EE101

Calculus and Analytical

Geometry 2

Integration
ngcy@ucsiuniversity.edu.my

Integration
Introduction

Estimating with Finite Sums

WHY DO WE HAVE
TO FIND AREA UNDER
THE CURVE ??

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

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Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

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The
Definite
Integral

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

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Example 1

Find the area A under

y = x over the interval

[0,b], b > 0

By integration,

Area of triangle,
Area = (base)
x (height)
Area = (b)(b)
2

x
x
0 x dx 2
b

=
b2
b2

0
2
2

b
2

Similarly,

By integration,

Average value

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Example 2
b

1
Average
f ( x) dx

ba a
3

1
4 - x dx
30
1
x
4x
3
2
2

1
32
4(3) -
3
2
5

Example 3
Calculate the area bounded by the x-axis and the parabola

y 6 x x

Solution:

x
x
3(6 x x )dx 6 x 2 3
2

8
9 27
12 2 18
3
2 3

5
20
6

Example 4

Find the area

of the region
between x - axis
and the graph of
f ( x) x 3 x 2 2 x
1 x 2

Solution :
0

( x x 2 x)dx
3

x
x
2

x
4 3

12

3
2
(
x

x
2 x)dx

x
x
2

x
4 3

5
8 37
Total enclosed area

units
12
3 12

Definite integral

Area under the curve

Area

[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
a

Example 5
Find the area enclosed by the parabola y=2 x2 and
the line y = x.

Find the solution by 3 steps:

1. Sketch the curves and shade the required
area.
2. Find the limits of integration by solving
simultaneous equations.
3. Calculate the area.

Revision :
Equation of straight line y mx c,
where m slope, c intercept on y - axis

y
y x
straight line
negative slope
passing through origin

x
y=x

y 2 x

Find intersecti on on y - axis :

when x 0, y 2
Find intersecti on on x - axis :
when y 0, x 2

y 2 x2
dy
2 x (slope)
dx
dy
when
0, x 0
dx
when x 0, y 2
turning point (0,2)
d2y
2 (maxima)
2
dx
d2y
Note : when 2 negative (maxima),
dx
positive (minima)

Finding intersecti on points between 2 curves :

Solve for y 2 x and y x :
2

2 x x
2

x x20
2

( x 1)( x 2) 0
x 1, x 2
When x 1, y 1
When x 2 , y 2
Intersecti on points are (1, 1) and (2, 2)

Combining both
graphs,
Note:
- Slope of curves
- Turning point
- Maxima
- Intersection points

Solution for
area between
2 curves:

[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx

2
[(
2

x
) ( x )]dx

1
2

2
(
2

x
) dx

x
x
2x

2
3

1
4 8
1 1

4 2
2 3
2 3

unit 2
2
2

Example 6

Find area bounded

by curves y = (x)1/2 ,
y = x 2 and the x
axis.

Solution:
Area A
Limits of integration are a=0, b=2.
Area B
Solving simultaneously y x and y x 2

x ( x 2) x 4 x 4
2

x 5 x 4 0
( x 1)( x 4) 0
x 1, x 4
2

Right hand limit 4

For 0 x 2 :

f ( x) g ( x) x

For 2 x 4 :

f ( x) g ( x) x - (x - 2)
2

Total area x dx ( x x 2)dx

10

Solution:
Solving simultaneous equation of
x y2

and

x y2

gives roots y=-1, y=2.

Limits a=0,b=2.
b

A [ f ( y ) g ( y )]dy
a

2
(
2

y
) dy

10

Exercise

Net Area
Consider the region R bounded by the graph of a
continuous function f and the x-axis between x = a and x =
b. The net area of R is the area of the parts of R that lie
above the x-axis minus the area of the parts of R that lie
below the x-axis on [a, b].

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

Addison-Wesley

Exercise

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson

Addison-Wesley