Removing RAM

Power off the computer

Remove the case
The RAM looks like a thin Slide
Use both thumbs to carefully depress the locking levers and do it slowly so
that u dont pop DIMM into the air
Take the RAM out by holding it from the top use gloves if necessary
Removing videocard
Uninstall all the current video card softwares
Power off the computer
Open the computer
Discharge all the static charge by wearing antistatic wrist wrap connected to
a grounded object
Disconnect all internal cables connected to the graphics hardware
locate unscrew/unclip graphics card from the case's mounting bracket
Gently pullout the expansion slot lever to remove the card from the slot
Slide the card out,remove it from computer and keep it in an antistatic bag
Removing hard drive
Back up all your data,Turn off the computer and unplug everything from the
back
Open the computer case
Locate the harddrive
Push the lever/Unscrew from the cage to loosen the harddrive
Slide it out gently using both hands
Remove the IDE cable and the power cord
Remove the harddrive and keep it in an antistatic bag
Check disk

Used to check the file system and the status of the system's harddrive's
Checks your hardrive for errors and repairs them if it can
Checks for bad sectors
Used when harddrive might not be funcitoning properly,data stored not
written properly
Disk defragmentor
Overtime disks become fragmented and the computer slow down as it has to
look at many places to find a file
A tool that reaaranges the data on your computer
Reunites fragmented files so that the system can run more efficiently
Makes PC faster as it takes less time to find the same file
Important utility software: Malwarebytes,Search and Destroy, CCleaner
Ctl Alt Del to open Task manager
Examining processes: Examine the performance tab and if u notice that it is
unusually high,go the the processes and check which programs are taking
most memory, and end them if they are unecessary/Unknown. You can also
end programs which are not responding or not working properly.
Difference between firewire 400/800
Firewire 800 has faster data transfer speed (800mbps) than firewire 400
(400mbps)
Their adapters are different
Difference between USB 1.0 and USB 2.0
USB 2.0 has a much transfer data transfer rate (480 Mbps) While USB 1.1
only has 12mbps
Thats about 40 times fast
Maximum wire length of USB 1.0 is 3 meters while USB 2.0 is 5 meters
USB 2.0 devices need to connect as a 1.0 device and negotiate for a 2.0
connection
Ways to imporve computer speed:

Adjust visual effects: Optimize performance by changing how windows and

menues appear
Reduce items that run on startup:Startup programs require considerable
amount of memory
Remove programs no longer in use: Theyre uselessly taking up space
Clean your browser cache, browsing history thumbnails etc
Scan and remove for Malware
Scan and remove for viruses
Add more RAM
defrag your drive
Things to know before buying a computer:
More cores more Speed
More RAM more speed
Graphic designers like user friendly creative and easy to use Computer and
OS's like Apple and MAC OS and in the meantime require high graphic
capabilities
while gamers require more common OS's like windows because its easy to
troubleshoot,large hard disk spaces and very high graphic capabilities
Keep on a budget, choose the best Processor and Motherboard for your
requirement and choose a RAM that suits that.Also choose the best Graphics
cards,Hard disk capacities, cooling systems and Audio cards/equipment as
per your requirement.If an important thing goes over budget,try to reduce
some other stuff which is less important.
Troubleshooting methods:
Substitution: troubleshooting by substituting a known good component for a
known bad component. First investigate and analyze the problem you have.
Then select a working replacmenet of the same thing,if the problem goes
away, then youve found solution and repair the component on site/elsewhere
other whise do further anaylysis.
Quick solution: involves the use of the fastest solution to stop the problem
from recurring in the near future but doesnt end it.
Check recent changes: If you find out a new problem in the system, think

about the recent changes you made to it,try removing those changes and if
the problems goes away then it was because of that specific change
Divide and conquer: If you donot know the exact location of the problem,
Then check each component one at a time (possibly by removing it), this way
youll create less mess and itll be faster and easier to identify the problem.
Conductor: A material that allows current to pass through it Copper
Insulator: A matrial that doesnt allow current to pass through it Wood
Semi condictor: A material which conducts electricity under some conditions
but not others Silicon or Germanium
Robotics:
Fundamental components of robots:
Brain: Part of the system that responds to stimulation,Controls the actions,
Responses to sensors
Body/chasis: The mehcanisms of AMR which allow to act and be acted upon;
the chasis to hold the robot together
Actuators: A mechanical device for moving or controlling ie motors etc
Sensors: Allows the robot to respond to environment
Power Supply: The juice to run the computers, motors and sensors
Zero turning radius: The turning of a robot without following a circular path is
called zzero turning radius.Keeping the centre of mass at a fixed position and
rotate so that it moves 180 degrees
Autonomous: Being able to move on its own accord completely without input
from an outside source.
Blind motion: The motion of robot without any instruction or sensor
input,blindly
Purpose: Should have a useful or productive purpose and not of harming
anyone
Environment: Should not be harmful to the environment like being made of
Precious Raw materials,releasing harmful waste during maintainence or
disposal or just harming someone during its function. Should be made of
technology easily availabale in the market so that parts, troubleshooting
guides and technicians are easily available.

Topologies: Point to point,star, ring, bus

OSI layers: presentation :Data structures data representation data readibility
and format Protocol NCP AFP
Application: closest to the user, provides service to applicants http ftp
Session: Interhost communication,establishes manages termiantes sessions
manages dialouge between parties protocol NETBIOS
Cabling: Twisted pair,Ethernet, Coaxial, fiber optics
Benefits of a LAN: Share peripherals, documents, internet,Centralized
administration,reduced operating costs,good for businesses,centralized
backups
Benefits of peer to peer:
Failure to one peer doesnt affect functioning
No need for central administrator as every user is administrator,can control
shared resources
less building and maintainence cost.