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    Graphene: The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators
    Graphene: The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators
    Graphene: The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators
    Ebook379 pages7 hours

    Graphene: The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators

    By Fouad Sabry

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    About this ebook

    What Is Graphene


    Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.


    How You Will Benefit


    (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:


    Chapter 1: Graphene


    Chapter 2: Bilayer graphene


    Chapter 3: Bismuth


    Chapter 4: Borophene


    Chapter 5: Cadmium arsenide


    Chapter 6: Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers


    Chapter 7: Materials science


    (II) Answering the public top questions about graphene.


    (III) Real world examples for the usage of graphene in many fields.


    (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of graphene' technologies.


    Who This Book Is For


    Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of graphene.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOne Billion Knowledgeable
    Release dateJan 16, 2022
    Graphene: The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators

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      Book preview

      Graphene - Fouad Sabry

      Graphene

      Other Books by The Author

      1 - Plasma Propulsion

      2 - Pulse Detonation Engine

      3 - Agricultural Robotics

      4 - Closed Ecological Systems

      5 - Cultured Meat

      6 - Vertical Farming

      7 - Autonomous Vehicles

      8 - Autonomous Drones

      9 - Autonomous Robotics

      10 - Autonomous Weapons

      11 - Arcology

      12 - 4D Printing

      13 - Domed City

      14 - Distributed Ledger

      15 - Digital Currency

      16 - Decentralized Finance

      17 - Smart Machines

      18 - Aerogel

      19 - Amorphous Metal

      20 - Bioplastic

      21 - Conductive Polymer

      22 - Cryogenic Treatment

      23 - Dynamic Armour

      24 - Fullerene

      25 - Graphene

      26 - Lab on a Chip

      27 - High Temperature Superconductivity

      28 - Magnetic Nanoparticles

      29 - Magnetorheological Fluid

      30 - Microfluidics

      31 - Superfluidity

      32 - Metamaterial

      33 - Metal Foam

      34 - Multi Function Structure

      35 - Nanomaterials

      36 - Programmable Matter

      37 - Quantum Dot

      38 - Silicene

      39 - Superalloy

      40 - Synthetic Diamond

      41 - Time Crystal

      42 - Translucent Concrete

      43 - Brain Computer Interface

      44 - Swarm Intelligence

      Series by The Author

      Emerging Technologies in Aerospace

      1 - Plasma Propulsion

      2 - Pulse Detonation Engine

      Emerging Technologies in Agriculture

      1 - Agricultural Robotics

      2 - Closed Ecological Systems

      3 - Cultured Meat

      4 - Vertical Farming

      Emerging Technologies in Autonomous Things

      1 - Autonomous Vehicles

      2 - Autonomous Drones

      3 - Autonomous Robotics

      4 - Autonomous Weapons

      Emerging Technologies in Construction

      1 - Arcology

      2 - 4D Printing

      3 - Domed City

      Emerging Technologies in Finance

      1 - Distributed Ledger

      2 - Digital Currency

      3 - Decentralized Finance

      Emerging Technologies in Information Technology

      1 - Smart Machines

      Emerging Technologies in Materials Science

      1 - Aerogel

      2 - Amorphous Metal

      3 - Bioplastic

      4 - Conductive Polymer

      5 - Cryogenic Treatment

      6 - Dynamic Armour

      7 - Fullerene

      8 - Graphene

      9 - Lab on a Chip

      10 - High Temperature Superconductivity

      11 - Magnetic Nanoparticles

      12 - Magnetorheological Fluid

      13 - Microfluidics

      14 - Superfluidity

      15 - Metamaterial

      16 - Metal Foam

      17 - Multi Function Structure

      18 - Nanomaterials

      19 - Programmable Matter

      20 - Quantum Dot

      21 - Silicene

      22 - Superalloy

      23 - Synthetic Diamond

      24 - Time Crystal

      25 - Translucent Concrete

      Emerging Technologies in Neuroscience

      1 - Brain Computer Interface

      Emerging Technologies in Robotics

      1 - Swarm Intelligence

      One Billion Knowledgeable

      Graphene

      The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators

      Fouad Sabry

      Copyright

      Graphene Copyright © 2021 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

      All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

      Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

      This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

      Bonus

      You can send an email to 1BKOfficial.Org+Graphene@gmail.com with the subject line Graphene: The key to clean, and unlimited energy, so the next generation of smart devices could be powered by nano-scale power generators, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

      Fouad Sabry

      Visit 1BK website at

      www.1BKOfficial.org

      Preface

      Why did I write this book?

      The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

      It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

      STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

      There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

      In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

      So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

      I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

      My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

      This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

      The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

      365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

      Introduction

      How did I write this book?

      In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

      There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

      Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

      In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Graphene, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Graphene.

      It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

      People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Graphene, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

      The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Graphene, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

      So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Graphene. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

      It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the peoples have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

      I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

      Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

      Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

      Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

      Stop wasting time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers and fill the book content with what the people need and say goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

      Make solid decisions, and take fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

      Streamline my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

      It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

      I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as It collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

      Acknowledgments

      Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

      Dedication

      To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

      Epigraph

      Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from graphite and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.

      Table of Contents

      Graphene

      Other Books by The Author

      Series by The Author

      Graphene

      Copyright

      Bonus

      Preface

      Introduction

      Acknowledgments

      Dedication

      Epigraph

      Table of Contents

      Chapter 1: Graphene

      Chapter 2: Bilayer graphene

      Chapter 3: Bismuth

      Chapter 4: Borophene

      Chapter 5: Cadmium arsenide

      Chapter 6: Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

      Chapter 7: Materials science

      Epilogue

      About the Author

      Coming Soon

      Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

      Chapter 1: Graphene

      A picture containing outdoor object, grate Description automatically generated

      Graphene is an atomic-scale hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms

      Graphene is a carbon allotrope composed of a single layer of atoms organized in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from the words graphite and the suffix -ene, which reflects the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon includes a large number of double bonds.

      Each atom in a graphene sheet is connected by a -bond to its three nearest neighbors and contributes one electron to a conduction band that spans the entire sheet. This is the same form of bonding found in carbon nanotubes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and (to a lesser extent) fullerenes and glassy carbon. Graphene is a semimetal with remarkable electrical properties best characterized by theories for massless relativistic particles as a result of these conduction bands. Charge carriers in graphene have a linear, rather than quadratic, dependency of energy on momentum, and graphene field-effect transistors with bipolar conduction can be produced. Over extended distances, charge transport is ballistic; the material exhibits massive quantum oscillations as well as huge and nonlinear diamagnetism. Heat and electricity are very efficiently conducted along the plane of graphene. The material substantially absorbs light of all visible wavelengths, which accounts for graphite's black appearance; nevertheless, due to its extraordinary thinness, a single graphene sheet is practically transparent. In addition, the material is approximately 100 times stronger than the strongest steel of the same thickness.

      A picture containing chart Description automatically generated

      In transmitted light, a photograph shows a suspended graphene membrane. Because it absorbs around 2.3 percent of light, this one-atom-thick substance may be viewed with the naked eye.

      For decades, scientists speculated on the probable existence and manufacturing of graphene. It has most likely been created accidentally in small quantities for ages through the usage of pencils and other similar graphite uses. It was discovered in electron microscopes in 1962, but it could only be investigated while supported on metal surfaces.

      The substance was rediscovered, isolated, and studied at the University of Manchester in 2004. High-quality graphene was surprisingly easy to extract.

      Because of its outstanding tensile strength, electrical conductivity, transparency, and status as the world's thinnest two-dimensional material, graphene has become a valued and useful nanomaterial. as well as composites

      The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) suggests using the word graphite for the three-dimensional material and graphene solely when discussing the reactions, structural relationships, or other aspects of individual layers.

      Contents

      1 History

      1.1 Structure of graphite and its intercalation compounds

      1.2 Observations of thin graphite layers and related structures

      1.3 Full isolation and characterization

      1.4 Exploring commercial applications

      2 Structure

      2.1 Bonding

      2.2 Geometry

      2.3 Stability

      3 Properties

      3.1 Electronic

      3.2 Permittivity

      3.3 Optical

      3.4 Excitonic

      3.5 Spin transport

      3.6 Magnetic properties

      3.7 Thermal conductivity

      3.8 Mechanical

      3.9 Chemical

      3.10 Biological

      3.11 Support substrate

      4 Forms

      4.1 Monolayer sheets

      4.2 Bilayer graphene

      4.3 Turbostratic graphene

      4.4 Graphene superlattices

      4.5 Graphene nanoribbons

      4.6 Graphene quantum dots

      4.7 Graphene oxide

      4.8 Chemical modification

      4.9 Graphene ligand/complex

      4.10 Graphene fiber

      4.11 3D graphene

      4.12 Pillared graphene

      4.13 Reinforced graphene

      4.14 Moulded graphene

      4.15 Graphene aerogel

      4.16 Graphene nanocoil

      4.17 Crumpled graphene

      5 Production

      5.1 Mechanical

      5.2 Splitting monolayer carbon

      5.3 Chemical

      5.4 Chemical vapor deposition

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