CIVIL aS oS MAA ot nae (LANA Roo . (| UTE TL q Theory with Workedout Examples URS uae UCC @.ACE Engineering Academy CRs aoe om aa Seley www.aceenggacademy.com oe IL a Lian no)ACE @ se Engineering Academy 5.2: Hyderabad | New Delhi | Bengaluru | Bhubaneswar | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati | Pune | Chai www. CivilEnggForAll.com EXCLUSIVE Geotechnical Engineering (Theory with workedout Examples, Self and Classroom Practice Questions) GATE - Civil Engineering ACE is the leading institute for coaching in IES, GATE & PSU’s HO: 204, II Floor, Rahman Plaza, Opp. Methodist School, Abids, Hyderabad-500001, Ph; 040-24750242, 24750263, 24750437, 24752469. THE ONLY INSTITUTE WHICH HAS SECURED All INDIA 1°" RANK 26 TIMES & 2" RANK 13 TIMES IN GATESOIL MECHANICS: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction. SOIL MECHANICS: Properties of soils, classification and interrelationship; Compaction behaviour, methods of compaction and their choice; Permeability and seepage, flow nets, Inverted filters; Compressibility and consolidation; Shearing resistance, stresses and failure; soil testing in laboratory and in-situ; Stress path and applications; Earth pressure theories, stress distribution in soil; soil exploration, samplers, load tests, penetration tests. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING: Types of foundations, Selection criteria, bearing capacity, settlement, laboratory and field tests; Types of piles and their design and layout, Foundations on expansive soils, swelling and its prevention, foundation on swelling soils.Namé of the Chapter Page No. Origin of soils 01-03 Definitions and Properties of Soils 04-09 Soil Structures and Clay Mineralogy 10-12 Index Properties of Soils x 13-20 Soil Classification 21-25 Permeability 26-30 Effective Stress 31-35 Seepage Pressure & Critical Hydraulic Gradient 36-39 Seepage Analysis 40-43 Stress Distribution 44-49 Consolidation 50-60 Compaction 61-64 Shear Strength 65-74 Earth Pressure 75-82 Stability of Slopes 83-90 Bearing Capacity 91790 Pile Foundation 100- 108 Soil Exploration Sheet Piles 109-114 115-116Origin of Soils 1. Soils are formed by weathering of: rocks and decomposition of organic matter. There fore, soils may be organic or inorganic (depends on source of origin). Organic soils are called ‘Cumulose soils’. ‘Examples: Peat, Humus, muck ete. Geological Cyele: Weathering of rocks — ‘Transportation ~ Deposition — Upheaval. 2. Types of weathering: (@) Physical (b) Chemical 3. Physical weathering : © It is duc to physical effects like temperature, abrasion ,wedging action of ice, penetration of plant roots ete. 5. Sedimentary soils: ‘© Physical weathering results in no change in chemical composition of particles + It produces coarse grained and non cohesive soils. Examples: Gravel, Sands. 4, Chemical weathering : * It is due to chemical actions (oxidation, hydration, carbonation, solution, leaching, hydrolysis, etc., © Original rock minerals are transformed into ‘clay minerals. + Itresults in fine grained and cohesive soils. Examples: Clays. ‘These soil particles created at one location, transported and finally deposited in another location.” Soe of eeprion! Aten River | Alluvial soils | Lakes Lacustrine soils (IES’96) | Sea \ Marine soils Wind Acolian soils (GATE"95), Examples Sand dunes, Loess | Gravitation alluvial soils, Example: Talus, ol Ge 6. Residual soils (Sedentary soils) : These are soils which remain on the parent rock without getting transported. Examples: Black cotton soils, Laterite soils. 7. Gravitational forces are predominant in gravels and sands, Surface forces, chemical forces, electrical forces are predominant in clays. Hyderabad | Nev Dali | Bowls | Bhabaneovar | Vinjwoda | Viakbapatann | Tapa | Pane | Ghennat‘Commonly used soil designations : Contains alternate thin layers of clay and silt 1. In sedimentary soil the individual particles are created at one location, transported and finally (a) deposited in another location (©) redeposited in low lying areas (c) deposited in low lying areas (d) deposited in desert areas 02. A residual soil is one formed in place by the ‘weathering of rock at the location (a) and transported to another location (b) with little or no movement of the individual soil particles (c) and deposited under lake (d) and deposited under sea 03. Soils are basically (@) Organic materials (b) Inorganic materials (©) Mineral materials (@) Organic and inorganic materials 04. The behavior of clay is governed by (@) Mass energy (b) Surface — cum —mass energy (©) Surface energy (@) Frietion ree Cy Patera eeeeally-a lnceaicne oot | 2. Moorum Itis gravel mixed with red clay 37h Mixture of sand, silt and clay E (Approximately in equal proportion ) Ttis a decomposed volcanic ash 4. Bentonite | * Contains high percentage of clay mineral, montmorillonite. * Exhibits high degree of shrinkage and swelling = bad | New Deli | Benga | Bhubaneswar | Waawoda | Visthapasan | Tipot | Pine 05, Lacustrine soil is a (@) Soil deposited in sea (b) Wind ~ bore soil (©) soil deposited in lake (d) soil formed by vegetational matter 06. Chemical weathering occurs because of (@) oxidation (b) carbonation (© hydration (d) all the above 07. The term soil Mechanics was coined by (a) Terzaghi (b) Cassagrande (©) Newmark (@) Rankine 08. Cohesionless soils are formed due to (a) Oxidation or rocks (b) leaching action of water on rocks (©) blowing of hot and cold wind (@) Physical disintegration of rocks 09, Peat is composed of (a) clay and sand (b) decayed vegetable matter (©) inorganic sift and silty clay (@) synthetic chemicals 10. Talus is the soil transported by (a) gravitational force (b) water (©) glacier (@) wind11, Varved clay is. (a) A mixture of sand, silt, clay (b) A chemically bonded soil mixture (©) Alternate thin layers of silt and clay (d) Decomposed volcanic ash deposit 12. Black cotton soil is (a) A chemically weathered residual soil (b) A physically weathered residual soil (©)A colluvial soil (@) An organic soil 13, Acolian soils are ... (GATE-1995) (a) Residual soils (b) Wind deposits (©) Gravity deposits (d) Water deposits 14, Loam means (@) Sandy clay with a little sit (b) Silty clay with a little sand (©) Sand, Silt and Clay (@) Sand, Slit and Gravel 15. Humus is (a) a half decomposed soil (b) fully decomposed soil (©) inorganic soil (a) a type of rock 16. Pick up the correct sequence of geological cycle for the formation of soil (a) transportation — upheaval — deposition — weathering (b) transportation — deposition weathering ~ upheaval (©) weathering ~ upheaval — deposition > — transportation (@) weathering — transportation — deposition ~ upheaval 17. Match List { with List IT and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List I List IL (Soil deposit) (Soil Name) A. Gravity 1, Stratified drift B. Lake 2. Talus C. Glacial 3. Loess D. Wind 4, Lacustrine SRE Nora [Hoi | ecw | Von | Vege |e Che] 18, Origin of Soils (a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 (b) A2, B4, C-1, D-3 (0) A3, B-4, C-1, D2 (@) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 Maich the List-I (Type of Soil) With List-IL (Mode of Transportation and Deposition) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (ES — 1995) List 1 A. Lacustrine Soils B; Alluvial Soils €. Acolian Soils D, Marine Soils List-II L. Transportation by wind 2. Transportation by running Water 3. Deposited at the bottom of lakes 4, Deposited in sea water Codes: A @ 1 (b) 3 () 3 @ 1 ernie rae) | hokey 02.(b) 03.(d) 04. (6) 05.(c) 07.(2) 08.(4) 09.(b) 10.(@) 12.@) 13.) 14. 15.@ 17.) 18. (6) O1. (a) 06. (d) 1.© 16. (a)Definitions and Properties of Soils ef A. Soil phase system : : AL Degree of saturation (S,): * Unsaturated soil mass consists of solids + eee y water + air. * Itis in three phase system Sp= SOE OF WateT 5100=—™ x100 © Fully saturated soil consists of solids + Volume of voids Ww water * Two phase system saeiceanrte cree core ‘+ Fully dried soil consists of solids + air. ip wanna + For fully saturated soils, S; = 1 or 100% © For dry soils, Sr=0 Aig 5. Aircontent (a,) a= VilVy }_ Water vy © fora saturated soil, 0 and foradry soil,a, = 1. © Range %0 Sa, <1 ne oF hy, © A+ = ‘Three phase oer 6. Percentage air voids (n,) — (V,/V) x 100 Ea Vol of voids V, © fora saturated soil, = 0 and fora . Void ratio,e = ———_—_— = _ dry soil, n. = 0 Vol. of solids V; Range : Can have any value greater than zero. ‘* Some times ‘e” may also be greater than 1. + Void ratio for coarse grained soils is | 7/ Water content (or moisture content),w: generally less than that for fine grained © range: 0 < mi 0 ‘ © Some times it can be greater than 100% AB. Porosity (n) : Vol. of voids 100 _ Ve , 199 8 Bulk unit weight of soil, “total vol of sol =V total Wt. __ Wy +We it is also called percentage voids. Total vol. of soil oe © Range: 0 50 %, itis highly compressible 16. The fine grained soils are classified based on plasticity chart developed by Casagrande. The equation of A line is Ip =0.73 (Wi -20) Inorganic clays are plotted above A — line Inorganic silts are plotted below A —- line Organic silts and organic clays are plotted below A-~ line Black cotton soils lie along a band partly abo and partly below A — line. SA Nv en | eae | cr | Voge | Wp | [Ra | Gan0 70 10 20 30 49 50 > We (Liquid imi Plasticity Chart 17. Gravel is divided into four groups as follows. *Well graded gravel (GW): when fines< 5%, Cu> 4 and Ce lies between 1 and 3 *Poorly graded gravel (GP) : when fines< 5 % and not meeting all gradation requirements for cw. *Silty gravel (GM) : When fines > 12 96°88 Atterberg limits below Aline or Ip <4, “Clayey gravel (GC) : When fines>12 % and Atterberg limits above A-line with Ip > 7 Sands are also divided into SW, SP, SM, SC on ‘the above same lines expect that for a well graded Sand (SW), the Cu>6, 18, When fines are between 5 % and 12 %, Border line cases requiring dual symbol such as GP —GM, SW-SC, GW-GG;SP-SM, ete. 19. When Ip lies between 4 and 7, border line eases, requiring dual symbol such as GM-~GC, SM-SC ete. 20. Organic and inorganic soils are distinguished by (@) Odour test (©) Colour test (©) Liquid limit after oven drying 21. Colour Test: Organic soils have a colour of dark grey to black. 22. Odour Test: Organic soil has odour similar to that of a decaying organic matter. 23. Liquid limit test: The liquid limit of oven dried organic soils will get reduced to more than75% RRR esta [0a [easter Vee | ao Pane [ Cheam] “a 24, a1. 02, 03. 05, 07. of the original liquid limit before oven drying (ie. decreases by more than 25%) Important points: @ Silt and clay particles are not visible to naked eye. ii) Rock dust particles even of clay size, are not plastic. Group Index of soil ranges such that (@)0 Silt> clay (b) Sand < Silt 10" cm/sec. © Soil is said to be impermeable when K<107 cm/sec. Example: stiff clay 3. Darcy’s law : For flow through soils V=ki or Q=kiA. Where V = discharge velocity of flow = Q/A = Discharge /Area i = hydraulic gradient = Ah/L = loss of head per seepage length A= perpendicular cross sectional area “V” is called discharge velocity or superficial or fictitious velocity k = Coefficient of permeability--cm/sec or m/sec When i= 1,V=k {kis velocity of flow under unit hydraulic gradient Type of soil | Gravel | Sand | sitt | °¥ 10 Approx. K(emi/see) | 1 10? | 10% 4. Validity of Darcy’s law: © For laminar flow conditions only © Generally, laminar flow will prevail in clays, silts and fine sands. © Flow will be laminar as long as Reynolds number <1, when Re is calculated considering characteristic length as the average particle diameter. Seepage velocity(V,) or actual or true veloct V. = Discharge/Area of voids , V.=Vin = Discharge velocity/porosity V, is always greater than V. 6. Coefficient of percolation(k,): Vsai 2. Vs=kpi k)= coefficient of percolation = k/n cok >k = D = effective grain size = Dyo 107 em/sec © head is kept constant and the discharge is measured, knowing the head causing flow, the hydraulic gradient is calculated. ‘The “k” is determined using the formula, Q=kiA. Examplel, The following data were recorded in a constant head permeability test. Internal dia of permeameter = 7.5 ‘em, head lost over a sample length of 18 em is 24.7 em. Quantity of atercollected in 60 sec is 626 ml. Porosity of the soil sample was 44%, Calculate coefficient of permeability of the soil, discharge velocity and seepage velocity during the test. n=0. Q=KiA 626 x 28 Kx. a7xBx7 Ey a” K=0.172 cm/s (SSR es [Nee | Benz | Bibervar | Viewed | VaeMapamam | Tropa | ine | Cheat] V=Ki 1.172 x 1.37 11, Variable head test * For fine sands and silts with k = 107 to 10* cem/sec Discharge is not required to be measured. ‘~ kis calculated using the formula iB k=" logethy/h AY loge(hy/h2) Where, a= area of stand pipe L = length of soil specimen ross sectional area of soil specimen ime interval in which head drops from hy toh. Example2. Jn a falling head permeability test the initial head of 1.0 m dropped to 0.35 m in 3_hours, the diameter of the stand pipe being 5 mm. The soil specimen was 200 mm — tong and of 100 mm diameter. The coefficient of permeability of the sol in emi/sec is__ Sol: hy Om; b=035m 3 hrs=3x60x60 secs ; L = 200 mm xed? = x5? =19.63 mm? 4 100? =7853.98 mm? aL. h, K=—k + te) = 4,86 x 107 mm/s 12. Consolidation test data: Suitable for clays with k <10° cm/sec 13, Capillary-permeability test: © Suitable to find k of partially saturated soil © Capillarity and permeability both can be found.OE EE 298: Geotechnical Engineerin, i enechinical Engineering 14, Pumping out test : © Most accurate among all tests, since large area surrounding the well is influenced. ‘+ Used for large engineering projects. © Itis expensive 15. Pumping in test: * Commonly used for testing rocks and individual stratum, Example: Open-end test, Packer test(for rocks) 16. Permeability of stratified soil deposits: (2) Flow parallel to planes of stratification’ * Loss of head or hydraulic gradient is same for all layers. © Total discharge, Q=q)+q:+q:+ ... © Average permeability, ky: or ky Ky 2+ eb 2p EKG 2, +... 2, 42,42, +. k, Example3. A stratum of soil consists of three layers of equal thickness. The ities of top and bottom layers are 1 x 10 em/sec and that of middle layer is 1 x 10° emisec. Then the value of the horizontal coefficient of permeability for the entire soil layer in emi ser is a. Sol: Ki =Ky=1x 10% cm/s Ko= 1x 10° cm/s Zi=2=Zs _K,Z+K,Z, +K,2, Z4+Z,4+Z, —Z0x10* +1107 +1107) Zd+1+1) Ky=4x 10 ems Ky Flow perpenc lar to stratification: Discharge is same through all layers, ‘* Total loss of head = sum of loss of heads through each layers. hy= ha + hp + [ERIN sd [oD eis [aie ieee | Viskbapanant | Tina | Pune | Cheam ‘* Average permeability for perpendicu! flow, k, or ky 1. With the rise of temperature, the permeability (@) increases (b) decreases (©)remains constant (a) None 02. A flow is taking place in a soil for whict Porosity is “n'y if the discharge velocity is “v” then the seepage velocity will be (@ny (b) nly () vin (@) vin? 03. Flow can be assumed laminar in the following soils (@) clay only (©) clay, silt (©) clay, silt, sand (4) all types 04. In the case of soil Mechanics, the following head is neglected (aypressure head —_(b) velocity head (elevation head (4) total head 05. For Large engineering projects, the permeability is determined accurately by (a) constant head test (b) variable head test (©) pumping in test (@) pumping out test 06, For stiff clays(When permeability < 1 x 10% ‘emisec), the permeability is determined by (@) variable head test (©) capillary-permeability test (© constant head test (@) consolidation testAcademy 07. Flow between any two points in a soil depends only on the difference in (a) pressure head (6) velocity head (©) datum head (@) total head 08. The soil is said to be imperméable when coefficient of permeability is (a)<107 m/sec (b) < 10" cm/sec (©) > 10° cm/sec (d) <10 covsec 09. The soil is said to be highly permeable when coefficient of permeability is (a)> 107 cm/sec (b) > 10 cm/seo. (0)<10" cm/sec (4) <10* cmisee 10. In a Darcian flow, flow velocity is {a) Actual velocity (b) seepage velocity (0) discharge velocity, (@ boundary velocity 11. In granular soil, K yaries ———-- with the specific surface. Choose the correct statement (a) directly (b) inversely (©) logarithemically (@) not in order 12. Dary’s law is valid and flow will be laminar as Jong as Reynolds mamber is less than (a)2000 ~ (b)100. (@) 10 @1 13. A Soil has discharge velocity of 610" m/s and a void ratio of 0.5. Its seepage velocity is (IES-1995) (b) 12x10%7 m/s (@) 3x107m/s (a) 18x107 m/s (6) 6x10" m/s 14. Match List ~ I (Soil description) with List ~ IL (coefficient of permeability, mm/s) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (IES -2003) List -1 List —I A, Gravel 1>1 B. Clay silt admixtures 2.107 to 10% C. Loess 3.<10% D. Homogeneous clays 4.107 to 10 Codes: ABC D 4aen CoD @4 13 2 1432 Peis 2.3.7 @eds 2.3 (SRT seta [Noe Dats Bese | Bhntanivar | Vie | Viana | Theat | Pe | Chana 15. 16. Permeability Consider the following statements: 1. Organic matter increases the permeability of a soil 2. Entrapped air decreases the permeability of asoil. Which of these statements is /are correct? (IES -2007) (b)2 only (@) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) only (©) Both 1 and 2 Consider the following statements The coefficient of permeability depends upon 1/Void ratio of the soil 2. duration of flow 3. equivalent diameter of the soil grains. 4. shape of the particle. Which of these statements are correct? (ES -2010) (a) 1,2,3 and 4-(b)2 and 3 only (©) 1,3 and 4 only (4) 3.and 4 only ‘he coefficient of permeability of a soil is 4 x 10°%¢m/sec for a certain pore fluid. If the viscosity, pore fluid is reduced to half, then the coefficient of permeability will be (a) 8x 10° cm/sec © (b) 2x 10° cm/sec (©)16x 10° cmisee (4) 4x 10° em/see 01. (a) -02-(e)03.(¢) 04.(6) 05. (d) 06:(6) 07.(4) 08.(a) 09.(6) 10.) 11.(b). 12.44) 13.(a) 14.) 15. (6) 16.) 17.)O1. Due to a rise in temperature, the viscosity and the unit weight of the percolating: fluid are reduced to 75% and 90%, respectively if other things remain constant, the coefficient of permeability (a) increases by 50% Oi increases by 20% (©) decreases by 20% (d) decreases by 50% 02. In a falling head permeameter if the time intervals for drop in levels from hy to hy and h2 to h3 equal, then (a)hp= (hy +hs)/2 (bd) hy Gyfis= Vi xt) (hs 03. The permeability of individual layers A, Band C of soil in a three layer system is in the ratio of 2,3 and 1 respectively. The ratio of thickness of the layers A,B and C are in the ratio of 2,1 and 2 respectively. The average permeability perpendicular to the bedding planes is (a) 5/6 (b) 6/5 (3/2 (@) 9/5 units 04, In a falling head permeameter the soil sample was 18 cm long and has a ¢ross sectional area of 22 cm’. The sample of the soil was heterogeneous having permeability of 30 x 10° cm/sec for first 6 cm, 4 x 10% cm/sec for 2" 6cm and 6 x 10* cm/sec for the last 6 cm thickness. Assume flow-taking place perpendicular to the bedding planes. If the cross sectional area of the stand pipe was 2 cm’, the time required for a drop of head from 25 to 10 cm in minutes is. Q2.=4 "an . A sandy stratum 4 m thick and having a slope of S=F lies between two clay strata which are almost impermeable, Two piezometer tubes inserted at two points ‘A’ and “B" 21 m apart and — water head was noted as shown. If quantity of water per ‘m’ width of the sand stratum was observed to be 5 lithr, The permeability of the sand strata in m/scc’is . YASH EEE [Binbanewar | Vira | Vikan Ti Pine | Chan Impervious ‘Common Data for Questions 6 & 7 Water is flowing through the permeability apparat as shown in the figure. The coefficient permeability of the soil is k m/s and the porosity the soil sample is 0.50. te (GATE- 6. The total head, elevation head and pressure hea ‘in metres of water at the point R shown in th figure are (@)0.8, 0.4, 0.4 (b) 1.2, 0.4, 0.8 (©)0.4, 0,04 @1.6, 0.41.2 7, What are the discharge velocity and seepag: velocity through the soil sample? (@)k 2k = 4.2, Ok 4x2i Effective Stress Stress conditions in soil: Total stress (¢) = Total load per -unit area. Total stress is due to (a) self weight of soil and (b) over burden on the soil . Neutral pressure (or) pore pressure (u) «The pressure transmitted through the pore fluid. © Ibis called neutral pressure betause is does not have any measurable influence on void ratio or any other mechanical properly. of soil such as shearing resistance. u=by yw u= Pressure head x unit weight of water Effective stress (81): © It is equal to the total yertical reaction’ force transmitted at the points of contact of soil grains divided by the total area, including that occupied by water, © In loose words, it is the pressure transmitted from particle to particle through their points of contact through soil mass. © Ithas no physical meaning and it can not be directly measured. * Itcan only be computed knowing the o and w: * Itis also called ‘Inter granular pressure’ © It is not equal to the actual ‘Contact stress’, it] is much smaller than the actual contact stress, Significance: The decrease in void ratio and ‘mobilization of shear strength of soil depend on effective stress only. Relationship among 6, o”, u ol =o -u effective stress neutral stress. Total stress - Examplel. AA soil profile consists of a surface layer of sand 4 m thick (y= 1.6 t/m’), an intermediate layer of clay 3.5m ‘thick (7=1.9 t/m*) and the bottom layer of gravel 4 m thick (y = 1.925 tim’). The water table is at the upper surface of the clay layer. Determine the effective stress at plane CC and DD a 8 sano 8 c cay c Dp Ravel D> o-u Atplane C_| 0° $(.6x4)+(1.953.5)-@.5)x1 of = 9.55.um? ALD-D plane: o-u 1.654) + (1,953.5) + (1.925%4) - (7.5)x1 13.25 vm? ° 5. ‘The water which is held in the soil against the gravity is divided into (a) structural water (b) Adsorbed water (© Capillary water. 6. Structural water: * Itis chemically combined in the crystalline structure of the soil. * Can not be removed by simple oven drying at 105°C. ‘© It isan integral part of the soil. 7. Adsorbed water: © Water held by electrochemical forces existing on the soil surface. ‘© Itis important only for clays. iyderbad | New Debi | Beagalra | Bhubaneswar | Viiwawad | ViaMapanann | Tiupa | Pie | Chena® agg lea Geotechnical Eagitieerir 8 etintical Engiticerin For coarse grained soils the adsorbed water is negligible or zero, ‘+ Also called ‘hygroscopic water’ (the amount ‘of water in an air-dried soil). ‘+ Can be removed by oven drying. Capillary water: Capillary tise, h, = 49: £080 ted where surface tension of water 9. Insoils, the capillary height, he = 0.3 /d where hh. = capillary rise in ‘om" d= diam of void in ‘em’ Note: h, a 1d © Water is held in the voids of soil due*to capillary forces (surface tension) * depends on surface tension of liquid, size of voids in a soil. © The inter connected fine voids of a soil will. act like a capillary tube, through which capillary water rises, It is called ‘capillary fringe’ * In clays the capillary rise will-be maximum and it may be even more than 25 m. © Capillary water is always under tension and Varies linearly . 10. As the capillary rise is inversely proportional to the diameter of the tube, the capillary rise is small in coarse grained soils, but it may be very large in fine grained soils. 11. The capillary water causes compression in the walls of the capillary tube (or on the soil grains). 12, Frost heav. ‘The water which rises from the water table to the capillary fringe may freeze if temperature falls down to freezing point and ice is formed, This causes increase in volume of soil and AGREED scan [Novas [Sain ae [Wisrorda | Vistonamam [Tinga [Fane | lew] thereby uplifting the light structures built on t ground. This phenomenon is called ‘Fre heave’. Soils which are prone to frost heave a silts and fine sands. 13. Frost bo * The process of softening of soil due increase in water content caused by melti or thawing of ice formed in the capilla fringe, ‘+ Soils susceptible to softening effect are sil and fine sands. 14, To prevent frost heave and frost boil: ‘*» Replace the frost susceptible soil by coars grained like Gravel, sand * Also by: providing insulation blanke consists of gravel or Coarse Sand (15 t 30cm thick), O1. ‘Effective Stress’ is the stress (a) Transmitted by flowing water (b) Transmitted fiom particle to particle through the points of contact. (©) that can be measured (@) None of the above 02, In the figure shown, the effective pressure at ‘C° is given by if ‘water soil 4.15 (@) (+2) yw (0) Z yw (©)Z Yau (4) byw + Z Ysa 03. Which of the following is an effective pressure (@) pore water pressure (b) capillary pressure (©) water load (d) None of the aboveEffective Stress 04, For water table below ground surface, a rise in the water table causes (a) An increase in pore pressure and decrease in effective pressure (b) decrease in pore pressure and increase in effective pressure : (©) No change in effective pressure (@ Equal change in pore pressure and total pressures 05. The effect of capillary saturation will cause the effective stress (@) to increase (b) to decrease (0) either to increase or decrease (@) not to change 06. When the water level in’a lake (or tank) rises, the effective stresses inthe soil below are (@)increased —_(b) decreased (©)un changed — (d) None of the above and the effective: 07. Comparing total stress, stress, “6!” (a) 6 is always greater than 3! (b) 8! is always greater than 3 (c) 6! can be lesser than orequal to or greater than 8 (@) None of the above 08. If the soil above water table is- completely saturated due to rain water, the effective pressure in this saturated/Soil at any depth, “h’ below Ground Level is (@) Yau (b) tae -b ©w-h (@ None 09. In the capillary saturated zone (capillary fringe) (a) effective stress is lesser than total stress (b) effective stress is equal to total stress (6) effective stress is greater than total stress (d) None of the above 10. Neutral pressure (Pore pressure) is, (a) always compressive (b) always tensile (©) compressive below water table and tensile above water table (@ compressive above water table and tensile below water table RSE tas Nev Dats [Deno | Bintancoar | Vino | Veaktapamamn | Trop Pine | Cheam] 11. The stress which controls the strength and deformation behaviour of soil is (a) Total pressure _(b) Pore pressure (©) Effective pressure (d) None 12, The relation between total pressure ‘o’, and effective pressure ‘o"” and pore pressure, ‘u’ is @o'=o+u @o'=o-u @o u (@ None of the above 13. Jn the capillary saturated zone pore pressure is (@) tensile (b) compressive (c) either tensile or compressive (@ zero 14, When ground water table is lowered (@) total stress decreases, neutral stress decreases, but effective stress increases. (b) total, neutral and effect stresses decreases (@ptotal stress remains constant while the neutral and effective stresses decrease (@ totalestréss and neutral stresses decrease while effective stress remain constant. 15. Inerease in level of water table above Ground Level causes (@) Increase in effective stress (b)-Novchange in effective stress (©) Decrease in effective stress (@) Nothing can be said 16, Water table was found 1 m, below ground Surface. Above the water table the soil was found saturated with capillary water. If saturated density is 20 KNim’, the effective stress at the water table level in ‘KN/m* is (as (b)10 (ce) 15 @20OS Geotechnical Engineerin Statement for Linked Answer Questions 17 and 18: ‘The ground conditions at a site are shown in the figure below: . (GATE-2008) ou v Send = ‘Sm Water tables t ground level Water content = 20% Specific gravity of slide Unit weight of water 27 HORN +P 17. The saturated unit weight of the sand (KN / m>) is (@) 15 ®18 @a2w (24 18. The total stress, pote water pressure and effective stress ( KN/m*) at the point P are, respectively (a) 75, 50 and 25. | (b) 90, 50 and 40 (©) 105, 50.and 55 (@) 120, 50 and 70 19. The depth of water in a swimming pool is 6 m. ‘The effective and total pressures at a depth of 3 ‘m below top surface of water in *KN/m”” are (a) ‘0 and ‘0° (b) ‘30" and *0” (c) 0" and 30" (4) ‘0° and ‘3 02. (6) 07.) 12.(b) 17.(0) 01. (b) 06, (©) IL@ 16. (@) 03. (b) 04. (@) 08. (b) 09. (¢) 13.@) 14.(@) 18. 19. 05. (a) 10. (0) 15.(b) (RR oing [NG alan | Vis |Wetapmamn [Tp TP Cenna] 1. In order to raise the level of a large stadium, a 2 thick fill with a unit weight of 18 KN/m’ w spread on the entire are. If the increase Vertical stress at adepth of mis36 — KNin then the increase in vertical stress at a depth 2m will be (UPPSC"9, (@) 9KNim? (b)_ 18 KN/im® (©) 24KN/m? (a9°36 KN/m? 2. The approximate depth at which effecti vertical pressure is equal to 100 KN/m? in typical deposit of submerged soil is (@)5M_@)10M ()20M (@) 100M 3. A 2 m thick sand layer of density 1.7v/ overlies a 4 m thick saturated clay of densi 2tim*. The effective pressure at the center « clay layer if the water table is at the inter face ‘the layers is, (a) 74t/m?* 54 t/m* (o)2t/m? ()7.0t/m? 4. The effective stress at depth of 10 M belo ground level, when W.T is 3m below groun level , saturated density is 20 KN/m3 and bul density is 18 KNim’, is (a) 194 KN/m* (b) 124 KN/m?-» Anov# (c) 100 KN/m*® (d) None of the above 5. For the subsoil condition shown in Fig calculate the effective stress at 6m beloy ‘ground level Assume Y= 10 KN/m’, (GATE-1998 BLO Gt. ELim__WT._V EL3m_sand_en04. Gr 206 BL6m Clay y,,=20KN/m? (a) 18.93 KN/m* © 42.5 KNim? (©) 122.5KN/m* (72.5 KNim?EG Effective Stress ‘Common Data for Questions 6 & 7 A layer of saturated clay 5 m thick is over lain by sand 4.0 m deep. The water table is 3 m below the top surface. The saturated unit weights of clay and sand are 18 KN/m* and 20 KNim? respectively. Above the water table, the unit weight of sand is 17 KNim, ‘w= 9.81 KNim*, (GATE-1999) 6. The effective pressures on a horizontal plane at a depth of 9 m below the ground surface is (@)161 KN/m? (8)102 KN/m* (¢) 137 KN/m? (QU2KNim* 7. What will be the increase in the effective pressure at 9 m if the soil gets saturated by capillary, up toa height of 1 m above'the water table ? 3 Kim? (b)10 KN‘m? (c) 24 KNim? (@12 KNim? Common Data for Questions 8 & 9 A soil profile consists of a surface layer of clay 4m thick (y = 19.5 KN/m’) and a sand layer 2 m thick (y = 18.5 KNim’) over lying an impermeable rock. ‘The water table is at the ground surface. If the water level in a standpipe driven into the sand layer rises 2 m above the) ground surface, Take y= 10 KN/m’, Prefornetin 8. The effective stress at a depth of 6m is (a) 85 KNim? (b) 64 KN/m? (6) 30. KNim? (35 KN/m? 9. ‘The increase in-effective stress at the top of the rock when the artesian head in the sand is reduced by I m, will be (410 Kim? (©) 19.5 KN/m? (b) 18.5 KNim? (@) None (ROSIN) etd | New ens | Hever | Bianca | Viewed | Viaapaa [Tio | ine | Chea]Seepage Pressure and Criticc Hydraulic Gradient Total head = pressure head + velocity head + datum head (or) elevation head. Velocity head in soils is neglected. “. Total head = Pressure head + datum head oH hy £Z 2. Hydraulic Gradient (i) : It is the loss of head er unit seepage distance. i = h/L 3. Seepage Pressure (p,) :It is” the pressure: exerted by water on the soil through which it percolates, Seepage Pressure py = b= i. Z. yy Where h=net head causing flow i hydraulic gradient @ Scepage pressure always acts in the direction of flow. ii) Due to seepage pressure, vertical effective Pressure may be increased or decreased based upon direction of flow: Effective stress increases if flow is down wards. (iv) Effective stress decreases if flow is upwards, ‘4. Critical hydraulic gradient and quick sand condition : If upwards seepage pressure becomes equal to submerged weight of soil, effective pressure reduces to zero. In this case sand looses all its shear strength and soil particles move in upward direction. - This phenomenon is called “Quick condition / boiling condition / Quick sand- Note: “Quick Sand” is not a type of sand but a Condition occurring in ‘Cohesion less” The cohesive soil docs not develop q condition since it possesses some shear stre equal to its cohesive strength even when effective stress is zero. The quick conditio most likely to arise in silts and fine sands, * During quick condition hydraulic gradien called critical hydraulic gradient (i) i. =(G-1l-n) * Generally, the critical hydraulic gradient £ cohesionless soils is about unity, * The critical hydraulic gradient is n affected by depth of water over the so surface. 5. Effect of surcharge on quick condition : In. an upward: flow, at bottom of soil, the effective stress becomes zero, when Ye hay +) The head required to cause quick condition is, 6 To prevent quick sand condition during excavation of trenches : ° Keep certain depth of water ‘Present in excavation pit without completely de watering.Examplel. ‘A layer of clay of thickness 12.5 m is underlain by sand. The Yu: of the clay is 18.5 KNém'. When the depth of an open trench excavated in the clay reached a depth of § m the bottom cracked and the water started entering the trench from below. What is the height to which water would have risen from the top of sand in a bore hole if it were drilled into sand prior to the excavation, is (Take yy = 10 KNim’). (GATE - 1995) Sol: You = 18.5 KN/m* ‘At 12.5 m depth, 6 = Your Zw Hi Here 0’ =0 = 18.5x4.5-10 5 (@) Dis of filter /Dgs of soil) > 5, 08. Graded is filter is one whereit (2) the finest layer is on the upstream side of the filter (®) the coarsest layer. is on the upstream side of the filter (©) the medium coarse-layer is at the upstream side of the filter (@) any layer is at the upstream side the filter, 09. Piping occurs when (a) effective stress is zero () flow is down wards (©) flow is upwards (@) flow is horizontal 10. Assertion (A): Quick Sand is not a type of sand but itis @ condition arising in a sand mass Reason (BR): When the “upward: seepage Pressure becomes equal to the presstfe“due to submerged weight of a soil, the effective Pressure becomes zero GES - 1996) Codes: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false @ Ais false but Ris true 11. Consider the following statements: 1. Quicksand is a special variety of sand, 2. Quicksand is not a material but a hydraulic condition, 38 o1. 02. 03. Geotechnical Engineer 3. In nature, quicksand condition is obser, usually in coarse silt or fine sand, Which of the above statements are correct? (IES -200 (@) 1,2 and3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c)2 and 3 only (@) 1 and 3 only O1-(a) 02.(c) 03.(@) 04.(@) 05. (6) 06. (d) “07.(b) 08.(a) 09.(a) 10. (a) 1. ‘Atvexcavation isto be performed in a stratum o clay, 9m thick, underlain by a bed of sand. In’ trial bore-hole, the ground-water is observed t rise up to an elevation 3 m below grou surface. The unit weight of the soil is 2 KNcum. The depth to which the excavation car be safely carried out without the botton becoming unstable under uplift pressure o ‘ground-water is @3m 45m Jom zer0 In the above: problem, if the excavation is to be safely carried to a depth of 7 m, how much should the water table be lowered in. the Vicinity of the trench ? (@4m (b)6m (am none Jn a 6 m thick stratum of fine sand having submerged density of 11 kN/m’, quicksand condition occurred at a depth of 4.2 m of excavation. What is the depth of lowering of groundwater table required for making an (IES -2009) (a) 3.85 m (©) 1.68 m (lim (d) 0.897 m04.A glass container with pervious bottom containing fine sand in loose state (void ratio = 0.8) is subjected to hydrostatic pressure from underneath until quick condition occurs in the sand. If the specific gravity of sand particles 2.65, area of cross-section of sand sample = 10 cm’ and height of sample = 10 cm. The head of ‘water required to cause quicksand condition is (a) 10cm ) 9.17 (©) 6.87em (d) 8.53em, Common Data for Questions 5 & 6 Water is flowing at the rate of 0,04ml/see"in an upward direction through a fine sand sample whose’ coefficient of permeability is 2x10" em/see. ‘The sample thickness is 10 cm and-¢ross. sectional area. is 45 cm” . The saturated unit weight of sand is 1.93 gicm’, Seepage Pressure & Critical Hydraulic Gradient 5, The head causing the flow is (@) 2.64em (©)8.7em (@14.44em ()444em 6, The effective stress at the bottom of the soil is 4.86 g/cm? (b) 13.44 gem? (©) 6.56 gicm* (@) 9.33 gfem? (REEDS) Now as Bena | Dhatancorar | Venera | Veep | Tra | Pine | CheeSeepage Analysis 1. Flow net :It is a combination of flow lines and equipotential lines. 2. Flow line : It is a path along which a water Patticle travels. It is also called stream line 3. Equipotential line : having equal total head. If piezometers are inserted into the soil” different points along an equipotential line, water would rise to the same’ elevation in all these piezometers. 4 line joining points Note: Along an equipotential line the total head is constant while pressure heads are different, clevation heads are different. 4. Flow path : The space between two adjacéit flow lines. Also called flow channel, 5. Field : Space between any two adjacent flow lines and adjacent equipotential lines. 6. Characteristics of flow net : * Flow lines and equipotential tines are orthogonal to each other (i., perpendicular) * The quantity of seepage in each flow. channel is the same. * Drop in head between adjacent equipotential lines is the same. * Two flow lines or two equipotential line’ can never meet or cross each other Fields are kept approximately squares, ‘* Flow net does not depend on permeability of the soil (K) and head causing flow (H) * Depends on boundary conditions only, 7. Uses of flow net : To compute (@) Seepage loss (© Uplift pressure (b) Seepage pressure (@ exit gradient [esa ee es Viera [VieWapanans [Tinga | Pine | Gan 8. Seepage quantity: q= xn(} k = permeability of the soil For an anisotropic soil, k= Jk k, where k,. = permeability in horizontal direction y= permeability in vertical direction H > net head causing flow (difference between Uis and D/s water levels) ‘Ne= no. of flow channels Na= no, of potential drops The ratio Nr /.Ng is\called ‘Shape factor’ of flow net .For a given boundary conditions, ‘Ne/ Na’ ratio remains same. For a particular set of boundary conditions the flow net will be unique. 9. Calculation of seepage pressure (p,) usi flownet P=%w-h h hydraulic potential or balance hydraulic hhead available after ‘n’ potential drops. H-n AH total “hydraulic head causing flo difference. between U/s and Dis wate levels AH = head drop through field = H/ Na 10. Calculation of uplift pressure from flow net Uplift pressure at any depth p= 1. hy pressure head at that depth = total head ~ elevation head. by 11. Exit gradient from flow net : AH Exit gradient, (,, = 22 AH = head drop, per field AL = average length of last field at exit point * For safety against piping, the icq must always be less than the critical hydraulic gradient (j.)‘+ Factor of safety against piping, © Filters (Graded or inverted) are provided at exit point to Prevent escape of soil particles. and to check piping. 12. Phreatic line: (also called seepage line or top flow tine) : ‘* Along phreatic line pressure head is zero (only atmospheric pressure exists) + A parabolic shape ‘+ Kozey’s solution is also tsed to find seepage through earth dams, Discharge through body of the dam, q=K.S © $= focal distance (distance between focus and directrix of the parabolic shape phreatic line) 13. Seepage in anisotropic soils: ‘+ Equivalent permeability k’ = kk, © Flow lines and equipotential lines get deflected at the interface between two. issimilar soils when they pass from one soil to the other. Soil (1) Soil (2) ks Normal to boundary (ETN oes Henan | aioeer | ome | Veena [eT Gana] 01. Space between two adjacent flow lines is called (@) Flow potential (b) Flow path (©) Flow field (@ Flow length 02. Quantity of seepage in each flow channel of a flow net is (@) Dependent of size of field (b) Dependent of potentiaf drop (©) Same = (@) Dependent on the number of flow channels 03. The quantity of seepage depends on 1, The coefficient of permeability 2. The differential head across the flow path 3. The length of flow path Of these statements (@) 1,2 are comect (©)3,1 are correct (b) 2,3 are correct {d) 1, 2, 3 are correct 04: Drop in head between adjacent equipotential line is (a) Dependent of up-stream head (b) Dependent of downstream head (©) Dependent of number of equipotential lines @ Same 05, For an increase in the length of flow path, the exit gradient will (@) Increase (b) Remain constant (©) Decrease @ Be unity 06, Providing cut — off walls beneath a hydraulic structure. (a) Reduces the exit gradient (b) increases the flow (©) Decreases the flow path (@) none 07. Identify the incorrect flow net property (a) Flow lines and equipotential lines intersect or meet orthogonally (b) Quantity of water flowing channel is the same (©) Potential drop between any two successive equipotential lines is different (@ Flow lines and equipotential lines are smooth curves. through each42 Geotechnical Engineerit 08. In a flow net there are 4 flow channels and 15 equipotential drops, estimate the quantity of seepage if the head loss is 3 m and k=2x10 ‘m/s (@)3.8x10-*m/s (b) 16x10 mis (©)22.5x 10°? mis (d)4.8x10-* m/s 09. It has been mathematically shown that the basic shape of the top flow line in a dam is that of (@) an ellipse (b) aparabola (©)acircle (@) a log—spiral 10. The shape factor of a flow net is given as (a) Nal Ne (b) (Ns DANr (©) Ne/ Na @ONi=DINa LL. The head existing on top flow line is (a) Total head (0) Velocity head (©) Pressure head (d) Elevation head 12, The shape factor for a given flow domain (a) Depends on number of flow lines (b) Depends on number of equipotential fines (©) Depends on number of flow. channels (@) Is relatively unchanged 13. The pressure head at the intersection of phreatic line and any equipotential line is (a) unity (b) zero ©>0 @<0 14. The effective permeability used. in a transformed section is @Ki/Ky ©) (KK (1KiK, OK /K, 1S. To make certain that the backfill material is more pervious than the soil to be drained, the relationship used is (IES-1997) (8) Dis) <5 (Des)porced sot (©) Dis)aie:25 (Disposed sot (©) Dis)aneS5 (Dis) proced si LAF Di ecee >5 (D1 spotted ait 16, Assertion (A): The possibility of piping failure in earth dams is more if black cotton soil is the foundation material Reason (R): The highly expansive black cot soils are the most common soils wherever bas rock is present. (IES-201 Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the corn explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a cor explanation of A (©) Ais true but R is false (@) Ais false but Ris true 17. The figure below shows two flow lines 1 ‘Seepage across an interface between two si media of different coefficients of permeabili If entrance angle 7-30", the exit angle az w be (GATE-200 4, ~10107 me 2K, = 4 0x10" mis (a) 7.50% ©) 14. 03) (©) 66.59 @ 75.96 O1.(b) 02. () 03.(4) 04.(d) 05. (0) 06.(a) 07.(©) 08.(b) 09.(b) 10. (@) 11.(@) 12.@) 13.0) 14.(@) 15. (a) 16.4) 17. ivienbed | Nev Delhi | Bengt | Bhtancsvar | Visyavada | Vaekhapataih | Tinipad | Pane | ChannaSeepage Analysis o1 02, The coefficients of permeability of a soil in horizontal and vertical directions are 3.46 and 1.5 m/day respectively. The base length of a concrete dam resting in this soil is 100 m. When the flow net is developed for this soil with 1: 25 scale factor in the vertical direction, the reduced base length of the dam will be (GATE-2001) 62.63 m (6) 4.00 m (©) 6.08 m (543m Fora sheet pile wall constructed if a soil having effective grain size-0.1 mm, the difference of the upstream and downstfeam water levels is 3 m. If the flow net drawn for the problem yields 2 as the ratio of number of head drops to number of flow channels, then what is the discharge in unit of m‘/S/m length of sheet pile wall? (LES-2009), (a) 3.010 (b) 3.0107, (@) 1.5104 (@) 15x10" 03. The flow net constructed for the dam is shown in the figure below. Taking the coefficient of permeability as 3.8x10~m/s, the quantity of s flow (in cmr’/s) under the dam per meter of dam is U9 eo? (GATE-2014) seco" Tmpermeable satu 04, In the'schematic flow net shown in the given figure the hydraulic potential at point A is. (IES - 1996) 6) 10m of water (0) 25m of water (a) Sim of water (015m of water Hyderabad | New Debi | Bengaluns | Bhubaneswar | Visyarads | Visiiapemam | Tapa Pine | GicaaStress Distribution 1, Bousinesq’s Equation : . Assumptions of Boussinesq theory: Soil is homogeneous, isotropic, semi infinite, elastic medium, weight less and the load is a point load acting on the ground surface. 2. Homogeneous : A material is said to be homogeneous if it has identical properties at different points, in identical directions, 3. Isotropic: A material is said/to be isotropic when it has identical elastic properties in all directions ata point. 4, Semi infinite: A material is said to be semi infinite if it extends infinite in all directions below a horizontal surface. 5, Vertical stress (63): Where, z=Wertical distance of the point below the load, Q= Point load 1 = radial distance of the point © Radial shear stress, tr. = 02 (1/2) * Note: When 1=0, Ka=3/2n= 0.478 ‘¢”wTheoretically,az is zero only at an infin distance. ‘Example: 1 ‘A rectangular area 2x4 m carries a ud.l of 8 tim? the ground surface. Find the vertical pressures at 5 ‘below the center and comer of loaded area, usit Boussinesq’s equation. : 2 Sol: z pees A qe Stim 4 el é im To find oz at 5 m below centre: Q=LxBxq =2x4x8=64 ton At below centre, (SGM cca | Nev Dats | Renal | Banca | Vpwavads | Venkiayotam | Tropa | Pane | Ghana= $3 1 20/m? Qn To find oz at 5 m comer of loaded area: 52) = 0.774 tim? Isobar : It is a curve of Gontour connecting all points below the ground surface of equal vertical stress, It is a spatial curved surface . The zone within a soil mass bounded by an isobar of given vertical presSure“intensity is called ‘Pressure bulb’. The pressure in the soil. inside an isobar is greater than the pressure present on that isobar. isobar —> Note: (@) Boussinesq theory is best suited to ‘shallow. foundations’. ‘Example 2: A concentrated load of 50 acts vertically at a point on the soil surface. If Boussinesq equation is applied for computation of stress then the ratio of vertical stresses at depths of 3m and Sm respectively vertically below the point of application of load will be Sol: Vertically below the load: 16,0 @ ‘c;’ doesn’t depend upon young’s modulus and poisons ratio of the soil. Hence applicable for any soil eT ee TL 6 variation on a horizontal plane. B35!) atopmax 1z=0.817 92 variation on a vertical ata ‘distance ‘r’ from the load Pe variation on a vertical ‘below the load. 7. Vertical stress due to circular loaded area:- ‘o,’ at a depth ‘2’ on the vertical axis passing through centre of a uniformly loaded circular area of radius ‘yj, Pp Fivdeatad | New Debi | Banglore | Bhubnowar | Vityamads | Viekpatman Tiina Pine] Chena(or) oz=q[1-cos*9] 8. Newmark’s influence chart : (a) To find vertical stress below the loaded area of any shape (b) The point may lie with in or outside the loaded area (©) Each area unit causes equal vertical sttess at the centre of the chart. (@) The Newmark's chart “is-“based on Boussinesq ‘s theory. Vertical Stress, o2=I. n. q I = Influence coefficient = Number of sectors or area units occupied by footing q = Intensity of loading (KN/m* or Kg/m*) Geotechnical Engineeri Example: A raft foundation carries a u.d.l of 30 vim’. To estim the vertical stress at a depth of 9 m below the come raft by Newmark’s influence chart, the plan of | loaded area is drawn to the required scale. The num! cof load blocks occupied by the plan is 62. Influen value is 0.005. What is the vertical stress a the point Sol: oz=Inq 1=0.005 n=62 q=30 tm? ++ = 0.005 % 62 x 30 97 =9.3 tin 9. Westerqaard’s Theory ~ Assumptions: Elastic medium of semi-in fir extent but containing numerous, closely spac horizontal sheets of negligible thickness of infinite rigid material which permits only do ward deformation as a whole with out allow: it to undergo any lateral strain. Westergaard’s theory is suitable for stratif soils or sedimentary soils, varved clays. ‘oz’ (Vertical stress) at a point is given by, lg ry af fee Nz Fenske’s chart is used to find the vertical stre based on Westergaard’s equation Hyderabad | Nev Deli | Bengali | Bhubaoosvar | Visyvads | Viekhapstana | napa [Pune | healACE @® ‘Engineering Academy Stress Distribution a 10. Contact pressure : It is the pressure exerted by foundation soil on the under side of the footing. It depends upon elastic properties of the SOIL and FOOTING. TaTeaine | | Tethoe] | { ial cc UT Clay * * * * Flexible footing | Flexible footing Clay ‘Sand 11. Vertical stress below the comer of a uniformly loaded rectangular area (Newmark’s method). m=Liz n= Biz The parameters ‘m’ and ‘n’ are interchangeable. Vertical stress at the comer is given by a: T.q. ‘Where ‘I’ is an influence coefficient depends on parameters ‘m’ and ‘n’. The ‘T’ value can be read from tables or curves developed by New-mark. [EERE tnd | Now as | Bena | Bhatancorr | Vine | Vena | Tope | Pane | ChomaQO wi Fini Geotechnical Engineering (eon 1. Under a flexible footing, the contact pressure in the case of clayey soils is (@ EEERSRT | () PEI © tttttttt 2. A Newmark’s chart fas an influence coefficient of 0.005. rectangular footing area covers ‘6° sectors when centrally loaded on Newmark’s chart. If the footing is 40 t/m’, the stress at the center of the footing is (a) 0.30 vm? (b) 0.20 im? © 120m? @ Lum 03. A concéntrated load of 2000 KN is applied at the ground surface, Then the:vertical stress. at a point which is 7 m directly below the load as per Boussinesq’s equation is (@) 408 KNim (b) 140 (©) 20 KN/m* (@) 81.6 KN/m* ‘The intensity of radial shear stress at a point 4m. directly below a 2 tonnes point load is, (@) 0.16t/m> ——(b) 0.125 vm? (©) Zero (@) 1m 05. The vertical stresses calculated by the Boussinesq theory and Westergaard’s theory at particular point will be identical when y/Z. ratio is equal to (r = radial distance of , vertical depth of the point) (a) 1 (b) 0.817 © 15 @ 205 07. 08. 10. 9. The vertical cross section of an isobar is (a) parabolic curve ©) lemniscates (b) Circle @ None On a circular loaded area of 2m diameter, th load intensity be 100 KN/m’, The verti stress in the soils at a depth of Im below 1 center of the loaded area will be (a) 45.6 KN/m? (b) 50 KN/m? (©) 64.65 KN/m? (@) 70.7 KNim? In. the construction of Newmark’s influenc chart, ifthe number of annular areas selected 10 and each. annular area is divided into | sectors, the influence value of for the chart is (a) 0.005 (b) 0.05 (©) 0.01 @ 0.001 ‘A point load of 700 KN is applied on t surface of a thick layer of clay. — Usin Boussinesq’s elastic analysis, the estimate vertical stress (6,) ata depth of 2m and a radi distance of 1,0m from the point of applicatic of the load is : (@) 47.5 kPa (© 477 kPa ) 47.6k Pa @ 478kPa The figure given below represents the conta pressure distribution underneath a Footing (a) rigid footing on saturated clay (b) rigid footing on sand (©) flexible footing on saturated clay (d) flexible footing on sand [ New Deli | Bengaana | Bhubaneswar | Vipyavadta | Viakhapaiann [Trap | Pane | Chennal11. Standard Newmarl luence chart is Shown | in the given figure. If loaded equally the areas marked I and 2 will yield pressures at the centre such that (HES - 1995) (@) 1 yield more than 2 | (b) 2 yield more than 1 (©) 1 and 2 yields the same (@) 1 yield exactly half of that of 2 12. Westergaard’s formula for vertical stress gives greater value of stress than that by the Boussinesq’s formula, when r/z exceeds (IES -2005) @15 25 | 35 (dao 13, The change in the vertical stress in the’Soil mass estimated by boussinesq’s equation when Poisson's ratio of soil changes from 0.3 to 0.5 will be (IES - 2002) (@) reduction by 30% (b) increase by 50% (©) reduction by 20% (d) no change OL. () 02. (c) 03.(c) 04. (€) 05. (e) 06.(c) 07.) 08.(c) 09. (a) 10. (a) IL.) 12.) 1344) The Poisson’s ratio for a saturated clay will be (@Zero (025 (HOS @ 0.15 o1 02, A rectangular area 2x4 m carries a ud of 8 Um? at the ground surface. Find the Hyderabad | New Delhi | Benzalurs | Bhutanesvar | Vieywada | Veakbapaaann Ria [Fine | Chea Stress Distribution vertical pressure at Sm below the center and comer of the loaded area. Take the following date, with usual notations. le 1! cua (2) 3.22. & 0.474 um? (B) 1.05 & 0.74 vm? (©) 1.40.74 tim? (a) 1.05228 0 m=VZ n=b/Z Ky 04 02 0.0328 0s 04 —o.o9s1 © 03. A water tank is supported on 3 columns, which form, an equilateral triangle configuration total load of the water tank is 200 t. ‘The spacing of Columns is 3m, Assuming that the load on each footing as a point load, find the vertical stress induced ata depth of 2m, under any one of the footing? . use Boussinesq’s equation (a)3.3 vim? (b) 4.3 vm? (©) 6.66 tim (B8.8vm? A circular ring-type foundation for a water tank exerts_on the soil a uniformly distributed pressure of 20 KNim* The dimensions of the foundation are shown in fig. Find the vertical stress at the center of the foundation at a depth of 10 m, Take the outer inner dampers of the raft as 4m and 3m respectively °" (@)2.3 KNim? (b) 4.43 KNim? (& 1.56 KN/m® (@)2.8KNim* 05. The vertical stress at some depth below the comer of a ImXiL5m rectangular footing due to a certain load intensity is 100 kN/m?, What will ‘be vertical stress in kN/m? below the centre of a 2mX3m rectangular footing at the same depth and same load intensity? (GATE-2007) (25 (6)100 (200 ¢d) 400 A raft foundation carries a ud.l of 30m’, To estimate the vertical stress at a depth of 9 m below the comer of raf by Newmark’s influence chart, the plan of the loaded area is drawn to the required scale. The number of load blocks occupied by the plan is 62. - Influence value is 0.005. The vertical stress is worked out 10 y 06. (a)5.3 KNim* (¢)4.6 KNim? 9.3 KNim* 6.8KNim*| | . x eae Consolidation x BY ¥ 1. Compressibility: It is the property due to which reduction in volume occiirs under compression. In soils, compression takes place due to (a) compression and expulsion of air in the voids. (b) expulsion of water in the voids. © The compression of solid grains’ and compression of water in thé voids are negligibly small and are neglected: 2. Consolidation : It is the compression of the soil mass due to expulsion of water from the voids under a steady, static, Jong term pressure. 3. Compaction: Compression of soil mass by expulsion of air from the voids under short duration, moving or vibratory loads. 4. Factors affecting consolidation (or) ‘compaction : (a) For coars¢ grained soils. (c.g: sand) (i) Permeability (ii) Drainage conditions, (b) For clays : In addition to above (expulsion of dotible layer water from grains, (ii) slipping of particles to new positions of high density. ‘Compaction is a quick process, whereas the consolidation is a slow process and time bound, 5. Stages of Consolidation (@) Initial Consolidation: The reduction in volume just after the application of load. Tn partially saturated soils it is due to expulsion and compression of air in the voids. (b) Primary Consolidation: The reduction in volume of soil due to squeezing out of Hyderabad | water from the voids is termed as Pri Consolidation (or) Primary Compres (or) Primary Time Effect. (© Secondary Consolidation (or) Creep is the compression due to expulsio highly viscous water and —_ pl readjustment of solid particles... Oc after the reduction of all excess Ptessure to zero and primary consolide is. completed, Secondary consolids ‘occurs under constant effective stres very slow fate. Also called “Secon ‘Compression’ (or) ‘Secondary time effe tis proportional to logarithm of time. Secondary consolidation occurs only in case of organic soils and loosely depos clays. Tetzaghi’s theory is not applicable ‘Secondary Consolidation’, 6. Terzaghi’s Piston and Spring Analo Model: valve i { Comparison (Simulation) del Soil grains [Spring Voids and water | Cylinder Permeability Valve opening Effective Stress in the soil_| Load on the sprit ‘Excess pore pressure | Load on water 7. Excess Hydrostatic Pressure (or) Excess F Pressure (a): It is the pressure that builds u pore water of a saturated soils mass duc extemal applied loads. Also called ‘Hy Dynamic Pressure” Dali | Benplurs | Bhubaneswar | Vinyawada | Viaitapatam [Tina | Pane | GhennEngineering Academy 51: Consolidation Hydro Dynamic Lag : It is the delay caused in consolidation by the slow drainage of water out of a saturated soil mass. Note: As water escapes out from the soil during consolidation process, excess. hydrostatic pressure decreases, the effective pressure on soil increases, void ratio decreases, Degree of saturation remains same. At equilibrium (i. after completion of consolidation) the applied pressure becomes equal to the effective stress. The excess pore pressure becomes zero. 9. Consolidation of laterally confined soils : 3 ee Virgin compression ctirve ¢ -recompression t . eee —+ logo Pressure ~ Void ratio variation curves For compression, he=C, vs, 2] a CoB (4) oO Where, C.= Compression Index slope of linear portion of e-log ¢ ' curve. 0 = Initial void ratio at oy!, er= void ratio at final increased pressure, o/', a) C.= 0.007(w,-10%) — For remoulded soil (given by skempton) (RRR NN) ett [New Dats | Bengt | Baer | Viarads | Veep | Tropa | Pe | Clea b) C.= 0,009 (wr ~ 10%) — For undisturbed soil sample and field consolidation (given by Terzaghi & Peck) 10. Coefficient of compressibility (a,): It is the ratio of decrease in void ratio per unit increase of pressure. Units : m/KN. is not constant. As pressure increases, ‘ay? decreases, 1M. Coefficient Coefficient of Volume Compressibility (m,): of Volume Change (or) It is the change in volume of soil per unit of initial volume due to unit increase in pressure. Py ee units : m/KN. ¥y.Aoh For laterally confined soils, ‘oF laterally confined soils, m, = 52 — pee ie « (te,) do" 4 Ae \t bo ‘12, Consolidation Settlement (S,) : 4)" S;=AH= mH. Ao! ii) aut de i Treo 2S Hee og 2 1+e, o o'-= oy! + Ac? . w sr= Hoag [0-2 82") Ire 6 iii) S>= AHGeotechnical Engineering Where, Initial thickness of clay layer undergoing consolidation. C.= coefficient of compression index of the clay = 0.009 (wr — 10%) 9 = original void ratio of the clay undergoing consolidation. 0p! = original effective pressure at center of clay layer. ‘Ao’ = increase in pressure at center of clay layer due to applied loads. Example 1: ‘A footing for a water tower carries a load of 900 tons and is 3.6m square. It rests in dense sand of 9m thickness overlying a clay layer of 3 m depth. The depth of foundation is 1.5 m. The clay layer overlies hard rock. Liquid limit of clay is 54%, void ratio is1.08. The saturated unit weights of the sand and clay are 1.89 tm’ and 1.79 t/m° respectively. ‘Assume the load distribution as 2V to 1H... Assume that the site is flooded. Determine (@ the ultimate settlement due to consolidation of the clay layer and (ii) the max. effective stres layer, atthe end ss atthe centre of the clay lidation Sol: hard rack Wee 54%, €9= 1.08, H=3m Co= 0.009 (wx ~ 10) = 0.009(54~10) = 0.396 y/+1.5y = 9 (1.89 = 1) +15 (1.79 = 1) = 9.195 tm ges Bn Z=9-15+15m=9m 900 67t/m* G.6+9) of =0}, + Ao'=14.865t/m? ane 2) = 0.119 m 6 19.c1 Of =0) + Ao’ = 9.195 + 5.67 = 14.8 m* Example 2: For the clay layer shown in fig my =5 * 10“ m°/KN. If an earth fill of unit weight 20 KNim? and 2m depth is dumped on the clay layer then the ultimate settlement of the clay layer is Sol: m, = 5x10~ , y= 20,H=3m Si=m,H Ag! Ao'=7-2220%2=40 kPa $,= 5104340 =0.06m= 60 mm 13. Consolidation of undisturbed specimens : Based on history of loading, soil deposits 4 divided into 3 classes. 4) Preconsolidataed (or) Precompressed (01 Over Consolidated Soils :If a soil has eve been subjected to a pressure in excess of present over burden, it is said to be ove consolidated. 4) Normailly consolidated : A soil which h not been subjected to a pressure great than the present existing pressure a which is also completely consolidated 1 the existing over burden, is said to | ‘Normally consolidated’. ©) Under consolidated soils : If a soil (cl has not reached equilibrium under t_ ACE peniiee applied over burden loads then it is said to be “Under consolidated’. e.g: Area of the recent land fill. * Normally consolidated soils and over consolidated soils are not different types of soils but these are conditions in which soils exists, The recompression Index (C,) : It is very small compared with compression index (C.). ‘The soils in the over consolidated state have small compressibility, © The settlements of the structures. built on over consolidated soils are smal, 14, Over Consolidated Ratio (OCR): ocr == o Where, o'.= the max. pressure to which an O.C clay had been subjected (consolidated) in the past (preeonsolidation stress) o° = the present existing ‘pressure on the soil. For 0.C.clays, GR >1; N.C.clays, OCR=1; U.Celays, OCR <1. 15. Terzaghi's consolidatio Assumptions : Soil is homogenous, isotropic, fully saturated, soil particles and. water are incompressible, consolidation occurs “due.to expulsion of water from the voids, Darcy's law is valid, soil is laterally confined and consolidation takes place only in vertical direction, drainage takes place in vertical direction. a,, my, k are constant. theory of one diiensional 16. Differential Equation of Consolidation : ee = rate of change of excess of pore pressure with time. rate of expulsion of pote water pressure with depth ‘2’. ‘oefficient of consolidation K = coefficient of permeability. Units of C, are m*/see (or) em*/sec. 17, Solution of the above differential equation ‘gives: Time factor(Tv), Degree of consolidation(U). 18. Time factor, 7, = a Where ime for consolidation, drainage path, 4H, for single drainage (half closed layer), a= ror double drainage (open layer). For the same degree of consolidation, same. ; te) If Cy’ is assumed constant for the soil, t ad’. 2 ae {| =( ta) (de 19, Degree of Consolidation (U) : Settlement at any time Ultimate Settlement u=|*|x100 3; 10ACE ‘Engineering Academy Geotechnical Engineer 20. Degree of Consolidation (U) U= Ratio of dissipated excess pore water pressure to Initial excess pore water pressure, 2 ‘Where = initial excess pore water pressure. = pore water pressure exist at anytime x, 21. ForU <6%; 7, =4 ca Hee For U > 60%, Ty= 1.781 ~ 0.933 logia(100 — U%). Ss Example 3: ; ‘A 2m thick clay layer has Cy = 2x10 om’/sec. If a building is constructed on it, how long will it take to attain half the ultimate settlement under double drainage? Sol: For half settlement, U= 50% 2x10 xt. fooaees 8X10 seos=113.4 days ; 0.196=. 22, Isochrones: The curves indicating the distribution of excess hydrostatic pressure. © The hydraulic gradient at any point is equal to the slope of the isochrone at that point. 23, Determination of coefficient of consolidation: by time fitting methods 24. 25, 26. a) Square root of time fitting method, ) logarithm of time fitting method. Total Compression : Initial compression + Primary Compression Secondary compression. Consolidation Test : (Apparatus used consolidometer or oedometer) : a) Floating ring cell type : Both top bottom porous stones are free to mov compress the soil. Fixed ring cell type : Bottom porous s Temains stationary while top stone move © The floating ring cell has the advantag ‘having smaller effects of friction betw the specimen ring and the soil specimen. * Direct measurement of permeability of specimen at any stage of loading can made only on the fixed ring type. ») Determination of Void ratio at various | increments during consolidation : a) Helgi of solids method : Applicable tot saturated and unsaturated soils. H, - “ae Gyn s P= ‘Void ratio at any stage, e= Hy = H- AH b) Change inVoid ratio method : Applicabl for saturated soils only. eben? Ai Ite, Hr Where A= Cross sectional area of specimen, Hg = Height of solids H= original specimen height (total), H;= height at any state = (H - AH). Ae = change in void ratio ‘AH = change in thickness of the sample inal void ratio r= final thickness of soil ‘wi final water content of the sample er we. (SRE a [Nor Da Benes | Bhataneswar | Viewed | Viaapanam | Tapa | Pane | ChomaOve A Finn Consolidation Example 4: Br & A soil sample which has been subjected to consolidation test has an area of 50cm’, dry weight AA rectangular footing (3 m.x 2m ) exerts a pressure ‘of sample is 190.24g. Initial height of the sample ‘of 100 kN/m* on a cohesive soil (Ex= 5 x 10° kN/m* is 25mm. Taking G = 2.67, determine the height of solids and the initial void ratio of the soil. Sol: A= 50 cm’, G=2.67, wa= 190.249 190.24 = 1.425em 67%1%50 + Ho= 25mm. 25-1425 = -015 1425 27. Immediate settlement (elastic settlements): All highly permeable soils undergo immediate settlement. Immediate settlement also occurs in fine-grained soils, Immediate settlement, S00 } Where qn = net intensity of contact pressure (KN/m”) B = least lateral dimension of loaded area (m) £ = undrained modulus of elasticity (kN/m”) 1 = influence factor, depends on rigidity, shape of loaded areay L/B ratio v= Poisson’s ratio of the Soi Influence factors for Vertical Displacement due to Elastic Compression(IS 8009.part-I) | Shape Flexible Rigid | | Centre [ Comer | Cirete 1.00 | 0.64 0.80 rca es ol RE Rectangle (UB) [1.0 112 [036 [095/090 15 136 [0.68 [1.20 | 1.09 20 153 [077 | 131 [1.22 AGREE yet [Nev Deni | Rens oer | Vigo | Vinge [Ti Pee [ea] ‘and. p= 0,50). Determine the immediate settlement atthe centre, assuming (a) the footing is exible, (b) the footing is rigid. Take influence factor for flexible footing as 1.36 for L/B ratio of 1.5. To find: ) Immediate settlement at centre of the flexible footing: x 2[1=0.57] «1.36 5x10* S;= 0.00408 m= 4.08 mm b) Assuming the footing as Rigid T=0.8 times of I for flexible footing = 0.8X1.36=1.09 100 2 x21 =0.5°] 1.09 Sor : =3.27 mm 5,Owed Fnsen 56. Geotechnical Enginee etic Fagince 01, Consolidation of soils due toa load which is (@) Static and short term (®) Dynamic and short term. (©) Dynamic and log term (@ Static and log term 02. Time is an in the consolidation of {a) Sands only (b) Clays only (©) Both sands and clays (d) None important parameter 03. During consolidation process a8 water escapes out (2) Both neutral and effective pressure reduce (©) Both Neutral and effective pressure increase (©) Gradual decrease in Neutral pressure, a gradual increase in effective (@)A gradual increase in Neutral pressure and a gradual decrease in effective pressure takes place and sum of two is constant 04. “Primary compression’ is mainly due to expulsion of @ Air (©) Both air and water (b) Water @ None 05. ‘Secondary consolidation’ is mainly due to expulsion of (a) Highly Viscous water (b) Plastic readjustment of solid particles (©) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above 06. The change in voids ratio due to increase in effective pressure by 1 kg/cm? is 0.1. Initial Voids ratio is 0.4. ‘The thickness of soil stratum = 7m. Consolidation settlement in ‘cm’ is (5 )50 (500d) None 07. A clay layer of thickness 10 em and initial void ratio 0.5 under goes settlement so that the final Yoid ratio is 0.2. The settlement of the layer in ‘om’, is @1L0 (b) 1.5 (20 (@2s 08, Ifa soil has ever been subjected to a press excess of its present over burden, the soil is tobe (@) Preconsolidated (b) Normally consolidated (©) Under consolidated (@ None of the above 09. Which of the following is not an assumptic Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensi consolidation (a) Soil mass is homogeneous and isotropic (b) Soil is fully saturated (©) Darey’s law is valid (@) Drainage of water occurs both in ver ‘and horizontal directions 10. Coefficient of consolidation depends upon (a) permeability (b) Coefficient of volume change (©) Unit weight of water (d) All the above 11. The unit of coefficient of consolidation is (@) cm/sec (b) em*/sec (©) cm/sec? (d) No units 12. The ratio of settlement at any time ‘t’ to 1 final settlement is known as (a) Coefficient of consolidation (b) Degree of consolidation (©) Time factor (@) Consolidation of undisturbed soil 13:“‘sochrones’ are the curves showing distributi of (@) Total settlement (b) Total pressure (c) Excess hydrostatic pressure (@) None 14, The slope of isochrone at any point at a give time indicates the rate of change of (a) Effective stress with depth (b) Effective stress with time (©) Pore water pressure with time @ Pore water pressure with depthyaw 15. Time factor is, (a) anon dimensional parameter (b) a function of degree of consolidation (©) directly proportional to permeability of soil (@ Alllthe above are correct 16. Two idemtically clay samples of the same size designated as ‘A’ and ‘B’ are subjected to consolidation tests under identical conditions. Drainage takes place through one face in sample ‘A’ and through both the faces in sample “B’, 50% consolidation of sample “A” occurs in 10 minutes. The required for 50% consolidation to occur in sample *B’ in ‘minutes? will be (IES-1995) @40 ()10 ©5 (a 25 17. In the soil sample of a consolidometer test, pore ‘water pressure is (@) Minimum at the center (©) Maximum atthe top (©) Maximum at the bottom (@) Maximum at the centers 18, Which of the following soils. will” generally have maximum compressibiliy, (a) Gravels. (b) Sands (©) Silts (@) Clays 19, The ultimate consolidation settlement of a soil of (a) Is diteetly proportional to the compression Index (b) Decrease with the increase in the initial voids ratio (©) Both (a) and (b) (d) None 20. A saturated clay layer with single drainage face takes 4 years to attain 50% degree for ‘consolidation. If the clay layer had double drainage, then the time required to attain 50% consolidation is @8 ()4 (2 @1 21. In. consolidation testing, curve fitting method is used to determine (@) Compression Index (b) Swelling Index (©) Coefficient of consolidation (@) Time factor (SSE Feet | Noa Besre | Bhabancavar | Vinvevad | Vienna | Tia | Pane | he 22. Secondary consolidation is (@) caused by hydrodynamic lag. (b) Caused by creep (©) Large for the pressures below the pre ‘consolidation pressure (@) Very small for highly plastic clays and organic clays. 23. The recompression index is about ...... of the compression index (@)Stimes (6) 1/5 (1/2 (@) 1/20 24, Consolidation time of a soil sample (@) increases with an increase permeability (b) increases, with a decreases. in compressibility (© increases With decrease in unit weight of water (d) increases with a decrease in permeability 25. The ultimate settlement of a soil deposit increases with a) an increase in the compression index (b) an increase in the initial void ratio (©) a decrease in thickness of the stratum (@) an increase in time 26. A fully saturated clay specimen is subjected to @ pressure of 200 KN/m’ in the consolidation test. After a period of time when the average pore Pressure is 60 kN/m’, the degree of consolidation is (a) 60 (70-30. @ 50 27. The immediate settlement of a rigid footing is about...times the maximum settlement of an equal flexible footing @09 O08 (0.7 @06 28. If coefficient of permeability is doubled and coefficient of volume compressibility is halved, the coefficient of consolidation. (a) increases by 2 time (b) decreases by 2 time (0) decreases by 4 time (@) increases by 4 times@..AS: Academy Geotechnical Engineering ical Engineering 29. The laboratory consolidation. data for an undisturbed clay sample are as follows e=1 6) =85 KNim? 0.8 oy! =465 KN/m* The ‘e’ for a pressure of 600 KN/m?. will be (a) 0.68 (6)0.77 (0) 0.584 @0as 30. A consolidation test is carried out on a clay sample of thickness 20mm. During the test the Void ratio was reduced from 0.80 to 0.70. The settlement that would occur is @) 123mm (0) 1.56 mm (111mm @ 145mm Old 026 03/6 9048.b 05.c 06.b 07. Oa 09d 104 Ib 12b Bee 14d 15.4 16d 17d 1d 196 204 Qe 2b Bb 24d 25,4 26.6 27.b Bd 29.6) _.30.c 01. A normally consolidated clay'layer settles 1 em when the pressure increases from”1-kg/cm? to 2 g/kg’, Additional settlement for the same Soil for further increase of pressure form 2 kg/cm? to4 kg/em? will be in (in ‘ctt')=s————= 1° )2 ©3 W4 02. A building constructed on a compressible layer settles 80mm in 4 years. Assuming that the degree of consolidation at both the times is less than 60%, the settlement in 9 years is (a) 80mm (b) 100mm (120mm (none of the above 03. A clay layer 6m thick under double drainage was subjected to a certain load. Its final consolidation settlement is calculated as 120mm. If a layer of sand of negligible thickness is assumed to be present at a depth of AGREED) ies kes ee re aie eo 05, 1.5m from the top of the clay layer what will its final settlement ? (@) 60mm (120mm (b) 90 mm @ 180mm A square footing is to be established in a clay soil at a depth of 2m, where water table has risen up to the ground level as shown in the figure. (GATE-1995) Assume that the net load for the given is a constant and that the same is dispersed in to clay as shown. Load dispersion is 2V to 1H Take yy =10 KNim? and Yat = 19.3 KN/m? Netload = 500 KN C.=0.36 ¢ = 0.92 ‘The width of the footing, if it is permitted to settle by-120mm, for the data given above is (@)2.7m. 63.5. ©L15m (6)2.35m ‘The soil profile at a building site consist of dense sand up to 2 m depth, normally loaded soft clay from 2m to 6m depth, and stifi impervious rock below 6m depth. The ground- water table is at ground level, The sand has a density 1.90 vim3 below WT. For the clay, natural water content is 50%, liquid limit is 65% and grain specific gravity is 2.65, Calculate the probable ultimate settlement resulting from a uniformly distributed surface load of 4.0 tim? applied over an extensive area of the site. (a) 14.7 em (b)6.2 cm (©) 13.54em 294m,Le 06, An 18mm thick laboratory specimen drained top and bottom reached 25% consolidation in 10min. How long will take the same specimen to reach 50% consolidation (2)20 min (b) 40 min * (©) 80 min (2) 160 min 07. A fully saturated clay specimen is’ placed in a consolidometer and 2 Kg/om’ is applied. After some time the pore pressure is found to be 0.60 Keg/em’. Find the corresponding settlement that has occurred if the ultimate settlement is going to be 20mm. (a)12mm (14 mm (b)13 mm, (15mm 08. The time for a clay layer to! achieve 90% consolidation is 15 years. The time required to achieve 90% consolidation, if the layer were twice as thick, 3times more permeable and 4 times more compressible would be(GATE-98) (@) T5years (b) 120years (c) 80 years (d) none Common Data for Qs. 9 & 10 During a pressure increment, a test specimen 20 mm thick under double drainage attained 50% primary consolidation in 45 minutes 9. How long will take a 10 m thick layer of the same soil to reach the same degree of consolidation if the clay layer was drained on both surfaces ? (@) 21.4years (©) 12.6years (b) 85.6years (d) 48.Syears 10. If the clay is drained on the top surface only, then time required to reach the same degree of consolidation will be (@) 34.45 years (b) 85.6years (©) 62.6years (@) none 11. In the laboratory test on a clay sample of thickness 25mm, drained at top only, S0%consolidationoccurred in 11 minutes. Assume Tsp = 0.197, Tr= 0.405 Find the time required to undergo 70% consolidation. (GATE-1995) (SSRI) scar | Noy Dani | Benes | Bhabancsna | Vinyovadh | ViaMapatnam [Tia] Fine | Cheon] (a) 153-days (©) 56.5 days (b) 27.5 days (@) 145 days 12. A settlement analysis carried out for a proposed’ structure indicates that Som of, settlement will occur in 5 years and the final settlement will be 45em based on doubled drainage condition. A detailed site investigation indicates that only single drainage exists, Estimate the settlement at the end of 5 years for the changed condition. Use T, = (mi4yU* (GATE-1997) (@),14om (&)6em ©45em (a) 13.5em ‘Common Das, Qs. 13, 14 & 15 ‘A building consimictedion a compressible layer with doubled drainage settles ‘by 80 mm in 4 years. The final settlement is expected to be about 300 mm. 65%, 035 10% 0.403 60%, + 0.29 13. The settlement that would occur in 9 years will be i (@) L6mm, j ()1s6mm b) 162 mm. (d) 120mm 14. The settlement that would occur in 25 years, will be (@) 198mm (b) 195 mm (c)215 mm (@) 235mm 15. The time=required to settle by 210mm, will be (@) 15.Syears (©) 26.5 years 16, The loading period for a building extended from February 1957 to February 1959. In February 1962 the average measured settlement was found to be 90 mm. The Ultimate settlement was expected to be 360mm.Estimate the settlement in February 1967.Assuming double draining to occur? (@) S4mm (©) 135 mm (0) 12years (d) none (b) 116 mm () 120mm— Common Data for Qs. 17 & 18 A 5m depth of sand overlies a 6 m layer of clay. The water table is at top of the s The permeability of clay is very low. The saturated unit weight of the sand and clay are respectively 18 KN/m* and 20 KN/m’* A 4m. depth of fill material of unit weight 19 KN/m’, is placed on the surface over an extensive area, ‘Assume yy = 10 KN/n’, 17, The effective vertical stress at the center of the clay layer immediately after the fill has been placed, assuming this to take place. rapidly, will be (a) 76 KN/m? (b) 70 KN/m* (6) 146 KNim? (@ none 18, The effective vertical stress at the center of the clay layer , many years after the fill has been. placed will be (a) 226 KN/m? (b) 70 kN/m? (©) 146 kNim? @) none 19. A saturated clay layer of Sm thickness takes 1.5 years for 50% primary consolidation, when drained on both sides. It's coefficient of 60; 20. 21 Geotechnical Engineering volume change, is 1.5x10° m/KN. The coefficient of permeability of the soil will be (@) 2.56 m/year (©) 1.53 miyear (©0012 m/year (A) 1.25 m/year Representative samples of a clay layer of silt clay Sm thick, were tested in a Consolidomete and the following results were obtained initic void ratio = 0.90; pre consolidation pressure 120. KN/m*, Recompression index = 0.0: compression index = 0.27 Estimate th consolidation settlement if the present averag ‘over burden stress on the layer is 70 KNim? an the increase in average stress on the layer i 80 N/m”. (a) 65mm, (b) 87 mm © 13 mm (@) 126mm The circular foundation of a ground level 0 tank of 20 m diameter, transmits to the soil a uniform contact pressure of 250 KN/m? at 3 depth. Determine the immediate settlemer under, the centre. Take E.=6x10* kNim*, y=2. kN/m’, “Poisson's ratio=0.45. The influeno factor. [SERED ceria | New Del] Benga | Bhabanesvar | Vinjorada | Viskapamam | Trail | Pune | GheapalCompaction Compaction: It is compression of soil mass by mechanical means to improve Engineering Properties. It is due to escape and compression of ait present in the soil mass. Volume reduction occurs due to escape of ait under short term loading under constant water content. © Permeability, void ratio, compressibility decreases. at ‘© Shear strength increases. ‘Compaction tests are done to-determine a) amount of compaction ») the optimum moisture content (OMC) 3. Indian standard light compaction Test (Similar to Standard Proctor Test): © Test results used for highways, embankments, canal banks «= ‘© Mould volume is 1 litre., Soil in 3 layers. Each layer is given 25 hammer blows. © Hammer weight 2,60 kg and height of fall 31m. 4, Indian standard Heavy Compaction Test (Similar to Modified Proctor Test): © Results used for modem express highways and Runways. : ‘© Mould capacity 1 litre, soil in 5 layers;-each layer 25 hammer blows. =a ‘© Hammer weight 4.90kg and height of fall 45 cm. 5. The Compactive effort in the modified proctor test is about 4.55 times than that in the standard proctor test: 6. 1£% soil retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve is > 20%, large mould of capacity 2.25 litres is recommended. In such case no. of blows per each layer shall be 56 for both SPT, MPT. (ACRE TI ced NorDa | Benera | Babar | Viera | Vinkapatan | Toma] Pans | Chena] é (1). Standard proctor test 2 ic ohana Zero air voids line (0%) noe aa 100% saturation line 2) D . omc ~- Well.graded soil ‘Low plastic silt (see * a plastic thay Cr).6 7. Dry density 7, =F 8. Equation of zeto air voids line: y, = f 9. Factors affecting compaction: Say Water content: As w.c. increase, the ya inereases, reaches max value and then decreases b) Amount of Compaction: As compactive effort increases, the Yq increases and OMC decreases ©) Type of soil: Pure Sands do not have well defined OMC 10. Soils compacted dry of optimum, have more swelling and more shear strength, 11. Soils compacted wet of optimum, have low swelling and tow shear strength,12. Placement water content: It is the water content that is used actually in the field for compaction. © Under pavements, floors and for core of earthen dam, the soil shall be compacted “wet of optimum’ to avoid large expansion and swelling pressiires. © For Highways embankment and for outer shells of earthen dam, soil shall be compacted dry of optimum to have more strength and less compressibility. 13. Compaction Equipments: a) Tampers — for compacting in confined areas like trenches, behind bridge abutments ete. b) Smooth wheel rollers — for granular soils, to provide smooth surface at the end of days work to quickly drain off rain water. c) Pneumatic tyred rollers — for cohesive and non-cohesive soils d) Sheep foot rollers»— for cohesive soils (clays) e) Vibratory compactors — for granular soils (for sands best method) 14. Relative compaction a dry density inthe field aid Max.dry density obtained in thelab 15, Proctor needle (plasticity needle) It is punched by 7.50cm in to the soil to know. the penetration resistance, there by the placements water content and dry density. 01. The results (cures A, B, C, D) of four compaction tests on different soils are shown in the graph Tests: 1. Silty sand, modified test 2. Silty sand, standard test 3. Fat clay, modified test 4. Fat clay, standard test Curves A,B,C D correspond respectively to tests age Geotechnical Engineerin (a) 1,3,2,4 (b) 1,2,3,4 (©) 3,2,1,4 (d) 2,1,3,4 02. Match List — I with List — II and select t correct answer using the codes given below t lists: List-I A. Sheep foot roller B. Smooth heavy roller C. Pneumatic roller D. Vibrating roller List- I 1. Hearting of earthen dam 2:Dry sand 3. Casing of earthen dam 4. Gravel in WBM road Codes: A Bec D A @ 3 iva Bre (bjrle 14 ims) (C3 RA (dy 02: bend BNO 03.In a compaction ‘est, with _increai incompactive effort (a)'maximum dry density increases but OM decreases (b) the compaction cure is shifted to the left ar higher (©) both the above (d) both maximum dry density and OM increase 04. Plasticity needle is used to determine (a) Plastic limit of the soil. (b) Penetration resistance to control field compaction. (©) Penetration value of bitumen used in road construction. (d) Swelling index of black cotton soils. 05. The number of blows required for compactin each layer of soil in compaction test is (@25 (v)36 (c) 56 (a) 45 06. Factors affecting the compaction is/are (a) water content ——_(b) compactive energy (c) soil type (d) all the above 07. The following soil has highest O.M.C. (a) Gravel (b) Sand (©) Silt (d) Clay@.25... 263: Compaction 08. Clayey soils are best compacted by (@) vibration (b) kneading (©) impact (d)all the above 09. Optimum moisture content is te moisture content at which (a) Settlement is maximum (b) Permeability is more (0) dry density is maximum (@) shear strength is less 10. Clay particles on the wet side of optimum moisture content exhibit (a) single grained structure (b) disperse structure (©) honeycomb structure (@) flocculent structure 11 Compaction of a soil is measured in terms of (@ ary density (b) specific gravity (©)compressibility (4) permeability 12, Vibrator roller are useful for compacting (@ clayey soil (b) cohesion tess soil (©) Gravel (@) crushed rock 13, The 95% saturation line and 5% air voids line are @) same (b) different (©) some times same & some times different (@) can’t be said 14, To avoid large selling pressure under pavements, and floors, the soil is compacted. (a) atOMC (b) dry of optimum (©) wet of optimum — (d) none 15, Relative compaction is (@) similar to relative density (b) a compaction process (©) ratio of yd of field to the yd of lab (@) dry density obtained in the field 16, For pure sandy soils (@) Compaction curve is not useful (b) a well defined OMC exists (©) Modified proctor test is recommended (@ Jodhpur miniature compaction testis recommended (SSD at | Now Deh Beneara | Bhubaneswar | Viayawadh | Viakiapamann | Trad | Pane | Channa 17. 19, 18, For Conducting a Standard _—_procotor Compaction Test, the weight of hammer (P in kg) the fall of hammer (Q in mm), the number of blows(R) and the number of layers (s) required are respectively. (ES— 1995) P QenaiioRigit' 8 (@) 589 550 503 (b) 489. 450-2503 (©) 260 310 35 4 @ 260 310 25 3 Match List ~ I (Roller type) with List- II (soil type) and select the correct answer using the odes given below the lists: List-1 A. Pheumatic roller B, Tampers C. Sheep foot roller D. Vibratory roller List 1. Cohesive and granular soils 2. Plastic soils 3. Cohesionless soils 4. Behind retaining walls Codes: AB C By A B.C D ya? 1 MUM) 3 1 2 4 © 1 4 2ggera 3 201 4 Assertion (A): In a compaction test at yqax and ‘OMC, the degree of saturation is never 100%. Reason (R): It is not possible to expel all the air entrapped in soil by compaction, (TES -2011) (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A (© Ais true But R is False. @ Ais False but R is true O1.b 02b 03.c 04b 05.a 06d 07.d ORB Oe 10.b Tar ite Bt ee i.c 16a. 17-4 186. . 18Orbison Geotechnical Engincerin ——_ Cesttchnic nine O1. A cohesive soil yield a max. dry density of 1.8 gm/co at OMC of 16% during a Standard roctor test. If the value-of G is 2.65, what is degree of saturation, void ratio, air content, % air voids. What is the max. dry density it can be further compacted to at the above OMC. (GATE-1992) 02. A core cutter 125 mm ‘high and 120 mm diameter weighs 10.80 N when empty, It used to determine the in-sin density of compacted soil in an embankment. The weig of the core-cutter full of compacted soil is 30.1 N. The water content of the soil is 12.29 Determine the in- situ dry unit weight and voi Tatio. Assume G=2.65 aie é SeShear Strength ‘The shear strength of soil is constituted-by (@) Structural resistance due to interlocking (b) Frictional resistance and (©) Cohesion 1. Coulomb’s Law : Sort, Coulomb's envelope S=C+o tang ‘Where ‘C’ and ‘* ate empirical constants. S= shear strength ...... KN? ‘ohesion KNim’. }=Slope of the straight line of above equation. = Angle of intemal friction or angle of shearing resistance. NOTE: ‘C’ and “$* are not constant for @ particular soil, In fact they depend on the drainage conditions and test conducted. 2.Mohr’s Theory: Very much used for determination of shear strength of soils. Assumptions : Material fails essentially by shear. The critical shear stress causing failure depends upon the properties of the material as well as normal stress on the failure plane. The ultimate strength of the material is determined by the stresses in the potential failure plane, the intermediate (03) principal stress does not have any influence on the strength of the material, [SGN ete [New Deni Henprs | Bhutanese | Viayanada | Vinkiapaiem | Tropa [Pane | Gham] Mobr's envelope s =f). is a function of normal stress. ‘The effective stress principle (Terzaghi’s concept): In fact, the effective normal stresses control the shearing resistance of soils Revised Mohr ~ Coulomb equation, s Ci+o' tang! = C+(-u) tang Where C! = effective cohesion intercept '= effective angle of shearing resistance. For any combination of applied principle effective stresses oy’, 03° failure will occur only if the stress circle touches the failure envelope. B=angle of obliquity66 Geotechnical Enginee: IMPORTANT NOTE : The shear stress at | @ Unconsolidated — Undrained Test failure i less than the maximum sheer stress, Quick Test (0 ~ test or UU ~ test) Thus the failure plane docs not carry the drainage is permitted either du fonsolidation stage or shear ste Therefore, there is no dissipation of P maximum shear stress and the plane which Ine ‘maximum shear stress is not the failure plane. Pressure during the test and test ca 4. In terms of total pressure the shear strength is, fonducted in few minutes (Sto 10), Application: Generally done for | S=Cy+o tang, Peimeable soils such as clays, for short te Stability analysis and also for earth da Cyapparent cohesion during construction, $= apparent angle of shearing resistance (6) Consolidated undrained test (CU Tesy ge is permitted under the initia) SPplied »normal stress only and fal Primary consolidation or softening c=0 allowed: to take place. No drainage j $ allowed in shear stage, Application : For sudden draw dow cass og (O Consolidated 16. Sensitivity (S) Mohr circle for Unconfined test : Failure envelope bo i oa Example 3: ‘An unconfined compression test was conducted on an undisturbed sample of clay. The sample had a diameter of 37.5 mm and was 80 mm long. The load at failure measured by the proving ring was 28 N and the axial deformation of the sample at failure was 13 mm. Determine the unconfined compressive and the ‘undrained shear strength of the clay,ACE Qc ASE aie Geotechnical Engineering Sees oo eiinical Engineering Sol: Given 0 d=37.5 mm, L= 80 mm, Load =28'N, AL=13 mm Qu=28 N= 0.028 KN _Mtav L,-av AV =0 for an undrained test like UCC Test =1.103 x 10m? — 1103x107 AL 10. Vane Shear Test : Quick Test, to determine the undrained shear strength oP softelays in the lab. or field. > * Torque, ranac( Zed) “+ When both ends pat take in shearing ‘Cy = undrained cohesion Bag T=nc,( 2.4 a ( 2 +3) —> When only bottom end part takes in shearing Where, d= overall dia, of vane H = height of vane, as ‘per IS recommendation , H= 24 The sensitivity of soil can be conveniently determined, This testis not suitable when clay AU =B(As; + A Aay) iE a [Benen | Biabiensr | Vina | Valinpa ‘Tina | Pine | Chena un. contins sand or silt laminations or fissured clay Example 4: A vane 10 cm long and 8 em in diameter was pressed into soft clay atthe bottom of a bore hole. ‘Torque’ was applied and gradually increased to 450 kg-em, when failure took place. Subsequently, the vane was rotated rapidly so as to completely remould the soil, The remoulded soil was sheared at a torque of 180 kg-cm, Calculate the cohesion of the clay in the natural and remoulded states and also the sensitivity, “|, Solt T= 450 kp-cim Remouilding Torque, T= 180 kg-cm Using the relation: nararc( 2.8) met 10 8 fe) Solving, C.=0.35 kg/cm? 450,= 7 (8 C, Using Remoulding Torque, T = 180 kg-em, we get C= 0.14 kofem’ eng Sensitivity = 935 _5 so enstvity = Fe = 2.5 Pore water pressure parameters: ),_AU;=B Acs, For fully saturated soil, 1 Where B= pore water pressure parameter ‘AU; = increase in pore water pressure due to increase of confining pressure by Acs, ii). AUJ=A.B. Aoy Where ‘AUs = increase in pore pressure due to increase of deviator stress by Ac (Aoq = Aoi - Acs) Total increase in pore water pressure,Civil Gate Geotechnical Book final ie A, B= Skemptons pore pressure parameters Ap at failure, Aemay be >I and — ve also. ‘Ar is > 1 for loose soils and -ve for over consolidated soils due to volume increase. 12, Liquefaction: When saturated sandy soil is subjected to earth quakes loads, the pore pressure suddenly increases and thus decreases the shear strength of soil and it ‘may become zero also. The soil ‘momentarily liquefies and behaves as a dense fluid. This phenomena when sand loses itis shear strength duc to oscillatory ‘motion is called ‘Liquefaction of sand. Soils most susceptible to liquefaction are ‘saturated fine sands and saturated medium sands. 13. Shear Characteristics of Cohesionless soils: Jin the case of loose sad, the specimen bulges. | and ultimately fails by sliding simultaneously | en numerous planes. The failure is known as the plastic failure, In the case of dense sand, the specimen shows a clear failure plane and the failure is known as the brittle failure 01. Which one of the following statements provides the best argument that direct shear tests are not suited for determining shear parameters of a _| clay soil. (a) Failure plane is not the weakest plane (b) Pore pressures developed cannot be measured (©) Satisfactory maintained (d) Adequate consolidation cannot be ensured strain levels cannot be 02. An undrained triaxial compression testis carried ‘out on a saturated clay sample under a cell pressure of 100 KN/m* . The sample failed at a deviator stress of 200 kN/m?. The cohesion of the given sample of clay in KN/m? is (a)50 (6)100 (©) 200 (4) 300 (SR era | New Dea | Benhra | Dhabanenvar | Vina | Vinkapatan | Tina | Rie | Chena Shear Strength 03. Which one of the following planes is most likely to be the failure plane in sandy soil. (a) Plane carrying maximum shear stress (b) plane carrying maximum normal stress (©) Plane with the maximum angle of obliquity (@) A principle plane. 04, During shearing, the negative pore pressures are likely to develop in (@) N.C clay and dense sand (0) 0.C. clay and loose sand (©) Loose and 0.C clay (@) Dense sand and 0.C. clay 05, For a highly fissured clay the best method to find the shear strength is (@ Direct shear test (b) Triaxial test-with os = 0 (© Field vane shear test (@ Unconfined compression test 06. The phenomenon wien the sand losses its shear strength due to oscillatory motion in saturated condition is known as (@) Quicksand (©) Liquefaction 07. Ina consolidated indrained test on a normally consolidated clay , (2) The cohesion is zero (0) The apparent friction angle is zero (©) The apparent cohesion will be maximum for ‘particular clay (@ Bothrthe cohesion and angle of internal friction are present (@) Plastic sand (@) all the above 08. The maximum shear stress occurs on filament which makes angle with the horizontal plane, ‘equal to (a) 90° (b) 60° 09. The constants cohesion ‘C’ and angle of intemal friction 4” obtained from a shear test are (a) Constant for a soil (b) Mere coefficients which depends on drainage conditions (0) Inherent values of soil (@) None of the above 4s" (a) 30?