CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction
Hospitals serve a vital role in society. They cure the sick and
make people well; relieve pain and suffering; train new doctors; and
make people physically and mentally whole. As healthy individuals and
families, people can perform their God-given roles. People can use
their talents as engineers, civil servants, managers, teachers, and
others, thus becoming productive members of the society and nation.
Productive work gives personal, emotional and spiritual fulfilment for
the person and for those whom they served. What happens if hospitals
are unable to perform their functions? Many of the sick will not get
well. Their families will be in pain. Their jobs, their companies or
their personnel will be adversely affected. The doctors and nurses and
other health workers will leave for jobs overseas; society suffers as
a whole. It is thus important that our society has the right hospitals
that we need and that these hospitals do function properly.
One of the leading causes of mortality today is cancer. Cancer,
also called malignancy, is an abnormal growth of cells. All human
beings are composed of cells which means that all of us have the
possibility of having cancer at some point in our lives. There are
more than 100 types of cancer and in all of them, some of the bodys
cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding
tissues which is fatal if untreated.
Cancer

is

often

considered

disease

of

affluence,

being

leading cause of death in wealthy countries but about 70% of cancer

deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. A 2012 study in The

Lancet Oncology predicted that from 2008-2030, cancer incidence will

rise

75

percent

globally

and

will

double

in

the

least

developed

countries.
In the Philippines, cancer ranks third in the leading causes of
morbidity and mortality. The reality is that many Filipino families
cannot afford out-of-pocket expenses needed for basic medical care.
Contrary to the continuing misperception that most Filipinos lack
awareness that certain common cancers are curable when detected and
treated early, it could be that due to socio-economic realities,
majority actually have no choice.
Currently, the Philippines is not fully fight to fight cancer. We
do have a few specialized cancer centers in the country but the
availability

and

unsatisfactory,

if

quality
not

very

of

health

expensive

services
for

the

is

generally

majority

of

the

Filipinos. Therefore, this study aims to prove the Philippines need

for a specialized cancer center that will lead our combat against
cancer.

1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.

Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Scope and Limitation of the Study

1.6. Significance of the Study

Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths in the Philippines,

as previously discussed. And yet, the availability and quality of
health

care

services

in

our

country

to

address

cancer

is

unsatisfactory, as can be concluded by looking at the incidence and

mortality data.

Although less developed countries such have lower incidence rate

compared to more developed counties, the fact that a higher fraction
of patients in less developed countries die from cancer demonstrates
that their attempts to control cancer are much less effective which
is hardly surprising, given the remarkable disparities in resources
between

the

lowest

and

highest

income

countries.

The

poorest

populations find themselves trapped in a vicious cycle from which

escape is difficult, but essential if their socioeconomic status and

health care is to improve.
Presently, there is no hospital in the Philippines that is solely
dedicated to the treatment of cancer. Excellent private hospitals,
which are mostly general hospitals, can compare favourably with some
of the best in the world, but they are not fully equipped to treat
cancer patients well. On the public side, government hospitals do
cater to the majority of cancer patients in our country but the
medical services are generally poor. Ideally, the government should
play an important role, because more cancer patients seek treatment in
government hospitals than in private hospitals. However, due to fiscal
difficulties, it is unlikely that the government will embark on a
cancer hospital soon. As such, the private sector has to step in. We
need to build a cancer hospital that will benefit all of us.
This study aims to propose such a cancer hospital model: the
Philippine Cancer Hospital.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1. FOREIGN LITERATURE

A.
A MEDICAL CENTER FOR CANCER PATIENTS by Sarah Meyer
College of Architecture of the Ohio State University
Summary:
This

thesis

book

is

proposed

250-bed

hospital

for

cancer

patient in Ohio United states. The literature review focused on cancer

patients hospitalization, the physical hospital environment and an
interior design Theory. The study by Sarah Meyer examines the effects
of the architectural environment and its effect on patient health
outcomes.
Sarah Meyer stated that the studies are focuses on the effect of
hospitalization on patient and how specific environmental changes can
potentially

influence

the

quality

and

time

an

individual

status

doctors and nurses, in turn, have linked the positive emotional state
of

patient

to

shorter

hospitals

stays

and

more

care

that

is

positive. Study suggested that environment of healthcare facilities

shaped patient response. These along with other characteristics of
hospitals stay are the reasoning as to why it is necessary incorporate
an interior design theory that uses the conceptualization of patient
with cancer and their stay to create an atmosphere, which promotes
good feelings and the return of health. It has therefore been proposed
to design the interior of hospital rooms in a way such that they

entice the minds of cancer patient and serve to decrease the fear of
hospital stay and promote comfort and healing.
The

research

has

shown

that

hospital

environment,

functional

design, pertaining to good circulation affects patients emotional

states and it said that the emotional behaviour pattern of the patient
must strategically considered in designing a hospital. In addition, it
has been suggested that the physical environment of a health care
setting is a contributing factor to a patient responses

B.
SWEDISH CANCER INSTITUTE
NBBJ collaborate Richard Dallam and architect Jerry
In an ideal world, we would provide care in beautiful garden.
From it in keeping with the Taoist principles, the patients who come
and occupy them for a time complete the spaces. Among the posted
stories of cancer patients is this account of someones experience in
this building: Joy, beauty, love and laughingsadness anger, and
terror sure, let them pour in. Depression, dullness, apathy these were
the beast I could no longer afford to feed.
It is no secret that hospital patients are influenced by their
surroundings. Hospitals design directly affects patient health. The
theory said that architecture is one of influences patient health
where architectural design solution should be taken to improve patient
needs. In addition, there are so many ways in providing a good health
care by means of architecture to at least ease the pain of patient
with cancer. And this concept perceive the environment through our
senses,

the

following

influences patient health

are

ways

hospital

design

consideration

Sense of place
Hospital

layout

is

listed

as

quite

an

important

factor

for

patients. Going beyond simple signage, hospital patients should

be able to have a sense of their location without ever feeling
lost. It has been found that having a sense of place helps keep
patient stress levels down.

Nature
Hospitals that include nature and artwork are providing for more
positive patient experiences.
Both nature and artwork contribute to patients having a greater
sense of well-being where spaces lend themselves towards and
contemplation and feeding the senses.

Color
Use of color in hospital design has a multitude of uses. Color
can help patients have a sense of orientationwhere color is used
to give different hospital areas sense of place. In addition,
color has been known to be associated with mood. Using the right
colors in waiting areas, examination rooms, hallways or patient
private rooms can have a definite effect on patient motivation
and stress levels.

Noise
A major problem within hospital today is noise often patients
cannot sleep through the night as medical carts screech through
the halls and doors open and close. Hospital designers should pay
greater

attention

to

acoustics

within

the

hospital

as

noisy

environments generate more stress for patients. Also, sleep is

critical for patient recovery.

2.2. LOCAL LITERATURE

Design Aspect of General Hospital in the Light of Information Systems
by Francis G. Tan
College of Architecture of the University of Santo Tomas Philippines
Summary:
Hospital design aspect doesnt follow architectural expressions
only, but it is affected by diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. These
change from time to time due to scientific advances of technology. The
thesis

addresses

Hospital

design

aspects

through

its

stages

of

development. The first stage resulted from the identification of the

rules and conditions of hygiene. The second stage happened due to
scientific and medical discoveries. The third stage was a result of
modern

and

high

technology

in

medical

engineering

and

electromechanical services. Finally, the fourth stage which associates

the information revolution. The research determines the new designs
aspect of general hospital in the future through theoretical study and
a questionnaire to examine consultants opinions.
This will serve as a guide on how strategically the proposed
hospital will respond to what the user or the patients truly needs and
modern

and

high

technology

in

medical

engineering

electromechanical services are considered in proposed project.

and

2.3. FOREIGN STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF CALFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO MEDICAL CENTER
University of California, San Francisco medical center at Mission
Bay will provide a world-class, sophisticated, efficient, flexible,
and family-centered healing environment. The hospital complex will
provide

comprehensive

for

healing

environment

centered

on

the

compassionate care of patients and their families. The hospitals

integration with the existing biomedical campus will strengthen benchto-bedside and bedside-to-bench collaboration among basic scientists,
clinical

researcher

and

physicians.

The

collaboration

of

multidisciplinary medical specialists will create a rich environment

for new discoveries in the care of fetal, pediatric, maternal, women
and cancer patients.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Design, construction, operations and purchasing strategies for
the new mission bay hospital complex will uniquely integrate the best
green, practices available, and buildings will be certified by the US
green building councils leadership in energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) the project is targeting LEED gold certification. Additionally,
the medical center will incorporate discoveries from evidence-based
design, a body of knowledge that demonstrates the built environment
can positively affect healing, health, safety and well-being.

Application of sustainable design at the hospitals range from the

individual patient to global levels. For example:
-

Patient

unprecedented assessment to eliminate most known toxic elements.

Patient care units will be configured to allow daylight and views

rooms

will

include

materials

that

have

undergone

into most workstations- among in the best comparison with typical

-

modern US hospitals.
Green roofs and gardens across the hospital complex will be

among the most extensive of any urban US hospital.

Water conservation will include rainwater and

storm,

water

collection and reuse on-site for landscape irrigation, this is

one of the few example of water conservation on a large urban
hospital site.

2.4. LOCAL STUDIES

50 BEDS CALALANG GENERAL HOSPITAL
The Calalang General Hospital will be the first option for both
sick and well-patients when it comes to hospital care, thus becoming
the most preferred hospital in this community. Calalang will remain to
be among the most respected and recognized medical institution that
will provide the finest medical service that is affordable, effective
and accessible to the community. The hospital architecture of this
study is evoking a homey atmosphere for patients. Trees abound and
plants plank each floor while the expansive windows are responsible
for proper ventilation and lighting during daytime. Thus, patients are
greeted with pleasant and uplifting ambiance. At Calalang General
Hospital, we strive to delight our patients and their families by
delivering the finest health care we could offer. The quick recovery
of patients is of utmost importance to us and part of that is making
their stay as comfortable and pleasant as possible. Since the start,

the Calalang General Hospital has been regarded as a health care

provider that approaches patient care with family-like treatment and
warmth, thus a confident and comfortable atmosphere for the patients.
And

as

it

maintains

lean

organization,

patients

and

families

continue to enjoy the highly personal service which ensures quick

responses to their needs.

2.5. SYNTHESIS OF FOREIGN AND LOCAL STUDIES

The hospital environment, functional design, pertaining to good

circulation affects patients emotional states and it said that the
emotional

behaviour

pattern

of

the

patient

must

strategically

considered in designing a hospital. In addition, it has been suggested

that

the

physical

environment

of

health

care

setting

is

contributing factor to a patient responses.

The hospital design aspects through its stages of development
that the hospital adopt and respond to what the future situation has.
The

hospital

sophisticated,

should

efficient,

be

focuses

flexible

on
and

providing

an

excellent,

family-centered

healing

environment with regards in responding clinical needs of a modern

healthcare unit. Additionally, it should be incorporate sustainable
and green architecture design concept that will use one of their basis
for

giving

their

patient

holistic

approach

for

their

healing

processes. The design of the hospital offers staffs, patients and

visitors a clear clinical functionality within a building.

CHAPTER 4

SITE DATA

4.1. Transfer Certificate of Title

4.2. Lot Plan

4.3. Actual Land Use Map

4.4. Zoning Map

The
According

site

is

to

the

located

in

New

Zoning

QC

Special

Urban

Ordinance,

Development

the

SUDZ

are

Zone.
areas

characterized by deteriorated or deteriorating conditions but with

high

potential

improvement.

for

environment

rehabilitation

and

socio-economic

This SUDZ is planned to be QCs CBD. According to their proposed

North and East Triangle Plan, the site is located in the so-called
Downtown Hub district (Mixed Use Institutional Zone)

According to the Quezon Citys Ordinance No. SP-2117, S-2011:

SECTION 3. Organization of Land Uses - The QC-CBD shall be
comprised of five (5) districts: Triangle Exchange, Emporium,
Downtown Hub, The Residences and Commons with the following
appropriate uses to be allowed in each district;
3.2 Allowable uses in Mixed Use Institutional Zone
(Downtown Hub)

3.2.1 Mixed Use Residential and Mixed Use Commercial /

Retail

3.2.1.1 Government center to house national,

3.2.1.2 Colleges, universities, professional business

schools, vocational land trade schools, technical
schools, and other institutions of higher learning

3.2.1.3 General hospitals, medical centers, multipurpose clinics

3.2.1.4 Scientific, cultural and academic centers and

research facilities except nuclear, radioactive,
chemical and biological warfare facilities

3.2.1.5 Convention centers and related facilities

3.2.1.6 Religious structures e.g. church, seminary,

convents

3.2.1.7 Museums

4.5. Slope Map

Image Source: QC-SEP

4.6. Soil Map

Image Source: QC-SEP

4.7. Climatological Data
Station Name Science Garden,
:

Quezon City

Latitude:

14.6 N

Longtitude:

121.0 E

Elevation:

43.0 m

Period :

1981 - 2010

Month

Amount

JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN

(mm)
18.5
14.6
24.8
40.4
186.7
316.5

Rainfall
Month

Amount

JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC

(mm)
493.3
504.2
451.2
296.6
148.8
78.7

Temperature
Month
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC

Max
30.6
31.7
33.4
35.0
34.7
33.1
31.9
31.3
31.6
31.6
31.4
30.5

Min
20.8
20.9
22.1
23.7
24.7
24.6
24.1
24.2
24.0
23.5
22.7
21.6

Mean
25.7
26.3
27.8
29.4
29.7
28.8
28.0
27.8
27.8
27.6
27.1
26.0

Humidity
Mont

Rel. Hum

h
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC

(%)
76
73
69
67
72
79
83
84
84
83
82
79

Cloud Cover
Mont

Cloud

Amount

JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC

(okta)
5
5
4
4
5
6
6
7
6
6
5
5

4.8. Location Map

From Caloocan to the Site

From Las Pias to the Site

From Manila to the Site

From Makati to the Site

From Malabon to the Site

From Malolos, Bulacan to the Site

From Mandaluyong to the Site

From Marikina to the Site

From Muntinlupa to the Site

From Navotas to the Site

From Paraaque to the Site

From Pasay to the Site

From Pasig to the Site

From San Fernando, Pampanga to the Site

From San Juan to the Site

From Taguig to the Site

From Valenzuela to the Site

On average, it only takes a one (1) hour drive at most to arrive

at the site from any city in Metro Manila and from Malolos and San
Fernando.
4.9. Macro Site Analysis

4.10. Micro Site

View from Quezon Avenue towards the Site

View from BIR Road towards the Site

View from PCMC towards the Site

CURRICULUM
VITAE