Professional Documents
Culture Documents
inspection
testing
repair
approved materials
fabrication
design specifications
welding itself
Four groups set the foundation for the codes. Each group sets and adapts codes that pertain to their
area of interest. The most commonly used codes are from the AWS (D1.1) and ASME (Section IX). The
difference between ASME and AWS is that ASME is for welding procedure and welder qualification.
AWS is for both welder and welding procedure qualification including inspection, erection and
fabrication. Contracts may specific one or the other code.
The codes established by these organizations are then adopted by others such as the Department of
Defense. Codes are also recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
List below are the codes that are used to define requirements for the most common welding
processes. Often a work contract will specify the correct code.
AWS D1.1 Welding Codes Manual
The AWS 3.1. welding codes are written for welders, engineers, erectors, facbricators and inspectors
that work with or around welded steel structures. The latest codes can be purchased new from AWS or
used from Amazon.com
Key Terms
WPS: A WPS is the welding procedure specification. It shows the welder an overall direction,
shows the welding materials and joint design. It also lists important code requirements,
techniques, parameters and welding materials.
PQR: The PQR is the procedure qualification report. It is a record of testing results for any
welds created in accordance with the welding procedure specification (WPS).
WQTR: The WQTR or welder qualification test record describes the results of a test to
determine if a welder is qualified to weld to a certain welding procedure specification.
Code: A standard is a code when it has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies
and is enforceable by law, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract.
combination of these techniques, The welds may be produced by position or roll welding or by a
combination of position and roll welding.
This standard also covers the procedures for radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and
ultrasonic testing as well as the acceptance standards to be applied to production welds tested to
destruction or inspected by radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, and visual
testing methods.
Aluminum welding (gas arc welding, gas tungsten welding, plasma arc welding)
General requirements
2.
3.
4.
Qualification: requirements for Weld Procedure Specification (WPS) including PQRs (Procedure
Qualification Records) and qualification tests for all welding personnel (tack welders, welding
operators, welders)
5.
Fabrication and erection requirements applicable to welded structures governed by this code
6.
Inspection
7.
8.
The Bridge Welding Codes are designed to avoid hydrogen and fatigue cracks that can
impact bridge safety.
AWS D1.5: Bridge Welding Code
This is the Bridge Welding Code. This code covers welding fabrication requirements applicable to
welded highway bridges. It is to be used in conjunction with the AASHTO Standard Specification for
Highway Bridges or the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. This code is not intended to be
used for the following: steels with a minimum specified yield strength greater than 690 MPa (100ksi),
pressure vessels or pressure piping, base metals other than carbon or low alloy steels, or structures
composed of structural tubing.
AWS D1.6: Stainless Steel Structural Welding Code
Structural Welding Code-Stainless Steel. This code covers welding requirements applicable to stainless
steel weldments subject to design stress. It shall be used in conjunction with any complementary code
or specification for the design or construction of stainless steel weldments.
AWS D3.5-93R: Steel Hull Welding
Guide for Steel Hull Welding. This guide is referenced in many contract specifications for building
vessels from barges to tugboats.
AWS D3.6M: Under-water Welding
Specification for Under-Water Welding.
AWS D3.7: Aluminum Hull Welding
Guide for Aluminum Hull Welding. Similar to the Steel Hull Welding Guide, but with a special emphasis
on the unique properties of aluminum.
AWS D8.8-97: Weld Quality for Light Truck and Auto
Specification for Automotive and Light Truck Weld Quality: Arc Welding.
A Mark Applied to the Name Plate of a Pressure Vessel by an Authorized Shop or other
Organization to Indicate that the Vessel has been Fabricated in Accordance with the ASME
BPVC Section
ASME is a not-for-profit membership organization that enables collaboration, knowledge sharing,
career enrichment, and skills development across all engineering disciplines, toward a goal of helping
the global engineering community develop solutions to benefit lives and livelihoods.
The organization has approximately 600 consensus standards developed by over 100 committees. In
general, standards address:
standardization
safety
nuclear technology
pressure technology
Section IX is one of the most commonly used welding codes for qualifying welders. Section VIII
Division 1 is used with section IX when using codes applied to fabrication.
ASME Section I: Requirements for Power boilers
Part PW lists the Requirements for Boilers Fabricated By Welding. The rules in Part PW are applicable
to boilers and component parts thereof, including piping constructed under the provisions of this
Section that are fabricated by welding and shall be used in conjunction with the general requirements
of Part PG as well as with the specific requirements in the applicable Parts of this Section that pertain
to the type of boiler under consideration.
Refers to requirements for all methods of construction of:
Watertube Boilers
Firetube Boilers
Feedwater Heaters
Miniature Boilers
Electric Boilers
1.
Stress Tables.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Division 3" Containment Systems for Storage and Transport Packaging of Spent Nuclear Fuel
and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste.
ultrasonic examination, liquid penetrant examination, magnetic particle examination, eddy current
examination, visual examination, leak testing, and acoustic emission examination.
ASME Section VI Recommended Rules For the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
This is divided into nine subsections.
1.
2.
Types of Boilers.
3.
4.
Fuels.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Operation, Maintenance, and Repair-Hot Water Boilers and Hot Water Heating Boilers.
9.
Water Treatment
ASME Section VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
Guidelines to promote safety in the use of stationary, portable, and traction type heating
boilers.
The section provides guidelines to assist operators of power boilers in maintaining their plants
as safely as possible.
Emphasis has been placed on industrial-type boilers because of their extensive use.
It includes production, processing, fabrication, inspection and testing methods required for the
vessel.
ASME Section XI Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
Rules for the examination, in-service testing and inspection, and replacement and repair of
components and systems in light-water cooled and liquid-metal cooled nuclear power plants.
ASME Section XII: Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks
Requirements for construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation
of dangerous goods via highway, rail, air or water at pressures from full vacuum to 3,000 psig
and volumes greater than 120 gallons.
part of equipment or apparatus described in para. 200.1.4), bolting and gaskets. Also included are the
pressure containing parts of other components such as expansion joints, strainer and metering
devices, and piping supporting fixtures and structural attachments.
ASME B31.3: Process Piping
Rules for the Process Piping Code have been developed considering piping typically found in chemical,
petroleum refineries, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related
processing plants and terminals. This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components,
design, fabrication, erection, assembly, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. this Code
applies to all fluids, including: raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; petroleum products; gas,
steam, air, and water; fluidized solids; refrigerants; and cryogenic fluids.
ASME B31.4: Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas,
Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohol
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and
testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas
liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia, and liquid
petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants,
refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail, truck), and other delivery and receiving
points. Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings, and the
pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and
other equipment items necessary to prevent over stressing the pressure containing parts.
ASME B31.5:Piping Refrigeration
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and
inspection of refrigerant and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320F except as
specifically excluded.
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution
This code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, testing and safety aspects of
operation and maintenance of gas transmission and distribution systems, including gas pipelines, gas
compressor stations, gas metering and regulation stations, gas mains, and service lines up to the
outlet of the customer's meter set assembly. Included within this Code are gas transmission and
gathering pipelines, including appurtenances, that are installed offshore for the purpose of
transporting gas from production facilities to onshore locations. Much more is also covered in this
code.
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping
This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings,
and multi-unit residences which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures
covered in B31.1. ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems-This code prescribes minimum
requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, testing, operation, and
maintenance of piping transporting aqueous slurries of non-hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral
ore, concentrates, and other solid material, between a slurry processing plant or terminal, and a
receiving plant or terminal.
ANSI/ASNT-CP 189-2011: ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of NonDestructive Testing Personnel
This document is a Standard which establishes minimum requirements
for the qualification and certification of non-destructive testing and
predictive maintenance personnel. It also details the minimum training,
education, and experience requirements for NDT personnel and provides
criteria for documenting qualifications and certification