GENETIKA BAKTERI

Standar Kompetensi :
Memahami pentingnya ilmu mikrobiologi, jenis dan peran
mikroorganisme di alam, persyaratan hidup yang meliputi faktor
fisik dan nutrisi, metabolisme serta genetika mikroorganisme.
Kompetensi Dasar :
Menjelaskan dasar informasi genetik pada bakteri
Indikator
:
1.Membedakan materi genetik pada bakteri : Nukleoid dan
Plasmid
2. Menjelaskan proses transfer materi genetik pada bakteri :
Transformasi, Transduksi dan Konjugasi.

MATERI :
1.Materi genetik pada bakteri : Nukleoid dan
Plasmid
2.Proses transfer (perpindahan) materi genetik
pada bakteri :
a.Transformasi
b.Transduksi
c.Konjugasi

What you need to know about genetics :

All organisms have DNA and RNA as genetic material
All organisms use the same nucleotides
All organisms replicate, transcribe and translate DNA
The entire genomes (DNA sequences) of many
bacteria are known >1000 times smaller than human
genome

Gene expression is carefully controlled.

Bacteria must be able to adapt to environment and divide
quickly
Some genes are constitutive (always expressed)
Some are inducible (only expressed when needed) example:
enzymes that metabolize lactose
Some are repressible ( expressed most of the time, but can
be turned off) example: enzymes involved in biosynthesis
These genes are organized into operons (a group of
genes expressed together)

Bacterial Genetic Information is stored in :

1. Chromosome and
2. Plasmid

Bacterial Chromosome
- Usually circular
- Condensed into Nucleoid
- There is no nuclear membrane
- Replicate semi conservatively
- Replication start from Origin of
Replication (Ori) site

Bacterial Chromosome

- The genome is HAPLOID

- Chromosome size can vary between species
- The smallest is Mycoplasma genitalium
(58x106bp with 475 potential genes)
- Escherichia coli (4.639x106 bp with 4288
potential genes) is average size

PLASMID :
small circle of DNA that replicates
independently of the chromosome.

 Self replicating: works independently from host cell

Holds specific information :
- Provides information for sex pilus and transfer
(i.e. the F+ plasmid, most plasmids have this
ability)
- Can provide bacteria with antibiotic resistance

- Can code any DNA sequence : This allows for the

production of gene protein products such as
insulin

 Acquiring genes through gene transfer provides new

genetic information to microorganisms, which may allow
them to survive changing environments.
The major source of variation within a bacterial species
is mutation.
In mutations, usually only a single gene changes at any
one time.
In contrast, gene transfer results in many genes being
transferred simultaneously, giving the recipient cell much
more additional genetic information.

Bacteria dont have sex in the animal/plant sense of

sex (i.e., mating followed by recombination of whole
genomes).
Instead, bacteria acquire DNA from other bacteria
through three distinct mechanisms:
1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

Transformation
The process of taking up naked DNA (DNA without associated
cells or proteins), and produce a stable genetic change.
Naked DNA
When a bacterial cell lyses, it releases
its DNA into the environment

CEN
S

OR
ED

- Transformation occurs naturally in very few genera of

bacteria :Bacillus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Acinetobacter,
and some strains of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
- The recipient cell must be in a physiological
state in which it can take up DNA-it must be competent
- Competence: alterations in the bacterial cell wall that make
it permeable to large DNA molecules
- Some bacteria, which are not normally
competent, can be made so in laboratory

F. Grifth (1928) using

pneumococci

Original Transformation
Exp.

DNA-Mediated
Transformation

Note that DNA

is taken up
naked from
the
environment.

DNA-Mediated
Transformation

Artificial
Competence
by Electroporation

Competence
denotes the
ability to take
up DNA naked
from the
environment.

Most bacteria are

not naturally
competent but
many can be
made artificially
so.

Artificially
induced
competence is
very important
to gene cloning.

TRANSDUCTION
The process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one
bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage,
commonly called a phage).

Generalized
Transduction

Bacteriophages
are viruses that
only infect (and
can kill)
bacteria.

Generalized
Transduction

Specialized
Transduction

CONJUGATION
A process in which a living bacterial cell transfers
genetic material through cell-to-cell contact.

Conjugation: Sex or F
Pilus

Conjugation:

Howof its
done
Defined: The transfer
genetic
material from one
cellSex
to another
cell
cell contact
pilus: Self
Aninvolving
appendage
onindependent
ato
bacteria
cell
usedof
forDNA
Plasmid:
replicating
strand
transfer of genetic information

Conjugation: F Plasmid
Transfer

Self-Transmissible R
Plasmid

Note
multiple
resistance
genes.

Resistance Transfer Factor

(conjugation genes)

F and Other
Plasmids

F plasmids encode genes that allow both

their replication and transfer.
They are thus known as SelfTransmissible Plasmids.
There are other plasmids that can take
advantage of conjugation but dont
encode the necessary genes. These are
non-self transmissible plasmids.
Transduction is also capable of
transferring smaller plasmids.

 R plasmids are named not for their mode of

transmission but instead for the resistance
genes that they encode such as to antibiotics.
Some plasmids are present in bacteria in low
copy numbers (1 or 2/bacterium) whereas other
plasmids are present in high copy numbers (such
100s/bact.).
Plasmids, R and otherwise, can have very wide
host ranges allowing easy transfer of already
evolved genes between bacterial species.

THE END