrying liquid or gas.
Scavenging:
It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.
Supercharging:
Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the engine through intake
manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be engine speed will increased. Amount of air
will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of increasing inlet air density is
supercharging. The device which is used for supercharging is called supercharger.Superchargeris
driven by a belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake system.
Turbocharging:
Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is installed in exhaust
system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system. Turbocharger is driven by force of exhaust
gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by utilizing exhaust energy of the engine, it
recovers energy otherwise which would go waste.
Governeor:
Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load. If load incrases
on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply of working fluid have to
increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then engine' speed must increase. In that
case supply of working fluid have to decrease.Governor automatcally, controls the supply of working
fluid to the engine with varying load condition.
Flywheel:
It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy in the time of
working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it releasesenergy to the crankshaft in the time of suction
stroke, compression stroke & exhaust stroke. Because, engine has only one power producing stroke.
Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.
C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That means, how much fast
ignites diesel fuel.
Stoichiometric ratio:
It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient oxygen will be
gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.
Heat Transfer:
It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of temperature
difference.There are three way to heat transfer such as-ConductionConvectionRadiation
Thermal Conductivity:
It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In this case
following consideration will be important factTime------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k
Heat Exchanger:
It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. Example- Radiator,
intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.
Refrigeration:
It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from a body whose
temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
1 tonne of refrigeration:
It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform melting of 1 tonne
ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24 hours from or at 0
degree centigrade.
Humidification:
It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.
Dehumidification:
It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.
Gear Train:
Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.
Heat Treatment:
Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining desirable condition
without being changed chemical composition.Its object-increase hardness of metal.increase quality of
metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality )improve machinability.
Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S
2. Steel - (0-2)%C
3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe
Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze (Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminium Bronze
Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum clearance
between mating parts that can be allowed.
Tolerance:
It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible variation above and
below the basic size. That means maximum permissible variation in dimensions.
Clearance:
It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside dimension of the
shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.
Stiffness:
It is the ability to resist deformation.
Toughness:
It is the property to resist fracture.
Fatigue:
When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of failure is fatigue
failure.
Nuclear Fission:
It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.
Nuclear Fussion:
It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two small nucleous.
Welding:
It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.
Machine Tool:
It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.
Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5. Grinding6. Miling7. Broaching8. Boring
Cutting Tool:
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