utline of ‘RICAN TUREcharren 1 cuarren 2 © tesgmia Group Lines cuapren ‘adage nett po e iyo ly yma, ene han Corian ior a ee CHAPTER 5 per pir of ee er cence 6 Pad he td St of ei by vores carrer 7 SBN O-5a2-74S02-0 cuarrer 9 Set Mot Lecomte cuarren 10 ect cuarren 11 charren 12 cuapren 13) cHapren 14 cHarrer 15 ‘cuapeee 16 cuapren 17 Contents Colonial Beginnings ‘The Birth of a Nation ‘The Rise of a National Literature An American Renaissance ‘The Boston Brahmins ‘The Civil War and the “Gilded Ase! ‘The Bra of Realism and ‘Naturalism Al the Turn of the Century ‘The Turning Point of American Literature Poetry from 1900 through the 19308, The Writers of the “Lost Generation” ‘The Thirties ‘The Forties and Fifties The Sixties and Seventies The Twentieth-Century Black Writer Drama Popular Fiction Glossary of literary terms ‘Table of historical and literary events Index 6 a7 a sa as 97 209 1s va 161 vs 105 an 2s 235 248 250]GENERALL HISTORIE ign Newsinlc Sef ign Ccpcetde Adar sued Government inlbegining Assess peels Frat isto fr Captian Sui’ Gone Hic of gas, ie Exod the Sey Chapter One Colonial Beginnings Thesory of American literature begins inthe early 1600, lng before there were any "Americana. The east writer were Englishmen Aesribing the Eoglshexploationand colonization fhe New World (America) rwosas uaRtors Brief td Tru Report of he New-Foand Land of Vg (1588) was only the feof many such works, Back in England, people planning to moweto Virginia ot New England weil read th boos as rave guides. But this wax dangerous because sich Tooks ofen mined fete with fantasy" For example, one writer (ania wooo) lame that he had seen bonsin Mosacset, et probable thar these "true epors” hada second kind efreader. People ould certainly ead them as tales of adventure and exierent, Lake modern reader of science ftion’, they coukd enjoy imaginary ‘oyages to places they could never vst in eat. Theweiingsofearrars newt 1580-1631)profably sated readers ofboth Kinds Areal aventuter, he had fought the Tus in Hungary, wherehe was wounded and taken poner He wassold a slave and esaped by kl his master. In 1607. e help fou” Jamestown the Set English colony in America. Although the details “are not always eotrect, his Tine leon of Virgin (160) ana Diartionof New England (1616) ae facinating "advertiemens Whi ty to pera the reader sete in the New Word The Puritans for sastance sade his Desi of New Bond carly and then decided to sett deve i 1620. Smith wa often bowsabout his own adventures inti books. His Geral Misr of Virginia, ‘Nea Beaded ote Same Ise (24) comes estoy this seve iby bei ian pines. The stor s probably untrue, but iis ter frst fom Amevc an Iiterature. His Ezabetbar syle Jputalvayseae snvead, and spectrin wasstrangeeven othe ‘Scere century. Sil, he en tll good try ‘go great stones were brought before Powhatan (the Fon Ring"): then as many as could desgged him (Si to them, id theron ai ised, and beng ead wit het la, 0 eto hi brains, Pocahontas, the Kings dearet caughen, othistendin her arms and ll down he nn ed upon hi tosave him om death: wherea® the King was contented? he ic te Alon Gom the bginng asthe English setled log the Adan const of America, thee were important clleences between he Southern andthe New Engl colonics, In the South, enormous farnsor plantations’ wed he abo a backslaves oqo alc, ‘he rich and port plantation wee were slow to develop lteraturet ther own They preteen npored om England Tuein New England, the Portansctershad come tothe New World inert orm a exity base onset Chris bei Like the PortansinEnaane who were ging agit the Engh in sea tht lasted fa ye, they bere eh unity ould Ir baseon the lw Gx There they had ar stionger see of nity and ota “shared prpone, Tis was one othe ress wy false and literature developed auch faster tha the South Harvard the fist clleg in he cls, was founded ear Bom in \eyinordeanse Praises Ta einige in \merica was started there in and Aner fs newspaper ‘unin Benton in 1304, os ‘The mostnterting worksafNew England Partan erature were sores To the Purtans bistory developed acon toes Cte LP wince ie oi Ri Amc fring lene 0 fori and plan” In all of dei early New England histories, they saw New England a the “Promised Land” of the Bible The central drama af Intory was the sruggle between Christ and Satan (Of Plymouth Plait oy win taauront (1590-1657) isthe most interesting of che Puritan histories, Tt describes dhe Patan’ Aliculeltions with the Tntians, I alo deseies thie dfclties luring thet enter, when half dhe smal elony ce. This al told in the wondesal “plain style” which the Pitan ane In fonder to present the “clear ight of ruth” to uneducated readers Piritan writers vended elegan language. The examples they used ‘vere dawn either fom the Bile a om he everyday ie of farmers find Fishermen, At the same timey Bradford's history i deeply Jntuencel by the hei that God nets everything that happens Each event he writes about begins with It pleased Gel toThe Hit of a Bagland by ons wasrunor (1588-1649) nabioin {he “plain sige": But ici a Ks cheer Winthrop wa the fist governor of Massachusetts Bay Coton and ie most the Pastas ‘writer, waa minster all his ie, Hs writing syle star eo He rarely shows shock ur eines, even when he esribes scenes of great tinappines. Sometimes, the dryncw uf his “plain syle” ery eetve ‘This is his description ofthe New Englanl cost whet he arrived om June 7, 1530 Werhad now fair sunshine weather and wo pleasant asweetaie dil much fresh as an eherecameasmel off shove tie the Smell of garden, Lie othe Puritan historians, Winthrop believed that most events oul he een asa sign fom God. For example hen sae waa found and killed ina chureh, people saw this a the victory of New hgland religion over Satan, “The fist Puritans were not very democratic, The Wonder Woking Prien of io’ Saxo i Nav Fala (1630), by ewan jounsen (151672) defends the ham laws sade by the Puritan teers Eversbody hic toobey these ere laws, Heliersin athe forms at Christianity were called “snakes” oF even wore names, Panta soriety wana “theocracy: the laws of weit an he laws eign were the same. Those who broke te laws were punished severly Survey of the Same of Church Discipline (1648) by tnoas oORER 1500-167) the mos famous statement ofthese Pitan la Les severe wa jon corron’s Wy ofthe Chu of Chis New Eagan 45), I et, bythe beginning ofthe +7a08, newer Puritan ea ‘were becoming important to the development ul democracy ‘Even inthe early days, some writers were struggling hand gaint the Puritan theory. ARNE WUToMNGON (1560-164) ad Roce ‘win (1605-1685) both dese 3 eer religious enviroment Rogers, who wet offi establish sows colony in Rhee land wat "specially important. His Bandy Tenn (161) became a fat statement ofthe case fr religious Geedor, Takin, feed wat ‘only “good intel”, ewan ncesary condition for“the genet and evelopment ofthe wal The New Englanders were quite sce keeping the abate “pity” of Puritans during the easy, diicl day f seen Buc wien the Indians were no longer danger, ee dark forest ad become farmland, and more comfortable stemens had grown uy Puritan stretnens began to eax. The change was very low and wa noteasly recognized by Nee Englanders atthe time By looking at the ‘arly history ofthe Mather fail in New Engl, wean ec how the Puritan tuition’ grew wesker and weaker RICKARD MATHER (1596-1009), the founder of his famiy ia “America, was greatly adimited as a eypical strong Puritan mnie Another preacher, whokrcw Richard Mather wel describe hiway lof preaching as “very plain, stadioualy avoiing obncure” tx” IxoteAse MATHER (1039-1725), his son, was leader of the New England theocracy wi it began to fll apart st the en of the seventeenth eentary. He wat ako a minister at North Church in Boston, the most powerflchurchia New England The 16go was he time ofthe great witcheral® pai In the ww of Sale, Mawach ‘ets, young gir and lonely old women were atested ad puton rial switches A number of these people were put to death for “selling their souls” to the Devil, Incense Mathers best-known book, Roarkale Prices (1684, tell ws mc about the pyeholgiel ‘vironment ofthe ne. The book filled withthe Puritans strange bli, To Mather and other Puritan, witcherat andl ther forms of ‘sl were an abolutely real part of everyday ie Theresse's som, TION MATHER (1665-1728), eae the rst famous ofthe faily. He had “an asane gen for adverding himself": He wrote more than 40 works. Whenever something happened wo him in his fe, Coton Mather wrote a religious bok When his frst wile died published" along semon called Death Maie Bay avd apy. When hse daughter died, he wrote The Bet Way of Living, Which is to Die Diy. Mon of thee works were quite short and ae ofl nerest to usta. But sme, sch asi tons ‘Magalia Chit Amerivens 172), were very long ad were public inmany volumes. He was certain that his lange work, The Ange! of hg emily mk mage fea ee nt, th pnd oe pe aBeas wrtenin 1723, wn “pron one ofthe mes lok tha have ren publi inthe Waa Bath bok ass ao inser ie fthisrange sd ten uplean man, Ox een rey Pak hp spl Ge Whee Dain in stomach or tet echt awa how be hd! broken Edt hi sachs Daing i at ya he ‘him, including his own children. ae The mot feintng prt his Magulia Cie Amma the ion ofthe Sale wiht He make cea tat he ly tev ht hi wa ween Halon atl England wailed with esp rom el A the see te ied tht the nth vt ben a ae and hei fod that they were Sally stopp 4 The writings of Cotton Mather show bow te later Puritan writers nosed away fom the "plain syle” of thei grandfathers. The language is complicated and filled with strange words trom La oud”, ordinary people Although Mather called his stsle "a loth ‘sully fond it hard eo rea Tn the writings of the earliest Pusitans, we afen find poems on religious themes, aM anatsrase (1612 12) was the fs eal Neve England pot Her eat oe Lael Sprang Up ln Aner (550) contained he fst New World poems published in England. None of her early poems are very good. Her later poe writen with harming spi, show her proge ntheart. She refusesto sng ‘oC Wary of Captains, and of Kings. Instead she gives ura ook oto the heart ofa se The poetry of cass. wiocLaswon (163¢-1705) on the oer tude meant wo fight readers wth picture ofthe day when thePuritan God wil age mankind. The sound i often ugly, but the images ie power [No heart so bud, bu now grows eld ‘und almost dead with ear Some hide themselss if Caves and Del, in places undergrad ry a The pocty of soveaRd ravton (65-1720) was unknown 0 Americ trary historians ul 957 Wet daring the lt year ofthe Puritan theocracy some ote fn pocey write th Ceti Amr Like Catton Slaten Taylorhoped racer the “Partan Way" Mather wanted stomge ees fort. “Taylor however was concerned with tein spa io! Purr belo He erate ich, unusual images Yo ep hiker “see ‘ear usieand el eelgsactne” none poe, eds tay ‘cin pole, They tearate "A Black Sam that oie verare" Sometimes sounds quem tna poe abo the tating ane, Whoin hs Bin ly ed “Throughout Aten history, venin the twentieth entry, there tus may deepen io emo On oe Int fm, ellod the “Great Awakening" began abt Treacher George White toured the oun ling page “repent and bese by the New igh" The errs offs pwns (170173) werewpowerl and igening hat he ‘heh was cen led witha ane crying: "Te Go that lds Jouve theft ol much ase ds aspie or same lotr int over theese you ea. sermon fom ch thistine sake, Sime te Han of dy od 1959, 8 {amin fristerary quay aterin be, Edad developed ito teat theologian, oF religions philsopher, his Brom of Wil 754) he ted to build a philosophy based on the Puritan ith, The Pastas aited stience ax “he sty of God's material eatin”. Edwards developed hi idea further He said that there ‘wae close ration bet knowledge of the physical world and rowldge ofthe spittual world This ea created a bridge betwen the ld strict Puritan soviety and the new, fee culture which eame Inter, with ts sentie study of the world ‘Alikough lterature developed far moe slowly the South han in Dew England, few early writers are worth mentioning. Ta Vieni, onexranventey 167} 1722) wrote intligendy about nature and fovkety. His Hiry and Prev Stal of Vigna (4705) writen ina Plain, clear syle, mixing wild humor with scinti observation Although he was astong defender of black slavery, hisseton on the Indians of Virginia re of race hated. Even more amusing i the sry the Dis Line by wuss nym (163-1744) Writing or Landon audiences, Byrd used humorand eal odes ie ang thei ine (orfrontie)breween Ving seed areas ad the ‘ep forest. Hisopnions about the Indians were surprisingly Hera” forthe ime. He ele that the English should mary them ater tha Fgh them, Hed similarly eral view of lack: “We all know tht very bright Talent ay be lodged wader # dark Skin” These eae were certainly not abated by the majority of Southern Plantation onesLfocast ink ta ie eencelare ke “ies NOY oes (oer eatin rh ii fo Amini he Base Mase of tr Chapter Two The Birth of a Nation The mont memorable writing in cightsenth-centory Arserica wat done by the Founding Fathers, dhe men who led the Revolution of (775-1783 an who wrote the Consution' of 79, None of them seere writer oftion, Rather, hey were practical philosopher, ad heir ment ypial pred was dhe piel pamphlet They bath sdimired and were active in the Eutopean "Age of Reason” oF lighten They shared the Enlightenment belie that hima imeligence {or “eason") could waderstand bath aature aed man, Unlike the Puritans ~ who saw man as a sinfl flure — the Enlightenment hikers were sre man could improve hime They veanted to erate happy society based on justice and feedor, “The writings of wenjams raaNKLES 170-1790) show the Eight amen spittin Ameri atts best andl ost optimistic. His syle ‘ite morern and, eve today, his works rey to read. Although hestronly disagreed withthe opinions of te Paritans, hs works show ‘retry to thet "plan syle” At the same time, there something “antlterary” about Franklin. He had o king foe porty and hat writing shoudl slays havea practical purpose ‘We ean ace dese ident even in his aie work the Deged Papers 1722), written hen he was only sixteen, These ae a series of shor pieces which are very funny, bt fallofmeal avi praising honey find attacking deunkennes, et). His Por Riko inna (1732 757) gives similar advice. Almanacs, containing much seal information for farmers and sailor (about the next years weather ea (ides) wee popular form of racial erature. Topeterthe Bible and the newspaper, they were the oy eeuding matter in ‘most Colonial hosel Fas sade his nana inetesting by ‘creating thecharater"Poor Richard” Each ew edition continued simple but eaististory aout Richard, his wie a fama. He alr inched many “sayings about saving money and working hard Some ofthese ate known to mos Aneica ody Upstuggard and waste not iin the rave wil be seeping ough God helps thm who help themeles In 1757, Franklin collected together the est of his sayings, making them intoan esay? called Te Ie 0 Walt, This ie book became me ofthe beseallers' ofthe Western werd and was translated in Daring the first alfoPhis adult fe, Franklin worked a. printer of ks and newspapers ue he was an energetic? man with wide interests Assent, he wrote important esayvon lect which were widely read and admired in Europe, His many invention, his Popularity asa writer and his diplomatic activity in support ofthe American Revolution made hit worldlunuus inhi own litime Although Franklin wrote agree, almont lof his esportan works are quite shor He invented one type f short prose which treaty infuenced the development storytelling form in Americ, fall the “hoax or the “tll tale” (ater made famous by Mark Twain: sce p. 79). A hoax i funny because sso clearly Be his Wend af Naar x Amara, Frathln reports “the grand leap ofthe ‘whale up thefall of Niagara which vested by ll wo have see vec the inst spectacke ia Nature” During the Revolution, he ped this form of humor into a powerll propaganda tol lor American independence apy. The is parc ofthe mf hit ie up 0 sy seal book was his Ati Franklnvo Tegan in 177, an entertaining dees farlymatoad, Fhe secon past was writen in 4784 when Franklin @ manana he s¥lelomore serous Franklin now realizes the parte has played in American bso and writes sou mel ‘or the improvement ofothen” As te au sbiography of “the father the Vanes it 2 book opt val The pein! jst before the sata he Revolution sw a Hood of plums This wx ly inthe form pamphlets ater Than newpaper, because te ppt was hep to pu andthe Suton ihe ede did not hve oe be se, os on (725, Ta ev oe eur propaga who ed lent language more treason in is aceon Brith police Other pondpenLO She Ospntse Nesliesd nue As Aiea saving Exped wit eis of Vii ied ow Enlnd 1735-16) Adamslater came theses President of te United Sts. Other pamphlecriters, ke ewer seamen [1929-1795 ad oan Ltowano (1749-1850) wom kr the proBrih ke Mos ofthe men had teapot the United State ater the Revolution e vsewaiea ‘The greatest pamphletwrier of American Revolution snoaas tae 957-1h worn in alan Wen eth soey bi met Benjamin rankin in Lamon and ws puedo gto Arca Two years later, he wrote Camm Sane [90 the ot sry inprtnt pase in Ameran hier, eens thinking and exctng language lly nied Ameo elas ‘ssn England He seme to epee wha the rears helo haa been secre hinking' "There sometang aut in soronag 4 continent (nea) to be pespetely® revered by ay and Brin)” Revween 1796 and 8, be sued sri of thsteen | pamphlets, called The Criss. The Cris 1 appeared the day after the) | | ‘American leader, General George Washington, was defeat i the ate of Long Islnd. 1 contains ee mos amis page in all of Paine’ eis ‘hese ate the mes tha try men's The summer soleer ad the sunive parity in this xt, ink Com the sevice of his counery. "Tyranny ike Hell, snot easily conquered Prine was ao ative inthe French Revolution and wrote a famous Aefease of eh revolution too The Right of Mon (1594-2) ‘Only owas yervensox (1749-1826). the chief author of dhe Drain f Iden, was a nportan a writer forthe American nse ae Paine. ‘Thanks to Jefleron's beawtfel syle, the most Linporeantdacumest” i dhe plital history of dhe United Stasis sha fine workoiterature Although twas written dringa dificult Time inthe war, the Dilation is surprsngly fe fom ermtional snprals. Iisackarandlogial tatementafwhy America wanted it indepetdence.Jeffenon made no attempt tobe original. Rather, he ult upon the ideas of sich plowophers ax fob Locke. ‘The Dislaration wae revised eights ines Delo it was nally signed on July 41776 ‘Soot afer the war, eferson wrote one of he best descriptions of catly Americas Nv on he State of Vigna (1984-785). Althouse himself was. Southerner (and owned slaves atone ime), eatacked the aavery system, saying that “nothing more certainly writen in the book of fie than that thxe people ate tobe ee" "Jelleron was deeply influenced by the eas ofthe Enlightumett He beieved tha man did not have to depend on Gee to improve he ‘srl and should woe hisown windors oda the improving by himsl ‘Ava typical Ealigtenmeat thinker, Jefferson believed that all Ihumanity is naturally good: "Nature has implanted inourbreasta loveat thers a sense of duty to ehem, a ioralinstinet.” On theater hand, he was aad thatthe commercial presute of ey ie would Scenaestoy this gore. Only hote eho labor inthe eth col be the basi truly demorrate vce. Jllesonsa ate heat 10 American democracy in the thinking of the "Federals", who favored strong central government forthe new American republic lsome Federals even wanted to make George Washington king!) “The Federalts wanted a form of government and society which ‘wold not easily pet. Jeflerson, however fet the people show be ble to change the form of thee socety whenever Whey thought it ‘necesay. He eves accepted the idea that new American revolution ‘ight happen someday: "A litle rebelion now and then good Ahing, and as necenary inthe political world as sora i the phate” he Fedo Paes (787-1788) were the major documents of shoseoppone to felleron thinking The authors of those eight -ive fssays are famous in American history. ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1757 Boa powerful writer who opposed “extreme democracy”, wrote Sitissoneot the esp. Written cal, eae tle, ame of them ae sill studied by Amesean students In Revolutionary America both prosean poetry hada pie or “praetical” prpone. fata HROSEAC 175212) was perhaps the beat poet of tis ne: He war aluon pola journal, and thisdeeply influenced bisealy ptr. From the begining, he wrote the case ta American independence with strong patriot leling. I is poem Piantes of Caanbas (1771), he mised gloom desripions of mature ‘with sharp artacks on ict granny: Daring the war, he wroteabout American pats lle in bate: “None reve in sucha nse to di,” He bum foughton an American sip and was captured by the Brits, Mewrtesabout thisexpevienceinhis Bish Piso Skip (178) Hunger and thet to work oat wor combine And mouldy bread, an flesh of rotten swine! After the war, he wrote poetry supporting Jefferson against the Federalist his lst and best phase, he turned to poety about ature, In The Wild Howe Sule (1785), thi Bower becomes 3 symbol for unnoticed beauty which quickly passes sway, The lst Ines ofthe poem compare the shores of human life to that ofthe Hower For when you die you ae the same; The space beren, is but an hour, “The Hail duration of Hower, ‘Hut to Frenen, “death no mote than unceasing change”, In The Hoss of Night (1779), he writes Hil sik co plains, and man returns wo das, “That daxt supports reptile! ofa lower Each changeful atom Takes some new fort, to pers in an boar Poet ofthe Revlutonary era een imitated the “neoclassical” siyleael themes ofthe great English poets. This sty wa ell ake From ancient Greck and Roman writers. Usually they wrote i couple, but they alo experimented with other frm, lke blank ‘verse, The neoclascal pees ten wed ol: frkioned language in {heir poetry: Words like “blade” and "ced were prefered to the mone. common terms, “bale” and “hone”, Unfortunately, few American neacaseal poets were very gad, and none of them were The “Connecticut Wit were rather more conservative in both Uhciestyle and polis. They were Americas very rt poetic “ile” Although they were song supporters ofthe American side in the Revolution, they hated the democratic philosophy of Paine and ing teat re ea ‘tpn an eg enJefferson. Mo ‘Cavin in tei religion, of them were Federale in their politics and the thrcetnajor Connecticut Wis, His met famous pct wae of Ametian education, The Pages of Dun (4773). Tie ihe aventres of Tom Brailes, who tes the leg po University becawe hei oodullfr vie”. Then, becominga sl teacher, he "res with case and uaconcer |"To teach what wee ine eald lean,” Osher sil charartersin the poem ined “Dick Hayebrain” and. "Mig Harriet Simper”. Another story poem, M Fingal (776) tade Trumbull amoweduing the Revolution, This long, umes storys sein a sall Mastochusets tn. Mt Fingal at fie a supporter af he British, finally comes to believe that the Americans will win their war fr independence, On another lve however the poemisasatite af thesily lage publ speakers we Aote fhe Wits as TIMOTHY IGM [1752-11 7)- He was the sranon of onathan Edward ae p12) anda minitr bine, He trrote in the neolasicl syle of Alexander Pope the seat English Poet) Some of hi theres are rather Puritan In The Tremp Tafeiy (1788), he dewies Satan's efforts throughout history conquer Gol sereatutes, i Gaal i794, he ries persia thereader thatthe New World far beter than the OM. To hi, ype was land of poverty America wasa land of happiness, while Eu TOL BARLOW (1754-112), the third famous Wit, was diferent frm theres, He hd hop o make a Hving by his poetry, but so learned that tiswasstlimpasable in America, His Visio Clb "7 isa tony Tea with th Pattie poem. He compares the evation af the en Inca chvlzaion was the H the Enulih cok highest achieement® of “mere human’ progress ‘The English, efit of hur inegence, guided by God. ka nig poem even longer anal i Th Calbia Ion i foe 1 Yo Bora Most modern critics agsee it sone of the worst long poem in America Uierature: In 178, Barlow went to France, where he became a supporter ofthe French Revolton, writing poems hich stacked kingy a arstceate™ He ne allowed Napoleon ding is atack on Rusia and died of peumonia daring te reteat from Moston istestlovedl poem, however, has nothing to do with plies Te Hy Pading (1393) 4 huwotous and reli description of the taking of fivorte New England desert (hasty pudding Fin in your bow dhe mi abundant ake The drop swith care alg the silver lake You take of ping1 is what we call a mockcheroie poem, because it ues heroic, coelesialangwage and ryt, usually used for very importa “abject tsribe something unimportant and everyday. The effet often very funny Inthe yeursinumesiatly after the Revolution, there were alo rome hopeful beginnings in drama, Although French and Spanish ‘Cathie priests hae used drama for religious education among, the Indias, drama developed very slowly in the English calorie. The Neve England Pitas, and some other Protestant group, believed thatthe theatre was" invention ofthe Dei”, bad forthe moral the people In the Sout, faraway fom the Puritan influence, there were afew theatres America's ft theatre was in Wills, Virginia. twowas comeney's Prine of Pee (writen in 175 reduced in 1363) war probably the fist American play tobe rofessionally produced, But wasn't uel afer Independence that American theate became intersting \witiaw DUNLAP (1765-1039) wat the most active playwright withsuchsuecesl lass The Faller (178) His nde 1798), base ‘om the life ofa British sp is considered is best ply. Ti Contet (287) by Rovags svean (1757-1826), was the Rist come by an American author using characters from his owt connty. The “eontrast” of the play ie between the sly Britkh manners of Me Dimple and the Arierican manners of Colonel Manly. "Their rivalry forthe love of young lady is ofcourse, wom bythe American, The Plot of The Cnasti seria to many Brie plays ofthe time. Bat Introduces an entirely new character “type” the Yankee. Manly’ Yankee servant, Jonathan extremely elEconfident, except with women. Hels yery patsogc and eather puritanical in his moral His speech very colorful Being areal democrat, he completely ignores las distinctions. We can stl see bie type in America plays and movie tay The development of de new American personaly canalo be seen in the wridngs of, eotom sr. jouw i exévecoren (0735-483). Some might object eat he wae not rally an American and tt wi aie ana sy th hg eg ni el several of his important works were written in Feeneh, rather than English Thisis true, Ducitisalso tre tha For mos of his adult ie he ‘considered himelfan American, He was born a Frenchaitcrat and twentio America in 175. In 1764, heseted dows aa farmer in New ‘York State He was aguint the Revolution when ie broke out and {eturned to France tit was ever Mists fen drcan Farner 782) contain one of the eat explanations of the American petsonalty, and are sill wiely read. fn one leer, he asks Whats his American, this new man? leaving behind him allisancientpejadies, and manners reeves ew ones from the new mode" of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys ad the new ra he hold, CGrévecoeur id not describe America as utopia, nor did be expect ito become one. Yet he stv fir more hope and health ina ‘Society where “individuals ofall nons are melted into anew rae of ten’ than in thelr, led wcities rope. Atthe same time he tras afraid that this happinen would be desteoyed by the Revolution, Tn his States of Eighth Contry Ane (not published wl 1925) hheexplins these fears, Tn the mest portant ad interesting pat Slee, Crévecneur describes the tragedy" of prople who have bee ddstroyed bythe lawlsanes ofthe Revoluon, Neighbors, who were fonce frends, bumed each other's Houses and Killed each others Eames To Crtvecocur the ideal American was quite diferent: 3 social man who co-operates wih his neighbors, wile earning his own living fom faringpag of the ot iti Cle Bet nh Cast Mains Chapler Three The Rise of a National Literature In the carly years ofthe nw eepublc, thee was dinagreement about Iw American Hterature should grow. There were thee diferent prin al view. One group wae worried thst American Iieratate st Ecko national fling, ‘They wanted books which expressed the spevial character of the mation, not books which were bassd on uropen enlture, Anoter group fel that American iterate wae tou young to declare ie independence from the Brith Iiterary tradition. ‘They believed the Unied States ould sc isl 8 2 new branch of English eltue. The hil group als fl that he ell fora rational erature was a make, To them, good Hlerature was Univeal alwaysrsing above he tinea place mereit war write, The argument continued fr alata hundred years without any dear decison, Aa America iterator grew and were the greatest nites found a way to combine the bes qualities of the Terture of the Ole and New Works, They aio gave thei works the universality of great Ieratuee Novels were the first popular literature of de newly independent United States This wa sstnishing® because almost no American syelswere writen beloe the Revoliton, Likedeama, the novel bad Thc cored a "dangerous form of Kteratare by the American Partans Novelspt “immoral” ideainto the heads young peopl In England, bowtver, the Pitan writer John Bunya had published reat novel-ice work, The Prin’: Popes (parte, 1678). The teenth century became period of greatnessfor the English novel tvth writes lke Duel Defoe (Rabi Cru), Samuel Rickardvon(lars) and Henry Fielding (Tom Jon Ththecaly days ofindepenence, American novels served a weil purpose. Unlike por, the language of tse novela spate dred to ‘rdinary American They used vealnc deals go deseribe the reality ‘ot American li. They heljd Americans se theneeves a4 single tation At the sme ime, the eatest American nonelintehad to be ‘ery eae. Many Anmericans sil ipproved ofthe novel Tn fay, the fst American novel, wtliaa MILL axons’ Poe af Smad (158), was suppressed as “morally dangerous” som after i was Published, As a ret, novelists tie ard to make thet books ftceptable, They Elle therm with morale advice and religions sentiments sosanna xowson (1 7fe tha alle her Charo Temple (i791) a “tle of wth” and made readers cry over the sa fate of | young gil “Ted inc si ‘Madre Chialy (1790-1815) by com MENHY mRACKENRIDOE 748-1816) was the Best importa nove, Like sauna Rowson, Brackenridge wanted achieve "reform n moral nd mates {he people™ The hook i a series of adventuse in which the author Taughs at America’s “backwoode™ cult, His target include religious and national groups (ae Quakers, the Ii, the Indian), aston avery, sword or gunfight), and occupations aw, religion, medicine). The weaknees of American detnucracy are alo de scsi Asin Dot Qua, by the Spanish writer Cervantes, the ero travels around the enunty with islow-las servant, He experiences problemseverystepafthe way. Although thas been called ene a the ‘reat frgoten books of American literature, the avekwatd structure snd logue” of Modem Chay make i rader bard to reat today Another novelist who described the nation’s western frontier ovuntry was ous IMLAY 17541820). His Emgrnt (1798) farly example of Jong line of American novels which showed American cUltare wo be more natural an simple dan theo ultre ‘Europe. An English family moves to America t vein frontier seulement Weseehow some members oft family are able to change Che Bratt ‘heir way offen find happiness. Others hold om ko the “fae ol ‘ales of English society and ate vuined ar more interesing and important is the work of enakies snoceoes sac (1771-180) His interest in the pychology of Toeror® greatly inluenced sch writers as Hawthorne and Poe may sear later. Like thee eo writer, Brown had the ability to deeb Enmplcated (and often crac} ids, Wild (1958), Browns best iowa work, was a psychological "Gothic noveP” in the European style The hero lives in a wor of horror: murders are commited, people speak with he voices often or suddenly explode nto Mates, Acinallofhis works, Brown storied with emotional power "Me rineteentorcntury eit, “tling you of with hs Bie ated.” Seduction’ isthe central theme of kis Ormond (1709) in which the ‘silwelcerisfinallilled bythe heroine. The theme Ard Mera 799) nthe inerdcion ofa youn man w the world sev. The hem le, lung aeiminal genius, but tey al etay"OUTLINE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 9 him, Towards the ead, the novel becomes moriie when the her decides to spend he resto hie ding god. Egor Huy 179) like many of Brown other works, has elements ofthe horror story the murder of lange umber of people by the Indian sleepwalking: and the insanity ofthe hero and nattator, Hy Inthe mascexctingseene, Hundy wakes wpin the otal ackneso | fave eas bensleepwaling) wherehe ust fight a mountain lon Line by litle Brown's heroes discover that they can neither tnderstand nor direct ther own lve Life is “eisestons"™ and Hhuminting” Tis kee shat way by the moral blindness of humanity. With this philosophy, i noe surpesing that Brown spent his las years writing pla pamphlet against te optimistic plilesopy oF Thomas Jefferson. OVAL TVL4R, whom we have already mentioned a the author of the play The Ganras alo wrote one of tebe realistic nove this petod. The heros Algerie Cape (1749) works om ashipcary ing lack slaves to America. Then hn ship sinks adhe ie sade slaveby pirates The themecf the novel nan attack on the American sovernment fori support of slavery. Tntheeany parcot the nineteenth century, New York City wasthe centerofAmerlean writing, Fries were called “Knickerbocker, and the period fom tea eo tgo is known the “Knickerbocker fra” of American literature The name comes fom 4 His 9f Nae rk by DiedickKikerboce (oq), by wasanxrOn RVING (138 185). Ivins book rated alot ofincrestin the local history of New York, butt wasa humorous ratherthan aserious history ofthe city. To the pele, he writes that his purpone “to clothe toni scenes and places and familiar asne with imaginative and whimsical” ascete ations” Irving actually vented many ofthe event and legends! hhe writes about inthe book. The sda wa o give the eon af New York Cityaspecil “ocala” But more importantly, the bookies tet pin yd Suh fa ew, acces Washington ting masterpiece of comedy which laughs at the Puritans and at New York's eaty Dutch governue. One auch governor i described asa san who had almost nothing tosay, and who worried more about his ‘own idigecon than the problems of his ety Testu he was a man shut up within hime ike an oyster, ind rately spoke. but heaitwar claimed that he seldom aid fobs thing. ‘Washington Irving's next important work, The Skch Bu (B10) ‘contains tw ofthe Bewtsoved tris fom American iterate: Rip Van Winkle nd The Land 9f Sey Holl. Te plots ofboth tries are based od Geran fl tle, But Irving fils them with the “eal color” of New Vork’s Hudion River Valles. Even toda, dhe real ples he mentions ate asociated with his stores, The Catal “Mountain ou the western side ofthe Histon Vale, arestl bought ‘of ar the place where Rip Van Winkle fll asleep fr twenty year. Serpy Hollow, jut northofthe ty, ist famous asthe place where, late one night, Ichabwat Grane war chased by he “Headle4 itt fom Eig Rip Van Winkle Horseman. [this lststory, asin many fhisers, Irving contrasts the personality ofthe New England "Vankecs” with that othe New Yorkers, Ichabod Crane, a New Englander made comie figure He i grey and superaious, The “Healew Hreman™ who Irightens him out ofthe valley x not real. He was isnt by local New Yorkers, n oder to fighten outsiders Thal, Te Sch Bok contin thirty-two stories, The majority are ‘on European subjects, mwtly English, Like many inportat ser tan writers afer hi, vig fou thatthe eh ler clr of the (O¥d Wort gave him alto material fr his tsi, Few of histories ate relly orginal. "We are-4 young people,” he explains in the preice!, “and must ake our examples and model fom the exiting ‘ations Europe.” Notsurpisinly. many of ving later works did jus tha, Beige Hall) is caletion of es abate ol Fashioned English countryside Thestoriesin Talrofa Tree (1824) sre etn Europe, T1826, Irving went ta Spin and lived there fo sine time, The Allama 1832) one of his bet works reels the Tegends ofa great Spanish palace, where he ved for many months Teal hisistren, The Life and Vayage of Cistphr Caos 108) sid The Congest of Grade (ag) were writen daring ths period. Trving wa theft American to eam bie iving through iterature, He jwasalmost as popularin Europeashe wasathome. But there were tnany who erie his work. He himself considered “feng” ad langage a more impartant clemeats in his art than stor or ‘haracter He egarded the story simply "asa (pice frame on which Teich my mates". Aer his death, his reputation Bogan to Aiecine. But ever tay, we conte to be charmed by Teving’s ‘worse and the pleasant sonality behind them. (OF the other Knickerbocker ries, ly aus ABMKE PAULING 1778) worth mentioning here, Hisbest nove, The Dasa’ Fire (183, eam amusing sate setin Colonial America. While be handles hie American characters well he expeeses pleasant socal opinions (hei antcIndian and prolavey ‘Neither Wathington Irving nor any of the other Kniekerboekes sealy ie wo speak fr the whole county. For them, the America ‘wort tend! to stop at the borders of New York State. aus Frsivons cooren (1789-1851), on the her hand, wanted to peak forall America, Along is books are not een ae grea erste, fey contain rch thought erticsen of American society In over thirty novel and several works of nonfiction, he pointed out the est prof American society and the American peramalty and severely Uricized the worse parts, In Earope, be became known ar he Amenean Walter ott. Like Set heweoteadventuestoviestiled ‘with historical etal.) But eis did not please Cooper becaune he Considered his works to be completely originalOUTLINE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 3 tough many of Coopes’s bestow works are also set in New York State, thet characters ave “Americans”, not simply "New Yorker. He describes sick American character eypes as the pioneer the Indian and the Yankee slot. But the problems they Fearenotsiniply American problems. They are problems faced by proplecverywbere, They (18a his et sere nose, shout bam who moves back and forth between Arserican and Bids ‘ampe during the Revolution, sling things to both sides, He iva tragic character, since alment everyone knows he is ally spy. But ‘thich sd she spying for The Ameria are sre he working for {he British a he ale hi several times fut ek George Washington's mest oval agent Bt this secrete hep almost he ‘end. Up to his death, he sill isuerstoa ae istrusted by his fallow countrymen The Piers (1823) was the fit novel of Cooper's frnous "Leathersiocking” series, sc in the exciting pevied of America’ movement westward. Natty Bumppo. wt i ften called Leaherstockng) appears in all he novel inthe seis ad neo the bestknown characters in Amesican Beratre, He is typical American pioneer figure Me is master ofall hells needed olive And huntin theforet. Hehasanunsally deepovefornatare and is Suid of destroying it. His sympathy for all peopl, including the Indians alo wna. Race cofice expecially between whites and Indians- was common in America wi the end ofthe nineteenth Ecotury. Cooper makes thisconit x constant theme throughont the series He filly his novele with battle scenes beween whites ad Indians. But both the author and his character, Natty, clearly Alsapprove uf those who are simply Indian haters, Suc people are lvays sea asthe wort sort of American, because they hil both Snimals and humane “for the spre oi (Cooper's ins even thebad” on, aealmost alvaysbrave In general heaven Teligne int two tyes. He "gow ons Tike Uneas and Chingachgook (Natys best fiend) are loyal and alectonate. Some eis complain that they are too goal al that CCoopersave them, wrongly, as “noble savages" The “bad” ones are fled with ei aed ean be trated Sel there i aways a sadness in Cooper's depiction ofthe Indians. They area dying rae, sce feed co the advance of whiteculture, Atthe ame time, Cooper seme te be warning all of humanity tht his cul he the feof oer In The Powers, we see Naty sold age He and Chingachyook, non’ drunkard, have lst the grace ad sky ofthe yout, But Chingactgook gets hack some af his nobity by seturiag tothe religion of his people bere dying. The novel as beautiful scenes Aeseribing the seasons and bie in a frontier village. The author combines history adventore and local esta into what he call "3 Aesritive tale" The La ofthe Mein (1826), oe of America’s ont famous novel, shows Natty at a much younger age Ii a ‘acting sory, ll afaction, Character fight and are taken prboner, thenescape o are eseued, Uneas, the Mohican sthelast ois ibe He replaces Natty a the hero in the lst Ralf of the novel. Unicast lille bythe ei Indian, Mage, lt The Pra (ha), Natty inno {nis ihe. Hee tooo for ero, But Cooper makes him seen like Moses the Bible as he quis group of eter other ew homeland, His beloved forests have all een eared and ae now nla. To escape “cization”, he mast now ive on te eles plain, In The Pathinder (1840), we again see Naty a6 young man, He almost marisa ie ealled Mabel Danan, but decides to tar to his ife in the wilderness. Cooper also changes his hero's manner speaking, making him » kind of backwonds philoopher. The idea thay havebeen to make hima more artuetive igure fr Mabel But it ‘wasnt very succesful ad thedalogue ofthis ove soften severely ‘icied, The Darl (ngs) shows Natty in his early wets, ‘tthough we see his Kl bi iat Tadian, his exental goodness ontrased wth the Fadia hates Hurry Harry and Thomas Hutter [A the eral ofthe novel vast the rene fs main event ileen ‘Sears they happened: Heads only tiny pee of ded ebbow Wehich had belonged wa gi who once Fved hi. The reader shaves aty’sfecing of radnes about the past pi pl et ipn Th Patio of hems in Jes Pine The viewry of ine and “civliation” over the wildness Seautlly described by Cooper, Hisweaknenesasa writer, homer, ave alot as well noe a his strengths, He fs mnt succes a ‘eenes of violent action or of nighttime terror and mystery. Bat his ‘haracter descriptions ate often unsatiscior. His deserptions of women characters whom le always calls ema”) ane expecially trek, Only few fee are interesting as individuals, We rarely etadeepkaokat hireharacters Inc, almost allo them have he Ste interns and need: housecleaning and love, Ocessinally there area problens with Coopers deserptons of acon scence, Mark Twain, in his famous eay Paxman Cop's Lilerary Often ferely attacks him for bad mistake he mas in a scene in The Dranaer group of Tins try to jump down onto a riverboat ma tre, Arcorng to Cooper’ description, homer, the boa longer under the ee. iil, none af Cape's lenses” sesiously ‘poi the reader's enjoyment of hi sores, ‘Cooper wns aio one of he fst writers of ea stores in America, Thwe novels have clement of bos romantic’ and reali The suthorisa romantic when hedesribesthesudden change weather the beauty ofthe oan, std the mysterious shied seamen. The realism comes from Cooper's pera anledge o the sag he ha thew sailor in his youth, The Pit (1824) ist in Revolutionary ties. Ti kindof Leathertocking tal et om these, with eee ttl narrow ecapessed awe ald sailor sina to Natty Buroppo imhiseld age. The Red Rew (1837) a tale of pirate adventutes, ako et in Revelutonary times. ‘From B26, Cooper spent yeven year in Europe. But he was angered by the wa Englishmnenspoke unfavorably about his county uv in defense he wrote Noto of the Amerie (188). Back in America, Cooper became a political conservative. His fuily had tpen pat of the farming arnocracy and he wrote the “Litlepage Tally” to support this group, In these three novel, The Cainer gs Sta (145) al The Red (18465) be depicts he ree tthe “common man” in a democracy. He regets the passing of| Americas landowning aristocracy and the rie of «new clas, the neyrabere The era of Irving and Cooper had hie important voice, that of he pote WILLIAM CULLEN Ra (1794-1878). Although his grandOUTLINE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 5 | parents al been Puritans, Bryan's ow philosophy was democratic {nd liberal. Asa poet, he died th old neocasca sye- He agreed With the Romante poets of Europe such a+ Enlanc’s Wordsworth) thatthe new poetry shout nt simply copy ee forms and idea ofthe ansient clases Rather, it should break aay fom the old pater. ‘The new hind of poetry should help the reader to understand the wor! though histemotions. For Bryant, ke oder Romantics, “the fica spring of portry i emotion”, and its aim i tind new, “higher” kind of knowledge Hist reat poo, Tanaispis (187), shows the deep Romantic spirit o Bryant in is youth, In this aos blank vere asterpice, ature and death are devi sith a gentle sadness, The ttle i Gree oe “vew ofeath Bryans ew that death ithe abaoluce nd ofthe iva ‘And, lost cack human race, surrendering up ‘Thine individual beng, tha shale go ‘To mix forever withthe clement “To bea brother tothe insenible rock pg ea se ing ih th lime ang A fist, dis might seem a cold and tsiing ought. But 3x he explains in later poem, the life of man spat the wonder Me of ‘nnture asa whole. The individual oa snot alone but, an he sayin Fovet Hy 1825), par "the sof hs wide universe” lt all otis poetry exprenes his excitement atthe idea of being part uf something so vast Te Pairs (1832) a emotional desertion of the huge fatland of the American Mid Wes: Lat they setch, In sry undulations Car any, AS the ocean, in his gente sell Stood stil, with all hie rounded Pillows Be, And motions forever. Tn such poems as The Fla of Yes ane The Laie of Tine Bryant responds the hagenes of ine with similar emotions, Sena Bryant was alo a writer with a deep social comeience, As a sesspper eit, he Fught hard fr the right of he laborer and of ‘lacks, In sh poems as Te Fin Gi Lame ad The Arian Ch, pines the qualities that unite al people. But its is nature poetry sole ne eead with the greatest please today. Furthermore, this poetry prepared the way forthe Transeendemals™ writes who ‘vould son bring Armenian Kteraeure the atenton ofthe world "Athoughliterature developed far ore sloaly nthe South than in ‘he North ete were a fe important writers In Seale Bare (12), yous recy kasAeoy (17951870) remembers he ud Souther soclty af his youth mother novels, Kennedy wi greatly influenced by dheworkso irWalter Seo wnat ator snes (186-1890, the best ofthe “romancers ofthe old Sut was also an adie of Scott But in is ies novel, The Toma (1835) be erated a highly 1 work of iterate. His subject sa tribe of Indians which Slowly being destroyed by the advance of white society: Unlike Cooper, who was snore interest in inividual, Simms dseibes India society as whole, Ther castors and prychology are saced incall The hook stint iterate sod history: Sins bleed that itis the ans only whe i the true historian”iste fr The Ra, gr Alo P's mo os oon Chapter Four An American Renaissance In the tigor and jo, he font of American society was quichy moving toward ee west. Following inthe path of Brackenridge and Cooper writes were beginning wlaokat he western rons fo ens foe literature about American fe. But inthe eis along the ean ‘ast the older ideal ofthe nation aya Ani community wast ry much ave. The ling there was that the cultures Maeschy {est and Virgins Ought eo be the models of ational else At this time, Bento sed it neighboring towns and villages wete filed with intellectual excitement and activity, Harvard, in nearby Cambridge, was no longer the only place deeply intersted in duration, ‘The powerful fd ow rather conservative) Noh neice esc, unde by Harvard profesor Edward Channing in 18, was also busy spreading Has. And since 1826, eraveing Teecrers had been bringing Knowledge abut culture and sence to both the city andthe New England countryside. There was a Usefl Kovomlege Saciety, a Natural Mistry Society andthe Mereandile [Library Association, Thanks to then, many New Englanders became reglaelecture-goer Aang the younger people, there was much talk abou the “new spiritual era-The youngimtelcetualot Boston west diated with ‘held patriotism. America's power and wealth did notinteest them They wanted to explore the incr il They stuied the Grech German and Indian pileephere Many kept dares about hie ives and feng. Other became vegetariars or nui Tn the center of this activity were the Transcendentaias, TheyOUTLINY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 4 formed! x movement of fings and bei rather th pilsopiny, They reed both the conservative Praia thee Tneetre td the newer, Koel faith of Untarianisn, They sae both religions a "neat, cold, Hem”. Althuugh they respected ‘Cvs for the wisdom a his teachings they thought of he works Shakespeare andthe grea philosophers at equalyimportan The Transcendental ed to nd dhe uth hengh lng ad inition? rather than tough lg. Orestes Brownson, an early 5 hecapacicy of knw rth nuts --an oder of knowledge transeening he senses" Henry David Thoreau put moe simply "Windom dees not iapect it whol The Transcendental Sea, cath ir, sound, sitence Pant, quadeuped, bird By one misc enchants ‘One deny sive Inmany ways, nature ital ws their “ile” Bie cols, ees and sw had special meaning for them. Natural images like these ‘created a hind of language. Hhroegh this language they discovered ideas already plate in the hua sl All dings in Nature are beau ypes tthe soul that wil ‘ead them ject hat speaks to the senses was mean ar the soul ni ath Wale Emr Hory Desi Tors Tn 18,6, natn watno socwso (1-18) founded the Tre seendental Club" 16 magazine, Te Da, wax often etc fries ‘aque’ or silly eas, Sil it was the tre ve of ther eons and Telings Fora time the ovement had a experimental community the Brook Farm Insite. But this came to an end when the Transendentalsts divide! int wo groupe: tone intent soa reform, and chore (ike Emerion and Thoreau) who were more intersted inthe individual. Th 13, Emerson published Nola, the clearest statement of Transcendental ideas, ithe stated that man shoul note nate rmetely as something to be weds that man's relationship with ature trade the wea of wsfunes, He saw an iniportant diference letween andsening (ing things only according to the Sense) and "Reso When the eye of Reason opens... tines and sunfies Iecame transparent and are no longer see cases al eit are seen through them, The brat moments o ie ae these“The sow sale of the book showed ose small in numbers the “Transcendental really were, In 1837 Emenon gave a famous specs Harvard Univesity: The American Scolar Me atacked the Influence of eadion and the past, and ealed for a new burst of American creativity. "Ta him, the word scholar dno refer tothe than of "book learsing”, but to the original thinker, Such man novshimeef trough ntution andthe sty of mature, otf tks ‘al, handsome man, Emerson began his earers se Unitarian minister, Even affer he lett the minstry and turned away from Christianity, he remained a kind of “preaches he was an enor= ‘mous popula letarer Fis he wuld "deposit ieasin i jour (hich he alld "my bank account”) and tien he developed his lectures fom the notes in his joural. Next, he rewrote them nto sesay,SoRetian (11) sone of dhe mest mous ofthese lecture) ‘say and is widely edn American high stool tay Thee is fille with memoeable ins, uns go most Americans ‘Tobeievein your own thought, tobetieve that what issue for yon in your private ert is true for all men, ~ tha i ena To be great st be misunderstood A fol comsinteney i the hoby bin of ee minds Equally importa is Emerson's essay The OvrSn! (as). The “OverSoul” h"that unity. within which every man's particular beings contained and mud ane witha things lowing ot of that unity, "Manistee whone sources iden.” From the Over Soa ome aides and intelligence: "We donot determine what we think, We only open our senses and safer the net to se 1a his exay The Pot (tig), Emerson desribes the pct asthe “complete man”. The poet resus tan ud Uanaghts. A good poet Ielprus “mount to paradise By the stasay opie + ne i ii Fee thae the font ofa poet should grow owe ofits thought. "This Iecamte each poem “has an architecture ofits own “Avec as Wal Whitman, Emerson helpedopen American portry to new posites His poetry ie offen errze as beng asked fin! uel. But fr hen pote’ dd no always have to produce ess sounds, Har sounds could be wed to surprie theca. He {hointrduced the nation tently new pox material such asthe Hingis that we arealwaysreborninto this world each die wedi This the theme of his Bat: the eed slayer think he ays (Or i he slain’ think he sain, They knoe not wel these! way W keep ad pas, ad ca agai, ut perhaps hes est own athe author of the Cond hm, which Celebrates the Butte of Concord during the American Revolution, The lat line of the st stanza” i aniar to most Americans iy the rude? bridge that ated dhe Hoos “Th Hag to Aprils ineeze unl, Here once dhe embattled? farmer stood "And fied the sho heard sound the world Another tterary gant who lived in Emerson's hometown of Concord hits miles west of Boson) was mnsky navi tuowEAD [ney Bhs). Ava young man at Harvard, Thoreau hd been deply teflon by zeading Nt and remained a pare Transendentale [Realise He an Emer hel many sii pisos: hey eve Tooke alike and for two years Thoreau lve in Emerson's home Emerson often remarked thatthe Younger mats eas seemed like continuations of is own, Over the years, however the relationship ‘ica ineresinly iia. Tn 1, Thoreau wrote ofa meeting brewer the te i whi: Emerson "ld ine what already knew” ‘Thoreau fle that he had wasted his timehe Emerson, Thoreancreated his lectures and books rom notin scarey kept orn: "My journal sth forme which would else spillover andruntoxeante.” But whathe wrote there and ins books "sas writen in afar morelivelystylethan Emerson's Emerson wre shout nature in the aburact"™. Thoren, however, was a exper enced woodsa and his works ate filled with details about plans, fives and wii In uy, Thoreau was aeested and pt in ji fr one night because Ine had reused to pay is taxes. Ht was a protest gaat the US goverument’ aceptaner of slavery in the South snd is wa with Mexico. He wrote about his experince in jl in hit say Ce Pisobeioe (1846) ‘As Isto considering the walls of said stone nd the iron rating” whieh strained thei, leoul nthe being sre withthe oishnes the insttion which cated nea i were lesh and bones wo be locked up As dey could not Feach me, they had rely to pani my bay. ‘The theme of his work “that we should be mien Hirst and subjects aferward” ~ made ita great inflame om Tolstoy, Gandhi and Martin Luther King. I iprbably the es-known American eay outside he United Seats rom 145 o 1847, Thoreau ved alnein hut he bil or inset ‘nthe north shore Walden Pon few niles rm Concord Wile thre he wrote A Wek on he Curd and Merial ir The bak is loosely nani around the tory ve rip which he had once takew with hs brother. Most of the material 3 actually fon his oumal. One ert has called ts heap of goa ings athe than bok” various icusionsinclade a etalog offhon te Concord River the poeuy of Homer fights with Indian snd the Transeetalen- talist meaning of sounds Late, in 854, Thoteau wrote bis wor-fmous Halden, about his stay inthe pondhide hat. Initsownstrange ay, itisone ofthe rests works af American iertute. On the surface speaks only of thr se ing a ie practical side ofving alouein the woos, ofthe plants, aienals and -nsetsone finds there, and ofthe changing seasons But in fat ei completly Transcendent work. The autho isto “ive through ‘he ssble wo theinisble through the temporal othe etrnal™ He ejects the things ordinary people desire in if, such as money and prsewions Instead, he eanphasives” the search for trie wisdom ‘While civilization has been imposing ou hom thas ot equally improved those who vein them,” Tre enjoyment comes only when ‘one throw off all unnecesary things. Deering hi te home, fe Sys, "My best room always ready fr ompany was the pine woud behind my howe.” Walden i a hopeful book, encouraging Propet eadincere,joyouslives, The autho sees the world smote ‘wonder han i convenient; more beaut tha is weil” Thoreau’ poetry ia ess important than Emerson's, Heseemsto apologize fortis fact when he wets "My he hs ben the poem 1 ‘would have wie / But Feu ot bat ive and ater" it” Many of ‘Thoreau’ powe'” sentences, however, sud Uke poetry. Somne ae ow famous sayings in our literature ‘The mass of men lead lve of quiet desperation? Avi you cou Kil time without injuring eternity Throughout the Hom his interest sence increased But he always fa bate difference between himself and the cientie naturalist 19185, hewrote,"Mancannotaffordtobea naturalist, Took t Natiredivertly- Turns the man ofsciene to stone” Alo ‘round this tie, Thoreau became deeply intersted inthe Abii ist" movement. His home Became a meeting place for antiaavery| vous He was an active member ofa group stich helped slaves ‘ape to freedom:There were other, less important Tramscendentalist poets and writer One of these wat aoe BRONIOS ALOT (179-8) an important pioneerin American education ad the au of Cnc ‘ins wth Chileno he Gel (1896) His method atta the lilignce of chitren in cleat them, His greatest succes was with his own daughter, Loti May atcorr (182-1880), Late Louisa wrote Lite Wen (1968-16), an extremely fas and ‘harming novel about a lily js like her on aca rena 1810-1850) ,edtorol the Transcendental magne Te Dial fom "yo" 182, was abo an important female voice in nineeenth-entury American literature Her Women te inte entay 49) powerful al fr equal igh for women, witstaa ERY CANNING 1818 1got) i best membered a the else fend of Thoreau, His Thorny, The Pot-Natralt (1873) x 3 masterpiece of American iggy. Gtooe, mrtay (Boe 18) xd THRODORE. PARAL 1810-18) were Teamcenlentait writers who tied to lead the movement toward sca efor, The Tramcenentalins had ther enemies, too. Olver W. Holmes whom we wll ook at in the next chapter) made a cucl attack on ‘hem in his Afric Pam (1843) eluded infants! Will they never know Some doubts must darken o'r he world below? NaTHAELawrnionse 804-1854) ao attacked the Trancenden- tats for ignoring those doubts which "darken o'r the world Mis elit Rta (1843) 6 a nie short story abot Chan, the hero Jolin Bunyas'»Plrin’s Pag. bn Bunyan story, Christian sms rave the dealt oad of ifeon fot. Along the way, he meets Such problems of life as pa, sn and daub. In Hayatorne’ tale, however, Christan’ journey go the Celestial City heaven) far simplerthe aiload thes him straight here, The aoa symbolizes A pat of ‘pind ‘he Transcendental’ alae o deal with sch difelies ns doubt andsinin uma ie, Chita rip ends wth him being thrown nto lake cold water ("Realty") Aste can sein The Clete Raloat Hawthoraes stores ually have a strong allegorical” quality. (One neem ee complained that, “Hal of him entered the world af logy a could never get out Hawthorne alWvays write aban ma in soiety rater than simply abut an in ature Hischartter ually have some ere gui ot ple which keeps them at distance rom other people. They are {eoubled by prieseney yor tedesireforevenge-Thissntetestin the thark pact ofthe human rind ease Hasdameto creat tale sia to thse ofthe Gothic nove. Tlawthorne caeflly desis the paychology of his characters Lonelines and waste aethe themes oft noel, Fausto (128) Wins abouta young genius wha dis before he can crate a work of sreatnes, The novel te a copy the Gothic tion stl popular at the tne, and Hawthorne hel considered ita failure, With the publication of Ti-Told Toler 8), he showed his mastery othe Shor story, The Minste' Blah Fes one af he sores, contains cheOUTLINE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. 4 themes of alonenes and evil which run though his whole work. A. New England minister pats om a black vil ea symbol of the ei ‘ain every human heart He wearsit fr thereof hii, butt separates him fom the rt of wit and lm woman's love, The suthor repeats this theme of alonenes or ton, inthe sores Wabi 183) and fady Eeare’s Monte 1058 Mors fom an Olt Manse (1846) in eich The Coli Raioad appears, contains some of Havethore’s best and best-known tales “he Bionark (143) and Rappccin’s Daaghe (bys) are eay xamplesofthe”mad seat story in Ameren ton, Both ello Intllectual men who ate runed when they interfere with the sacred ‘mysteries In Fong Gasdman Bou (1835) ther levee thet allshe people in is village are Devi-worshippers. Actually hes nly Hing from his own sites, by creaming fsa in oer. tn The ‘Sone mage (1851), another collection of thor storie, the roof han ‘Brand (1851) klshinselby throwing Mawelfintoa fie had been searching forthe“ npardomablesin aud had odin hisomn soul His “vase inellectual development” had destroyed the balance luetween hismind and heart. Although ec aot personally share the Puritan vew of lie, the problem of sin common ia this author's work lawthorne's best work ually his stg feng forthe Part past of sevemteenth-centary New England, Thies the sting of Te Suerte (1830) considered his masterpiee, Hs the study the effets the adultery of Hester Payne al Arthur Dime, Puritan minster. Hester istorced oseeararedletter“A" on her dress sbowing the world that she iam alters, Hester uusand esto ‘et revenge by destroying Dimmesdae’s mind an! sol, Dimes, the fther of Hester's cl, tres to hides guilt. Tn the end, he ‘confess and diesitmmediatey aera, praising Gad, The theme of {he noel isthaitisnees thie quilin order to avoid punishment ‘Thenovel aks the question ofwhether the actol Hester ad er lover ‘eas really sinful, The author gives noeear answer Bat by the nd of thenovel, Hester "A seems tosymbole the sifu eal people Hawtharne' House te Sen Gales (85 2a in all American highachols Inthe secentcnt cota, the fonder te Pyeeon my hod ie ne The ee ane tal aly dsoysche tail inthe nineteenth cer. The nove {Rally an allegory. Each character eps difleen quality ad Calreode™ ktsed show thewequaites Theeiet of he novel ture ctor than dramatic Scenes remain the reader ning ike Saedarened photograph The MiedleRonse (8) 6 crc ofthe ‘Tramendentse ise! Brook Fars community. While The Howe of te Seo Gales Sucks ihetailretoconeet paste hsbackartack the mites ol Inoternrelormers Mary crits pra the bok’ techni exer then such athe way te narator lars an the tory proese Tiawornes Mss Fn) atin Tay was werten when the tutor retwned fran svenyeur stayin Batope The plot Inches Hawthorns favorite theme: theless murder ath {xe When Dontelltrowsamcetaeningstranger offal cach hinccharacten esr involved Some cide suaget that “indo Gan Eden story an that Donatella ea Kn of Aa Teisaboan increting example of the “ternational” novel which TenyJamestoer made rou sting ehanyoftiwors in aro Hawthorne contents Puritan New Bgl ceproentl by he American an sen Hida) with Catholic Kaly (Mam, the imperious woman with gully pat). “Jak mous reiew of Hawthorn’ Mss fm a Old Mans saan weeva (ecg 1091 ted that depite the aight on thetitersie of Hawthorne soa, there fshroude in bhctnes, ten fines Mack” This statement Is ceew ome rue a ‘ati hinset In ison, ran ves na work dived int 40 sartng pars: qe against ei, God agaist Sata te “head Sout the "hes" There no way t0oveeome these opposites Notes veteran is working agaist bums happiness aed pace of Mehils mut Sportant experiences ine started when heDecames sailorat age twenty. On board ship, he was op shocked by the ie of the lowes sailor The peronal morality was cmplecely diferent font anything bis family bad taught him. But when he began to write, ie at sea became the most important material for his ook id short stoi, Later, he called this fxperence “my Harvard and my Yale ‘Melville's stoies are always more than simple sea avenues, Ena sense the voyages of his heres are alway searches free ruth is Fst novel, Ze 186), wan quite popular becauwe of ewes devil. The heeo escapes fom his ship and lives among ee of ‘anmibals (the Type. He finds them happy, morally pre and “etter than European”. But they ilo kill and eat other human brings: The book res he question of whether happiness always uted wih ort. Typical, Mebule leaes the question at sere Ono (1847) continues the adventure of Tom, the hero of Type. Both novels contrast civlieation with primitive ie, Om deeper level they show the elashbeteeen the vals of Cray and thee of the tial egos Mar (18) was oo abstract al ficult wo be popular la this novel, the sea voyage wo longer eal, bt allegorical The hrf ‘sits imaginary South Sea las, which represent various counties ‘ofthe world. The seton on the island of "Venza atl an important critica United States, Viventa tjet the past too culls, and thnks tha its civ elation wil lst forever. Bat Vivenza willaiodecine, ike allother tation athe past, The voyage next moves emote alneract level, where places represent hilesop ics, Next Meville wrote bam (1849), about & young man's ist experiencesasa sailor Tus theme—how peoplearedrawnintoesl iva Inajor theme in American trator, Tea deeply humanitarian’ novel emphasising tha people da nocbekong just ne nation, but 0 all of humanity. Tn Wheat (1850), Mebille makes inprtant Drogess a 2 writer, He moves frum llegory to symbolism Can Important development in American literature), The centralsymbol isthe hers whit jacket. tbs that heifer from his llow tals. Ahough le wes to get ri of i, he eam, Because ta Tecome the symbol of hs ow entity Writing thewenovels helped prepare Mehl for Mobs-Dic (1851), pethapsthe greatest mine of Ameriean terature, Equally important trar dhe encouragement Hawthorne gave Metslle while he was tring i, rom the begining, i elear dha che voyage of the Sthalng ship Peon wil bea syinboic voyage, Ie ic also clea tha Moby-Dick, the great white whale, represents God rf, although [ve gives the reader 3 great deal uf factual information abou shale-tunting in oeder ta sake the world of Moly-Dick seem rel (Captain Aa dhe central character, isa grand, ungodly, Gk ‘nan, Heis orn hecween his humanity and hs desire wo estoy thewhite whale. Thee twos thelight andthe dark—fight each other Im Alab. The dack side wins. To Abab, Moby-Dick is part of a ‘universal mystery" which eats because he cantot uidertant When Ahab finds the whale al aeack hin, ship s destroyed Ahab himself palled down nto these ois death, Mewes to say hat perma idetiy ony a illson here isnolifein thee now. Except that rocking ie mparte* bya gente rolling sip: by her, orsomed fom he se hy the sea fom the instutable® ties of Goa, Unfortunately, de pubic did’ ike Maby-Dik Has may years Iefre the genius ofits author was recognized, Melville's next book, Pare 852), wa abo not popular. The sub of de book is The Anbgutie adi the tal of 3 man caught in the “angie Iie Whenever he think he ding good find his tre mene are really evil The Coyne Man (1857) has a simlar theme he ‘eosin between the apparent confidence ned ehant*ofsosey and Tu darker bal” (suspicion and i) Altes the flue of Pr, Mell’ themes became less ambitions Hissiyle became more humorous andconversational Bu as wesc his short story, Barby the Serer (+858) his philosophy ever ‘hanged. The young hero, ite Abb, els that fille work sad spoils everything, But instead of actively hating iu he evomes. fompleely pase. Histhesad story fa young man who's unable cn the end, he even refuse Io eat a dis, The heo of Beate ena) sequally ehappy with elty Thetheme athatevery ‘comfortable view of life eetines Yo se the datker half, which wi estoy itn the end. ily Budd, Melle’ last important work, was published gag, overshiny years after ident. hist sory othe young sailor Billy (who represent the godine of human naar and hisevilenemy, Chagyart. In theend they destoy eachother Melle seems to be saying chat the work has place Yr pure ges pore evil r | | | | | } Aloe Po Another novelist who wrote about dhe sea was RICHARD sexy aa (e518) His Pu Tar Bei th Mest |g) wax writen Show the public the hardship” of the common sor. Tt a a inant poplar succes and quikly becamean American casi read by young Americans fr aver a century, Filled with tumor, factual Aeeiland strong, sh descriptions, twas bginluencr on Mell when he wrote his Redbus. Dana later ceame «layer and his Soman’ Fred 184 ecame the tandard workon the othe se, He was alo an active Ablitonist, ocaKanax ro og, yo) was yet another writer interested in ppychology and the darker sdeofluman nature His tion belongs theSouthern rather than the New England, writing tradition Tin oretomantiin language and imagery Boch Poe's parents had ben ators a hl! by he tie he was thee. His bad relationship rico many unhappiness his brie i with he ter father was is MS Found nw Bate (183), which he wrote at the age of twenty for shows how quickly Poe had master the ato dhe shor sor. The theme ofthisstangesea story was ned in many later Poe store: «a Tonely adventurer mets with physical a prychlogial horrors oe suse important contributions American iteraturein tee sre the short story, trary ert, and poetry. Many of Poe's Tule oftloror are known throughout he word, His methed was Pot bis characters uo unas situations, Next, he woul caetllyOUTLINE OF AMERICAS EITERATURE 4 Asie tein felings of ero or guilt The greatest examples of his kin ofstory are Te Pande Pedal (1844), The Tl Tale Hert (1843) ard Thr Blak Cat (x43) The author here rarely sows the acu objeto horror. Rather, the reader must ut is imagination, ‘Th Palo te Hoses User 839s hebest known Pe tales. Ht Ja sucentil example of is theory that in short storey, unity of tflectis everything” The storys setting andi pmb reveal ie ‘haracterof tele. eeack nthe howsesymbolizethe relationship between the adule tiny, Redrick and’ Madeline Usher, When Reserick buries his twin ser before she rally dea, abe returns to the honse fom the grave. When Redrick des the hose inksnto the black Take surrounding it, Poe's heroines elten “return fom the rave" by various means. In Lig (1098) the ghost fe er ie Wife returns 10 lie by stealing the badly hi second wie Poe war abo one of the erator of the male detective story Instead of examining characters ad felings thew stories examine mysteries or problems Examples ince Th Marden th Rae Morgue (ig), The Moar af Mave Roget 1842), Th Pind Late (1845) and The Gol Bug (1843) Except or thelist of these cach ofthe stores has the same hero, the bilan French detective Moxie Dupin, This characteris one of Pos finest ereatons, The author shows iy how Dupin’s rites mind works, Then vetyinlligent narrator seems to be as conse by the complrated plot asthe reader. This makes Dupia’s genie sem even eater. In many ways, sac narrator teminds one of Doctor Watson, Sherlock Hl end, who narrates the tales about that great dective, Port detective Stores ate writen in simple, ells style, Pesta hiss why they ‘were more popular dering his etme than his tales of hose: The interest of Poe's poet iin is sound athe than its conten. ‘He constantly experimented with ways to make it musical and setined poetya8"the eythmic creation ofheay”. Even the names hheuses havea musical sound: Eula, Lenore, Ulam, tn Te Bl (180, he chooweshis words for the qualtyoftiron Try reading the poem aloud to youll. Try to ear the leigh” belle nd the rly af the horse's forse ithe sw nies itieoaasatconaienidia How they tnkle, inl, inkl, in the ey air of might! While the sar, tha osersprinkles Alle heavens, seem to twinkle! With a erysalive delight. Similarly, nis ost famous poem, The Rave (1845), the sythen allows 0 hear the B's beak hitting the doo While 1 node, neatly napping suddenly there came tapping. Acofsomenne gently rapping rapping atiny chamber door ‘The unhappy young an asks he will agin meethisdendlovedons, more." Nevermore! athe repeated, machine ke answernt the big lack ind Poe flat the real goa of poetry is “pleasure, noc rch”. But or him, "plane did not mean happiness Rather a god pormereates inthe reader fling of gentlesadns. In Clune 1847 another al Nsmany poems about beutfl women who arenow dead, Poe mises saciese with oreo, Again the sound x more Imiportant than the theme (conflict tween pyc and spiritual love Poe's Titrary cates is abo important. His reviews forthe Souther Literary Mevsnger were read everywhere in America. He ‘wanted to help develop 2 vatinalUternure forthe young county sd felt tha itligent critism was the key. He hate bad boks and ta writing. His criticisms were wally accurate. But, ae James Reel Lowell complsined, they alo had “decades of mathenat ical demonstration”. This nade hie many enemies, Even after his Aath, oer wtters continued to attack him al eles about his penonalife. Por vunhappy hfeende in 840, when ewartoundin Balko see, dunk ad dying.Chapter Five The Boston Brahmins Tsou deine ut to at that Jason. Typically inn Bsa 184 she ahe encourages alin. The metaphor? is that of @ young ma ‘nbing a mountain ia ehe Alps A teeribe stan coming but thi ‘dc not sop bin: When beaut maiden invites him oat with Ines he dct mot stp, bu elias higher: A tear stood in his bright blue eye, But sill he answered, with a sigh, Excelsior! Few pope today a cnjoy this of vatimentalin’ ts more funny os than iting But whe he art Ari he mani wund oxen that tisha oes n= late, and yous ea | OF he midge of Paul Revere (Prat Reco’ Re 61) Hn geat balla were Eerie 84 ‘heSungof Heat gs Th Cons Mies Sto 1850 In thee he bored (or invented) legen of Colonial tine’ and made int poplar sores known all everest Sahnayninglctadary oamdesan Hes changcyhns wittesr toc hivsubee cacy, When patring aiding horseman ike Paul Revere the mete" gallop lke a rans hore. I the begining of Eom, he dex the eng na paced, beat measure. Ths prepares fre tragic love sory he about wo wi ‘This he Sores primeval. The memo ies and the hems, Bearded with me, and in garments gree, indistinct inthe igh wap ay feng aa ty ag ne gn abe i Ae ge ee et ig rt ag = Ini tava, the wnrymed troche metersoundslike the beat of a Tian tomtom drum, By not eying his ines, he gies his fpomaatherprintives anche eling hiss precy the eer Tong wants He ling he sory ofan Indian hero, before the long ofthe white mas, Hiawatha is the poets idea of manood, Every hima bet it man, “That in even sivage® bisa here ae ign, yearnings, svg, Fr the god hey comprehend ot Longflow urmed o mare religious thee ater ni. In his poem Te Tide Rss, The Tile Fal (199), he deserves the end oa a's ie Tistiken traveler who walls along aseashoreand disappears the distances The water covers his fosteps and pes them aay. ike Washington Irving, Longlellow took mt of his ideas om cater writers, Sly the moder complaint that there was nothing Criginal about his work i uot completely fir, Lonetllow hi mastered several European languages sind ereatively wel material he Found in German, Dateh, Finish and eer national iterates ‘nore serious pablem is jointed out in Emersons gentle etcben of {hie poet "1 have always one fremont satiation in reading your books that Can sf.” Lemglow never surprises shocks us with ‘new tthe With fea and lear voice, he prefers wo expres “the ‘imple devams of average humanity ‘They were the comfortable {ream and ideale of winetcenttncenury Amerie, Longfellow was the mst Lams nib oa group of aristocratic osto wsters walled the “Brahmins”, Most Babin came fom Fiehy okt Boston fnsien. Akough they loked to England for “egeellence” and ofen copie English erary styles they considered Boston ihe thinking center ofthe Ameri) continent, ad therefore the plance”. Their "Saturday Club” met ome Saturday a month fe inner, Gathered coger were “mest of the Americans whom leducated foreigners wished to se", Their memberhip ineldedTans Set Bo, he Hs Longfllow, Hawthorne, ©. W. Holmes, J. G. Whiter, James Rusell Lowell and the fanous historian Brescott and Mee. tn ssp the club stared itsowntmagarne, the Aloe Moi. Though this magazine, Boston's Hteraryeatabahinene™ red a aflence the iliectual ean tastes othe new American republic, For the next ‘oventy or tity years, sewas the leading intellectual nagarine of the Unite States, ‘tivER wor Hones (1809-189), whe hawt the nae Brahmin" for this group, wae among. the fit to write for the magazine. His Aner of the Breatfnt Table essay sti, which he lego publishing in the ft ite of the AHantie Mow in 5, quickly mace him one of Ameria moat amen weiter takes the tocn of imaginary converations ata Boston boarding house. The Autocrat?” is ceanly Holmes hinvell. Through thi character, Holmevexpeesesopinionsonmany differnt subjects Thesuperionty of Wanton culture one of his favorit subject, he eays ae alent clways humorous; often they contain surprising opinions. We can se ththelementsinthe Autocrasstatement that, Stupily fen saves 2 man Gom going mad.” The sree was a popular sicces, party Tecate reader enjoyed laughing with Holmes at people hey si lee intelligent or cleared than dhemslves. Holes was expecially good at humorous poetry and known as eof America’s best tte of ight vers. Dep, orginal thought was not issn pit, Like his ay, is ight verse aes ator ‘xpress strong Hkes and diss The Dec's Mavterpe (i) wes ypieal Holmes humor, bat che subject sa seious one. The poem fs clever attack om Patan Calvinism, His imayets «hore carriage which hasbeen prfety put together, jst ike the Calvinist religion Have you heard ofthe wonderfal one-hoss shay That wae ui in sich tga way isan hundred years to a day ‘Bot Calvin shane on untr princple, ands certain tll apart sone day. Afra hundred year, dhe cariage collapses" went to piers, al at once All at once, and nothing Sst Just as bubbles do when they burst Holmes ws alo the autor ofseveral novel each centered around au usual medical problem. Because of sack them, he alle themJames Resa Lil “medicated wove eV (161, hs bet ve, a realy attackon the Casini iea of moral responsibility, Elsie, a beaut {young weman, har an unnaturally coll penonality. But this isn't realy he fal, Her mother had ben ite bya poionous snake ust Tefire Bic was born, This had 1 lasting influence on the git puna alter she was bor, Both thin navel and Holme sexton, The Guardian Ange! (17, expres strong ant-Calvnist opnions d Mora diay (85) has a rather modern peyehologieal there. A terible experince in erly childhood eats & young man tae ONES RUSSELL LOWELL (119-1891) waste third famous Babin poet la hisera! he wasadmired nationally asthe pertet arsecratie tan of Btertur. fv kis early carer, Lowell's posty fiend politial mesage tn The Bighae Pars, written during the Mexican War (1846-8) he attacked American policy, To my the war was "anational rine. The ba’ character, Howes Bila, speaks inaNew England dialect andoften express humnovousopiaions. At tothe ines, however hes completely seis "Ex fe (a fr) wa, fallit murder." Another husnornas character, Birdoeedom Sawn it Silly enough to jon the army fll of hopes. He veture home a ‘ikon Sain ith ‘el oe ted Snap aration For V9 ion physically and morally destroyed man, ‘The second xeres of The Dine Pagers was writen to support the Noeth dating dhe iil War fbb Hi fr ese teresting to read, Int Fal for Cis 8, Lowel makes fon ora of his low writes, He lsribes Poe “three ifl of hin genius and worth shee fadge™™- WC Beyantn"as quiet as cook and asdf, / Ax a smooth silent iceberg.” Emerson, who was nflenced by the Dlileopy of Plato, is “a Grek head on right Vance shoulders Thoreau watched Nature like a detective”. Later in lif, Lowell became an important Iterary ei He had wider intrest than he tater Brahanine and several of his ey are sill ead and studied today. Among the Brains, there were several importanthistrians One wis cronon aancmorr [09 1) whowe Hite f the Cid Stat publishedin en voles, 1834-187) wastes succesfl efor 19 “place American history in the wnsream of historical events wits tetas enascrr (1795-183) wrote the clase Hit of Feedvand an abl etigy) Helowed this with exching narrativesnen Whitin hs parents and family were wstorm, Theft paetofthe poem that bie December day Rese ceri oer bill of gray ing, they wake fad & changed word Al when the second morning shoe We looked non 1 workd waka, In the middle of this col wintry word, the poet invite so eae oy forth fe’ Blaze! Sit with me by the home A dhe hard of me To warm them atthe But thefire ithe anly kind ofwarinthin the house, Moreimportant ieahe warmth of fily affection, which the poet vais so highly sen and great events, Per thePas ia. Alhoghi el ox pari et to) white setlers more. Fo his iliacd Bos re"Uheradest snd men nivel part the rier che of the bau, iamandhe Gil War ended Whiter’ greetChapter Six The Civil War and the “Gilded conmidered a extemcly important achievement Tike Henjutnin Franklin and Mark Twain, scat came fom early fol in printing she ‘ther than from seh 1 oates and invite omy so Team aod loaf at my eae obergvery detail fife, Often his pons cont lo sights and ay nieteenebcentury America con ecenie. His to favorite words are “sing” and “abvori™ Fint he "absortn” the sigh rad smells ard tases the worl aroun him, ad then he "ins them outin poetry A wonderfl itl poet inthe ery pass of Las of Gras: deseries his nonaysematic way of studying the word Beginning my sties the fist step plese me so much The mere fice of conciousness, these forms, the pomer of The lest ict the sees, eight, love ch The fist step I have hardly go But stop and I de ime to sing i estatie™ nm Leaver of Gite was Whitin’ life work, ‘The book grew and changed shear hiscountry, Americ, grew ad changed: Hecalled it*apassageway tosomething rather than thinginvelfonclded Hest reality a0 contin fo, wl Aik thestffwen and “completenen” ofuineteericentury poi forms, Therefore, rons 85 hi st revision in 18g, Laver of Grass remained an incomplete “workimprogres*™. One of the earliest inclusions ws his important Sing of Alii Thisexcemely long poe announces all ofthe major themes of Whitna's work. In the fist lines, he begins with Bisel “T eelebrate myself ad ing nyse "Bat this" soon grows tncle rend the eine nation and fnally, humanity: He then intedues hinel “Walt Whit Iman, Coxe" Fo him, dhe eel “sll eles everything in the universe. "Nothing, not Gd, ie grater tha the self" This is Transcendental ea of “sll In fit the hole poem i an expansion nf Emersas idea ofthe "Over Soul The word “expanvion” eteis important Whitman moves beyond a etal)OUTLINE OF autenicas LITERATURE. 6 Emerson’ world in many ateas. “launch all me and women | forward with me int the Ueknown,”hesays, ne great “Unknow Be death To him, iis delight snd destabe as anyone supped it lucky to be born "hasten o infer him or he it jas a luchy tod, ad T ow i One th Crt nal Rocking (18539) expands ana deepen thisidea by connecting it with dhe ocean ("the fee old moxher") The word final, superior to all Ae yon whispering i, an have bee all he time, (The sa) Whispered ane though the night and very plainly beore daybreak, Lisp to me the low and decious word death, ‘And again death, death, eth, deat ‘Whitman announces, “am the poet he Body an Ta the poet ‘ofthe Soul.” As"poet ofthe Body he boldly brings sex wii the rea of pocty Urge and ge and urge, Alay the proceant™ urge ofthe wold Ontofthedimnesoppenite equalsadvance,alwayssubstance And increase, always ex ‘This development shocked mat ninetenth-century. America including Emerson Many were embarrased and angered by the Ne rps of poems about sex Cle of dam ad Calan which he Incl in the thie edition” (ain of Lis of Gras Aw even mote important development was inthe area of pote form, Though Whitman, American poes finally feed dhemlves ‘om the ld English aditions Inisfamous autobiographical essay, 1 Bacar Glonce wer Trad Roads (18), he sys," ie had ‘ome toreectalleheme an thing ol and wei the igh town ton them bythe advent™ of America and democracy” Todo thi he Invented «completely new an completely American frm of pace txpreson. Fa hmm, sage was always more important than form, Si hewauthefirstto explore fll the poser ofeee vee” Ta is prey the fines are no weally organized into stanzas; the look more Tike oninary sentences Although he rarely uses rhyme of meter, we ‘in sll hear (or fel) a lear *hythm®, Ifyou Tonk back over the pcs inched here, yo wil ed that words or sounds ate oem Fepeated. This along wit the content, gives unity o his poetry Whitman developed his syle to sit his mewage and the audience hehoped trea, He wrote without the usual poticamnarnents, na plain wile, 20 that ordinary people could read him, He songly Trived dat Americans had 4 special roe to play in the future of mankind, Although he oflen disapproved o American sce, hewas Certain that the aces of American democtacy was the Key to dhe Future happines of mankind. Even the Givil War (1861-186) aid aot ditueb chis ith Whitman wae astm supporter ofthe North. Too old to fight, he went wa to te battle in Virginia to work asa nue. He fle eat pty fr the victims! of war“T sae hate corpses» And dhe tthite skeletons of young men, T saw them.” He greaily admited President Lincoln and saw him as a symbol of the goodness af ‘math, Two of Whitman's greatest pcr O Caplin! My Captain! fd Whe ala Lat te Dora Blow'd- were writen abou the tmuder of Linco i 85, i, when Lincoln met naKRIEY MezeneR STOWE (181-1895) Jn Washington, he geeted her wih, "So you're the itl woman who sade the book that made dhe great war.” There was some tra in “es pny a ht es i yr per eitthis Justas Pane’ Common Soha wifed American fing ar he Revolution, Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (fle) united. Nother fectingsagaistsavery. Assoon ast ws pulse it became great popular succes. Hundreds of thowsands of copies wete sold i America betore the Cul War; since then thas been tansated ints over twenty languages ana millions of capes have. een std \workile, Ics che story ofan old black slaves Unc Tor, who bas he hope of ed Hel bohm bt who never expe or is asennad betes dente et ta it fet. The expand the campaign the Noth Southerner with eto he ro War Dunc er hint made conta Yo nea Heras, hs Gang idl 6, Hegave shears te hell wherconee hoor baclolte GtWarho inn ght Hesse athe That go sovernment of de people, by hep shall poe pesish fom the ead ple, or the people Ly picks (10-1886) was another New England woman \whovroedring de Civil War era But we id no mention ofthe war or anyother great nat her poetry She veda quit, very private ie ins hig old hows inher lle bometown of Amer, Massachusetts Ofall the great writers ofthe nnctoth century, she al he least influence on her sims Yet, brause te was eto ram (poetry. Since her death, her reputation has grown eno wold she was ale tarreatea very peranaland pare Kid mousy and A fe shi might seem surprising. Like Anne Bradsteet and the ter old Puritan poets, Dickinson "seldom Tost sight ofthe grave heart ay bute whe Idi ‘With oe, uncertain, tumbling’ bu, Teton the ight al me And then the windoms failed, ad then Tonle not se Dickinson's own Calvinist childhood gave her this way of looking a death Tn nineteentvcentary Amerie, with ister cngincrand big etry chimneys such a view probably seemed Tesioned tdi, however, allow her to sce things fey As one no be looking at he word Yr the Best recent crite noies, she Aliungh ae ejected her fay’ old-fashioned religion early in lite, she made the "search for faith” one of the great themes of er work, Apart rom the Bible, her most ptt guide i thi eae asthe philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Many, infact, ty to ‘Susy her as one ofthe Transcndenaliss Likethe Transendetal- ix ahesw "the posible” ar snore importa i “he actual She fa thar people had ta “uve outward towards limits shrouded in tnystery” To grow as human beings we mut e brave, Bouse we fam "cling" to nothing", This idea tomes from Emersons Saf elim. Dickinaon never came t say fn concusons about the re famous pocm, she seems t0 think oft a8 a tunic of ith To temporary “prop”OUPLINE OF AMERICAN LiTEAATORE 6 thee aca house nolonge neds this prop offith tal, Assy she wits in the meter ofthe hyn of her childhood church days The props ast the howe ‘nu the house is bil And then the props withdraw And The house supports its In 1879, sheetarned tthe subject ffi, Sometimes her definition {stl confident or“selelant). Sil tinqute characteristic her owe personality Not seeing, sill we know [Not knowing, gus [Not guessing sre and hide ‘And half ates Neh is Dickinson's poetry fled with images and themes taken from Emersons es. But almont ala, she gives them & new and ‘acitnginvespretation. tn theeary on homever,aather different ‘heme begantoshow inher work: pain and imitation, With Emerson, these things were hardly ever dicuwed, (Mlle once described Emerson as “a man who had never had a toothache") This new theme in Dickinson war her way — probably her only way — of ‘expresing theteibeaulering ofthe Civil War. But with eri was lvaysthe pain ofthe lonely persona night, never that of the whol bate. Tees ehe pain ofthe moder Existentialist (ep. 1). ‘The world is “a place where Gog and nature are lent, andthe universe i “design of arn” [New England had another important woman write, saat ORS were (1349-1909). All of her realist shore storie are ein Now England Infact, she was one othe leaders ofthe "local calor” schol of realism. In the period soo after the Civil War, "local coor hecame an important part of American literature. Td to show | what wa special about a particular region" of the nation, Jewett’ aan | semana ae prominson -yewere characters ate usually oninary people, ting in ordinary Hite New Eland woes, The way they speak and the detilsof thei ives give ua stong fring fr New England as a place Jewetedeserbs hercharscersrealnialls, and deepens them with syinbolsn. ud Whi Ho 805) example the heron! Becomes “symbol of rerdom and beauty, The young heroine imagines that a tain re, which ries above the eat the forest," great maine mast the voyaging earth" Sheclinns tothe tp of Uke ee ad cs the white heron ying among distant tees. Tas becomes one of the most precious experiences of her Hie. The Cnay of the Pied Fis Tégé set ina twit onthe coast of Maing in Jowets masterpiece ‘Aen, she describes her characters ralioelly and deepens the ‘sith spinon Mig, Tos roe a0 “an interpreter of nature's ‘terete ssybrd bythe at that she gathers herbs fr medicine. Mestofthecharactershave never been oat of hee "sal-aied, white ‘apboared ite town Bats fe, lke Captain Litdepage and Mis audi, have traveled the world. They are all ll people no. ‘id hey sem content in heey wordoftoeasmen and elghbors. The South, which was ceoonially and spiritually destroyed by the Civil War, produced very Bul anportant iteraeare in the post tear years. The best or, asome erie pte it, “the east ad”) poet was Showy nasi (1g) Heisremeanbece for his Masse jn i). It describes how port comes Coser to mature as he approschesol age. He learn from nate that death the doorway to eternity: "Beli overmasters debs, and Taow that 1 know" At laste pot looks forward death, ot with ar, but with cus Lanier ako wrote an important book om how to wie poetry, The Sire of Bagh Vere (80, (ceouce WASHINGTON CaRLE (g4-1925) sas another Southern writer Hfe was tele ead of Mark Twain and often toured the Country with hi giving tures. An enportant “local alr” writer, Ie apeilined inte ie ofthe Creoles [French whites ving in the New Orleans region) I auch stories a Pare Joe, e shoved the musing ilfeences between Cele culture and the neighboring Protestant culere of the South,JOH CHANDLER HARRIS (1848-t908) wat the most interesting Southern iter inthe poset War peed, Although Me was white hhe popularized Negro fk’, Hiv Une Rem tales, writen beuseen Ho and tgs, are known and loved by most Americans een today. In them, aol slave tll str tt white cil. Like {eop's Fats, they areal animal stort, butall he animals ac jos like humans. "The heros wsally a te rabhit, “Ber Rabi ph ses many tricks wo escape fom hill enemy, “Bree Fox”. Ber means "Brother" Althugh hes weaker the rabbits much saree ‘han the fox. none story, Bret ax hascauht ns ging eat hin. Then the lite rabbishouts, “Eat mei you wis, Bue Fox but ‘le don’t rw ve int tha tor bus" OFeourse the fox doe jt that, andl dhe abbiteeapes. In all Chandlers sti, the weak se Air ransto resist hestong and power This ently ho he cri the Old South, ‘Aer the Gil War, the center of the American sation moved westwards and American tastes followed. The new iteraty era was ‘ne humor and reais. The new subjeee matter wa the American West The trend started with ant HAs (g6-1902), other eer of ‘local color” realism. He was a New Yorker who had moved California during the “God Rush days ofthe 83om He achieved his lst succes with isshort sory, The Lak of Raring Camp 1868) is set in a dirty mining camp, filed wih gambler, prewiutes and drunks during the Gold Rash. The camp and ite people are ‘completly changed (or “rebar) shen baby shorn tee, The ‘oy combines rome vulgarity with religious imagery an yee ill ‘manages to be quite Fenny. Hors Ont of Pater Flat 1060) Aesribes the fae of two protien 2 proesional gambler tn teenage gi in snowntort, The reading publi loved Hares storie about the Far West and many other writes fallowed his lead. "The real importance his stores that dey rosie the model for all the “Westerns which have since appeatet as novels and movies, In Hart's work, we eal the main characters ofthe movie Western: the pres New England etoo teacher these the bod man the gable and Heb i lack slves eee their mast Misi rita ete of Moh Tein ‘Pe bank robberies nd bat soom fights he describes have al ecorne part of a welbknown gene! William Dean Howell ee p. 85) once remarked that the American West could he describe without the see of any older use of i. The at, however, wan always looking Icarflly over shoulder ae Europe.” Because of this teem, the verter of the West wete able to eeate the fist “allAmerican Tieraturc, sepresuting the entire nation. The work of waRx Twas "gp toto; real name Samuel Chen) the bet example o thi ew ok, ‘Chases Dickens, the English novelist, had deserbed the Missppi jer as "hoses. With Twn, however, it became “all ‘xvence” and an important abel ofthe himan journey” He bad {sownupon theriverin Hand, Mss Altngh te tle towOUrLINE OF AMEIICAN LITERATURE 6 ssa fr fom he centers Bas Cast clare iw the pefet place Tor the young Twain ta grow up. There, he could hear many Indian legends and sen co the stores ofthe Back slaves. But the ie dhe ‘verilfsflaneedl him the mest. The areal ofthe big stearaboats| ‘acted his boyhood dreams of adventure For fur year, fom 1857, Twain worked asa river pilot on one of ‘hese ats, Mh Later, he wrote his mows Leone Pri (3883), based on his romantic memorie, When the Civil War Aesioyed the iverboat busines, he went to Nevada wih is brother. From there, he went on to California, where he worked on a newspaper. in 1865, e became nationally famous withhisahortstory, Tie Colbraed Jomping Frog. Based upon stories he heard in the Caloris mining ramps, the stony is about an apparently innocent stranger who chest famous rg racer and beats him. The stranger ills he stomach of the other man’s fog wih tiny metal balls Tei typical Wetcra humor story called a "hoax Like all he Wester Rumors, Twa’s work i fled with stoves about how ordinary people tickexpers,orow the weaksuccesdin “housing” thesttong Twain's mon fam character, Huck Finn, is a maser at thi To 1057, Twain's newspaper seat him to Eurpe athe Haly Land. When his lewers were pubised, he became an American leary hero. The leery then came his fit major book, The Inks baad (185g). The hook clearly shows his “democratic” hatred ofthe Entopcan aistcracy, When hei taken tose the gt tld paintings he refines to psn them. In rhe plays "hea” on his guide by asking very stupid question. Although he i xia of Europeans, he is much more critical of American tous in Europe: He Laughs at ture who preteal 4 be excited bythe ac rast they se there, They are only excited berause thee guide ks tll them they should be, He ale atacks ours in Jerusalem who show fase religious felings. Im eo, Twain tried to. write another humorous bokaboutraelin Europe, Tramp thoad, butts not as fresh of fry asthe Bist oes “Te ents Abad eet the pattern for Twain's next important book, Ranging 1872, abot his eaves inthe Far West. Tas book abobeganaraveriesofnewspaperantils, Hegiveruscear pictues of the people he met: the combos, the stagecoach drives the eiminal And the "asm Although it n't one o Twain's great works iis ‘ery fanny. 1 features many hoaxes and abo another fore of Western Vrmor,the"tal ae Ivone epuneanangry buffalo clinbsa treo thse hunter, and in another 4 camel chokes to death on ome of Feain's notebooks, The peed ofthe Civil War was ine when stall numberof nuilonaive businessmen held reat power in American sce. The tity owes of the very rch lke lke palaces and many people ‘Sought of ths period av new "Golden Age” But the gold was ony tn de surface, Unerneath, American society was lod with ere ‘dso injetice Hwa, fc, "alded Age": dhe gold was just a thin layer: Mark Pain created this pra or his mest nove, "Theil Age 89 orwriten with Charles Warner. Has one the frst novels which tried to deseribe the mew morality (or naoraiy) of posCivil War Ameria. One ofthe new elements of thisnovels that ieeeatesapctureofth tie nation, rather than of {js one region, Although it has a number of Twain's typiealy Ihumorous earacter, the real theme is America’s Ise of 16 ol idealism. The booklets how a groupsyoung people are mally Gesroye by dhe dream of becoming ri Twain’ Advis ef Yom Sayer 1896) was a stony about “bad boys", popular sheme fn American literature. The two young heroes, Ton and Huck Finn, are “bad” only because they ght tothe tuptity ofthe ale word Tn the end they win, Tait ‘teats highly reatiebachground for history. We get toknow he Wille very well wit ts many eolonulcharaetes ts graveyaeds and {he owe in which there war supped to be a ghost. Although there tre many similvtes™ hetween Town and Huck, there ar alo important differences, Twain ste the pychology of hi eharacters ‘cell, Tom i very romani, His view of lie comes from books shouthnighsin he Middle Ages. whistle fom Huckoutsie Tom's ‘vino alls hin ut fora night ofaeventar Afterward, Ton ca lvayaretura tof Aunt Pally howe Huck hast eal home. By the Eto the novel, era see Tm growing up Soon, he wil lo be a Darvolthe adult world, Huck, however, ea realoutider. He asad Ihrer ied never ses the world ithe romantic way that Tom doesnplain that ‘Twain wrote well only wi hang people, Ts he was ‘sy that his pyetagy was really only chil poychology Ths ena he tue Bain hi greatest novel, The anes of Huclbery Fie (Ry) Tain gives senna very sult problems. Huck and an escaped lave, Jim, ae ating dow "he Misisippi River ona Dari tert in the various eure snl villages along the way, Huck lear about ie evil ofthe wort Hla, meanwhile facing bis m samt But nee mont importa part ofthehook,hedeidesthattheaveisa mans nota thing He thks ‘deeply about morality and then devs to break tela. Ate than a problem, The ln afsocet heisnotachild any more, Many sce Te Adit of Hacer Fine isthe great novel af American democracy tshows he basi goodies snd widom of ordinary people, The novel has as been called "the many late Western writes”, One of these, Sherwood. on Anderson (cep) se ic as model fr his oven Weber, Oki 549) Ernest Hemingway, whose ova syle is base on Tait ne saith "All mer American iterate comes from Hatley Pw Th ister noel, Twain seems es hope about democracy, In A Coat Feber Kig sda’ Cort (18), the her i the bso factory Heiehivon dhe iead and wakes up aiathentary England Becautc hes aninteenth-entury inventor, le Begins to modernize this world, and beanse he kw so much, he becomes + kind of jctator called “the Bens” In many wy, Twain stems tobe praising tthe technology and the leadership of the boxes of American bhsiness during the “Gilded Age”, Like Twain's her, thew bowes thought they knew more dn the onary people of society: Trein's pes grew decper and deeper In The Men That Crate Hadlgbarg sgoo, be dseibesa town that had been famous forits honesty In end, cveryboryin town has ein order get bi a go. The Syo ey Ret 404) is another story with the fine theme. In The Aberin Sager (published in 1918, afer Thin’ death), amngel ists thee boys in an Engh village in the Mile Ages, Ie becomes their rend and shows them he eil of ‘mankind. Afier destoying their innocent appines, he finally ces that he e Satan, Twn sw human nator a4 3 ino ‘machine: “T see no grea dif xcept thatamanisconous anda watch snot” Human evi comes From something being roa with that machine Thscughiout all of Twain's writing, weaee the cont between the iealsof Amerieans and thei desir for uoucy, Twain never ted ve the conflict He was not an inllectual He was ke a rewspaperinan who repors what hese His bumor was often tater {Hilde AMter you read vome of Twa’ work, se if you agree with {te opinion fone ete (P. Abel) "Twain was boy ad a old an, bu never was he a ma,aay Joma, be art bn Singer Seen apter Seven The Era of Realism and Naturalism By 1895, American writen: were moving toward realm in erature ‘Weeanee this the truest serps of Bret Harte and Mask Twain But Twain's sores ll bad many uneealisie quale: all tala” and unlely svinciencrs', He was never a pute realist fans in France realy had become avery sefous literary mnoverment Such Trench novelas as Zola were changing. the ‘elaionsip between fierature an soit, For ther, reais was an ideology and the novel had the poset become a pital weapon Wwitian Deas nowertas (18371920) created the first theory fr American reals, He had many important falowers. Under him, alam became the “ainseam’ of American iterate, I 1891, he became the editor of Hagr’s Mohiy in New York City. He mde pes into a weapon ans era "romantic. He elt hat sch workserated ake views about eA aseditor, hewasable to help younger novels hike Harlin Garland and Steen Crane. He sta algo tend and supporter of Mark Twas and Henry James Howls pt his eal ores in practice in his novels. The Anemeot A Mader fsa (8B, oneotisevler novel shoked the publi. Te was about divorce, # subject which wat not talked and tneiten about openly. Hi characters are very complex and very Uomanti, The author ames society for Cel toubles. This Prtion he tok in many ois later novels 36 wll. Howells next novel, Thr Ri of Siar Lapa (1885), 6 about an condinary, uneducated an who bevomes ich in the pa busines iseribes is unsuecestl attempt ooln Boston's igh society" InMey Jom br heats Jon Singer Seg | Chapter Seven The Era of Realism and Naturalism By 75, American writers were moving toward telism in erature ‘Weeanscehisin the rue desertion Bret Haste ad Mark Twa, Bat wai tris sill had many wareabte qualtes: tall fale” and unlikely coinedence!. He was never pure reals Meanotile,in France, sella had become very seis teary tmovement. Such French novels ay Zola were changing the {elatinship betwee Heraire sd socey. For dem, reali was an iteology and the novel ad the power to Become patil weapon Twinn ins Howetss (1837 1920) crested he Best theory for Amesican reals, He had many important fallowers. Under hi, realan came the"maigtrea af American iterature, In 8h Ircame the editor of Harter Ao in New York City. He made Hep’ ino weapon ag trary romanian He felt that sch workseveated ale iews about lie. And aseditor, he was able wo hep younger novelas like Hanlin Garland and Stephen Crane. He teeta fend and supporter of Mark Twain and Henry James “owes put his reli dheories int practice his novels, The shemeot A Modi stan (4883), one of hiveater novel shocked the publ. I ws about divorce, a subject which was no talked and Irsiten about openly, His characters ate very complex and very Unromanti, The autor blames society for their teouble. Tis a ‘aston be tok in many of his ater novels a wel Howells next novel Th Riso Silas Lap 1), is about 3 condinary,unedcated an who becomes ich inthe pant busines. Tt ‘dsribes his unsucesl atenp ooia Boston's "igh society"the en, his pine busines is ruined ecanse he efi to cheat other peopl, The novel containea famous scene atadinner partyin which the characters discus literature silly youn ley stalling st Popular mnie nove: “Theressuch dear u-ashioned here and eto init who keep dying fr eachother all the way thug ae making the most unnecesary sciices foreach oer” Many the romantic novels f the time were writen for young female Feder “Old-shioned heroes” and “unneveisary eactifies” were common tlements in the prey pictures of fe they erated for such readers Another eharacer, Mr. Sewell, exprenes Howells onn pinion He attacks such romantic nonsense, He omplains about the pone ob those novel 10 orm “the whole inellectual eqperenee™ of large ‘numbers of peopl. Then he goes onto ay: "The novelists ight ‘he greatest possible help ous dey palted life as aa hans Felings in their te proportion and Peaton Howells hated the romantic erature of such popula writers as Frank Stockton (034-tgos) andl such horcal romances Berar 18, by Lew Walle). Such novels makeone forget fe ad al «ares and duis” he wroe, Novel “should make you think and shame you nts wishing tobe more elpl creature than ya ate Like most Americans in the roy, he realized that business ad bousinesmen were at the center of society, aa he elt that novels should depict them. The good realist shoul be interested "the oman etingsecommonplace? people". On the athe had, he fee hat authors should not make society lok mor uly than ts He sipped ofthe way that French seals filled thee novels with ‘murder, ime and “guilty sex" American novels shoul dpi the “ive sing aspect of Fie" However Hazardof Nev Forts (1840), Mawel seems a tary say ffom the “smiling aspets” of ciety Lis the ory oe mae who litleby Tide, learusabout the reriblesaeingof por pepe soviety. From about thistime, Howells himself wasleconigs Led of socialist Thisnew outlook mad hin a new ls ois ile als: ar and he artist must serve she poor peopl of wey. Fn then on, he began attacking the evils of American capitalism Like Tolbtys he argued for Rindge a the unity of al people in society 1 raring i es aa ie foi inbsrleion cr Howells began to write rather than selish competition i ater, Howells be ‘lan nove abu an fel soy wth pert joe a happuncs These ineladed Trend fom Aria 4) and Tiegh Ih Eye of te Ne (0907) ‘cnt 101) wot the me anos Amercan stopian novel I his Lating Based 20018 (188). 8 an sestosleep al wakes pn the oar sn He ins ately new iy wie is nh beter tha his es The ators purpose Ik ence eapiaist America ofthe 180s e is showing is Ectlow Americans pcre of how ity ould be. Today the book ‘ean pst Blo woe’ {ithe by a bigher level oindutialaton, Fedo. many people orp the vgn, many reais became “naturals seas tan evened bythe French novel, Eile Zola, In tadyinghuman i, the naturalist use the dcoveres and hoowledge of lnm science, He believed pope weve not realy “fee” Rather, ahve onion and moaty wre all Sted by sal stuns cease [1871-1990 the fis American naturals wasnt ‘much influenced by the scent approach. He was genius with amazing sympathy and imagination. At the age of twenty-two, he lecame amious as the author ofthe novel Meg di fe Sets vig. His the sad story ofa gel brought upin a poor area of New York City She strayed by erful ends inaly hoo become a prosttte-Alent everyday she experiences the violence andere ofsciety: Finally, se goes othe vera loos dow the water, “lappieiily against he smbers™ Then she jumpin Like Magee all of Crane's character are conuolled by thet ‘vironment. This what makes Crane "naturalist", Although Maa wants tobe goo the accents fife make her soem ba. fa The Ret Bade of Cure (1845), Crane's greatest rove, the aeiente fwarmakea young manscem tobe a her, Thestoryisetin the Cail War. Inthe viewafthe author, war changesmen into animals Sing ‘hat he s about co be killed, young Fleming the her) rows Hike a animal to sive his ifs, Aer running, he hates hel for bing ‘comand. Then, e's aecemtally ht on he head. The other sllese ‘ink isa batle wound. They call his “ed badge of cour Late, in another bate, Fleming seain behaves like an animal. Bat ve lif and death are determined by his ine be is fighting, “here” animal. ‘The world lke the tli, i fille wih meaningless confsion, God and ba, hero nd coward are snrely matters of hance, of fat ‘Similarly in hisshort story, he pe a (188), Crane shows how Mer shipureek, Four tne strugle to stay alive. Inthe end, thee Bve ana one des; but vou, there no patter, There nt even a Gor only fe and tea porte Hissiyleie ar moreexetng than that of dhe other acral Hr ses colors and wowd-snnds to cteate brian “imprenions [Not surprisingly, he was aon god pct. Ta #89, atthe very end hs tagiealy short, Cranevereacllecton of pacmscaled Warf Fad. This one expreses the theme which Fes atthe Beart of hi Aina said tthe averse Si. T ent! However” replied the wniverse The fact han not exeate in me As we can see, Crame’s natural cated him to move far aay from Howells “more sling axpets of i". I at this was the {rem for al the realists One very portant x ssa etic ln The Daan of Troe Ware (1890 56-1) attacks contemporary? religion. "Al ideaistie young, reser goes vo amall town, mnembera hi ite crc ee ave eal Chins. They bate Jew bck, Cate aad “boeing Tel ony eli the vligon af cash money. This the uly side of Aerie’ comewet peopl Lk other nas writen inthe 18905 this oe Cxprenes deep doula te progres of American it‘The naturalism of ey GARLAND (1850-1940) ws filled witha ‘ep sympathy for the commion people, Hisliteratare was form of GARLAND BIARCE - yauss in each of them. Things rarely happen the way a character hopes ot "experts they wll, Fateten makes prep do things they dna sovilprotes?. Insuch books as Main T ald Read (894, Gatland protests against the conditions which made theives of MidcWestern farmers 0 painfl and untappy. Alkhough he saw life ay “eter mined” by ose conditions, he hoped hisnovels would help change those conditions. He developed # writing method which he called “vert” (Gom the word verity, meaning "tath”). He decribed peuple, places and events ina careful and Git manne. This how Ihe would deere a poor sad, farming tw: “unpaved set dab nlored, miserable rotting wooden tuldings™ The sige of his ‘dsriptions is aienimpresonistie, ike Crane's he mise emotions, ‘colors and sights But there i always @ message behind. these eseripions: that there je something very wrong with American soriety. The farmers lead desperate lives I Up the Cal one the Reali: the ar of depicting nature as is sen by a toad short striesin ain Trav Manda characerexpreses themes Reality: the dream of mal pilesopher fice ‘Twice: once too olen ‘ear period of three hundred and sixty-five isappoinements Che nl Hanon inte Sy (9) young sie nthe Northern Sy wh was born the South) ents is ater nae il heme Butthere isn joy atthe meeting, Bevan tether amie nthe Suter ary, he sn mus il hi ire islsosnilaro Po in bisconto of eas ach ain a storys partof the ingle cle iesreon reat bythe whole try Esch sdional deal gives sa clearer pression often vraling fora characte: ln The Dre's Dry (19), Bieter wes motto capres inion view the world: Here arena od ‘tapected dean or a ew common words Patience «frm of despair, diguised a a virtue Amantikemeisbelples....Jutlikea Ay ina pan ofmolases, ‘Thereain'eany scape fori. The mare he tear around the more abe hei trip his eg of, sia seenny ous (1845-1946) wasarcalst but notanaturlist Unlike Howells and the naturalists, he was not incerested in busines polit or the condos of toviety- He war au obuerver of dhe nid rather than a recorder of dhe thes, His realm was a special kind of AK the end of the nineteenth century, Hamlin Garland was seribing the fllur ofthe“ America Drea Like many twent a holga rela, Fw hana cde big events or itn fsivcentry natura het atthe ees Americ capa nelle Few ois nla been en ind destroyed then feei:"Inthewerdofines thet nt na re ome man ce tobe drawn om thelifeofantherman,cach Aa hey wan ore han they veh We ave nee in ssc spring om the fare ow their minds respond tothe evn of the story. Wha do they se? ‘ommows ner (1842-1914) wasone ofthe ow important writers | Hom they otters The changing concious the in late nineteenth-century America who was not a realist or a character is the real story. Henry’s older brother, the philosopher ‘naturals Thestrugglesof ordinary people in heeveryday world 79am James, gave this hind of lierature a mame. He called it totter him. Like Edgar Allan Poe beloved describe ering “rear eomcrnnes rar. Kn the latent entry, vents and strange rms death, Histamousshor stores about the gaat ee nt tead fr nach ew spon ao He Gi War-in Tat of Sd on Cito (yd Ga Sach Thongs ue rete ve ere tery pple, Bat i tet 289 (18gy)—areacuallyhogorsorie Troy sanimporaniclemest AMT Tn ee antec {ultecommon. Thanks wo modem psychology and writersTike Henry ersten nei tt tte toe james wesc mercer the king athe mil‘Weusally vide Jamevscareer asa writerinto nee stages cal, middle and mature, James sevelapl tare his mate so flly theveloped~ style raiber slowly, The uovels of his early pio eal ‘with hie gh and elie Ameriean ivingin Europe James himset spent most of his ie in England and, in 1915, he Tally Iecameat Bish zen. Raritan 890) elo te lau of | young American asin Italy. Although Ne has gent, the youn ‘man fas because he lacks moral strength, Tle dma (ity James wes this contrast dnouhout his work, Like many ef James Tater American heroes, Christopher Newman (in he drs a rich young man who gaes to Butope in search of culture anda beter Iie: There he meets a young woman and wats to marry her. The woman wants to marry hity to. But even though he is fine Jntlligent oan, er tay wil not allow i They ave the worstkind ras They vale thei family vase more than the happiness oftheir daughter. They have a “destructive, Heating honor Unlemos ofan’ ater novel, this ne i raher easy to read. The sory moves quickly and clearly ‘rigy Miler 879) another nevel shout American innocence Aefeate by the si weadtional values of Europe, Dany brings her ice” Americanspirit to Europe. She looks at peopl as inva, rather than 8 members ofa cial las Despite her gone, she ‘completely misutderstonl bythe European characters. She meets young American, whe has vel in Exo ong ie al has ake tm hesamekind ofcldnes. Thecakdness ofthese peopl nally las Daisy to her death, Te Port of «Lady (188) is the best novel of James's “mile period”. Again, a young, bright American git goes to Europe to explore ie” Ate many choos the ‘wrong man. The mostimpeortantpartofte book where she realizes her mistake Shesitsllalone, ateat night, inher “use of dares offers of mariage, sh James shows her inner eomciousnes inthis quiet moment. These i ret dramain nes ig” the mistake Acari hing Hay Jes ing te Be she has made, ‘The drama is not create by her actions but by the thoughiner mind, Thisdescipton marks the beginning ofamers Ar thi ite by lil, dramatic action alent sappae rom James novels Character nally spe thee Sime talking about the ‘ifrent aspects and. posible of the situations they are in retin the drama comes when a character changes enone wy oking a de world vo another way In The Pies CromeOUTLINE OF AMERICAS LITKRATURE 7 0, ther isa evolutionary who wants todesteoy the European sistocracy. But gradually, be falls ove with he avistcra's word of wonderful precios things”. Thi change of heat leads to bt suicide" Tn The dnbatrdrs (1903), midl-aged American go Parsto rescue theson ofa een fom the “eve of European oxi. When he arives, he i sil a moralistic. New Englander He isapprovesof everything be ers: But slow, he begins tse Bute in an enrely dierent way- In the end, the boy B happy to be ‘escucd and in go hack America The man, however, wats stay in Europe Henry James never resto givea lange, dete picture of sxe. Rather, asso, beseectasinge situation or probleme, the robles about the nature ot are Then, usin his imagination, he studies that one problem rom various pst of ew. In hisexcelent short stores, we can cea ace how tht meth! works. Ie The Read Thing (xg) the problem iow art changes elt. Anat wants tw crete a picture of typical aristocrats Whew eis tose real arinocrats as hismodels, he ile Hesisvers tha lower-class modes fare beter fr his purposes than “the real hing The el artorats sees eal that he can't se his imagination, tn The Drath fhe Lin (499) Tamous writer faes the problem of being to papular, le Fecomes too usy with his amie to wrt Another kind of problem that Henry Janis deals with in bol his shir cris and novelisthe“unlived fe” The hevo may beso oie dat he ean ell tive I The Beatin the ng go the hor issue something trebles ging o happen tim Meh ate, bediscaers hae dhe tenibe fate wating fr im "that nothings Dappe to him”. A further problem James often studied wae the introduction of cildcen «@ the evil and immorality ofthe world ‘cond ther. This isthe deme of Wat Muse Re eft} and The ‘Tam ofthe Sr 1898). The atria famous ghost story at te sfildien and cir nurse, The nurse i ste the children are being Janta by ghosts, but ies not eae tthe reader whether these hots areeeal a ony in the nue’ itd. or James, in his private Iie and in his erature, being an a cae yawns os great problem, “Hef a comple fe, being am Se ove Altugh eed ment a ise aren i wat avaye conta heme his wing Americas ae ava Being "este by European ivan, And, ila the achieve inet of Earopean canton are says Bang tre hy te ne ponies of American cationChapter Eight At the Turn of the Century Brahmins was dead and gone, Rich businessmen had seplace th nsof the United Stats, He had hoped hat like them, he alo would ive the White Howe sme Washington DLC. inorder to make a eareer in filed, Instead, he wrote two novels. Adams moved polities. Beal his polite pl The fit was Downy (xx sairom the political and soca ie of he nation's capital, Hie Ether (0884) wax about the cultural ‘education of young woman. Although he was kl a novel, Adam's real love at talent was for hors He found it wily hing! and wring bik Fifer isoryandaworkoar, trans he wes pede interesting". He spent twelve yea ree His of te U Tike Prescot and Parkman, the Bean style ote his readers to el the nood”of great events, Bu ike the ature novelist, he ted o give wien interpretation of he Adams is best remembered for his Mon-Sun Michel and hare so}. On the surface, i guide book to two famous French religious ste. Actually, however, it a deep study of medicval calture, As one erie (Van Wyck Brooks) has noticed, Adanu's the present grew with hi Tove of the pas, In thearchitecture, poetry andl piknaphy of the swelfth and threes ‘centuries, hefound peace, Theol ultureof Eure hada calm unity thenew culture of America, however, had nether almnes nor unit When dhe book wax published, Adams was surprised to find that e tha become the leader of popular movement. Many young people shared hi dsaiiction with the present word The Edwation of Hon cdams (1p) an equally beaut book, Theauthordesibes isedueation ava journey. Fist he insearche seater, then he sin search of meaning in the modern word Hoth ‘earchesend i xr. The present worl has oo many “meaning Nineweentecencury education cannot expiin this new world. To ‘Adams, the naturalist, intiwman and uncontrollable Tose rule ou lives: “Chuo the law of matures one, the dream of man.” Tn medieval tines, man's dream of onde was achieved bythe Chistian (Church But the new age of rapid change and prgesy that oder fas been lost. Adams often uses the sage ofthe Virgin Mary to represent the lea: she represents unity aad the oceo the ner ‘pitt Electricity and steam engines represent the new “lent and innit frees which now rule dhetndern world, But these machines and theforces used orun thems can neverachcve man's dream oforderin life They have na nner spiritual meaning “Al he steam in the world could not, tke the Virgin, biel Chartee. Athe Turn ofthe Century, words ad phrase like “uncontols be frees", “energy, and “evolution” were appearing in other novel. Writers wer greatly influenced by Zola's cient sty of man, by Darwin's theory of volition an by the eas ofthe German Dhilsopher Friedrich Ncehe, which attacked Christianity, Write fe at the Tarn of the Century were beginning 0 think about ‘rational scial moray in new way. Trditonal valesad been tase on the ea of india responsi the indval ca aad must choose between goa and ei But now writer were aang Ushether the individual rou realy make such a choice, When they Iooked atthe many outside forces influencing peron, the area of individual choice and responsibilty semed quite small. Nitsthe suggested that there were ao oir forces which worked ins the intvidul.Lach person, he sid hana “will wo power” This “wll” trdesieto contra onesel, other people and the word around one—is yond goa al ell” (Nietathe's phase) Tt ea fore of ature, ke hanger, oF sex ‘The novels rea SORES (1870-4902) are larly influenced by this new way of thinking. Hs characters are often unable to control their own lives They ate moved around by “pasion or by "ate The whole word, natural and human, i a batdefeld between uncontrollable ores I MeTeague (189), he describes a California Iandeape® in which “A qemendous, immeasarabe Life pushed steadily heavenward without sound, wthouta motion. Ta the next paragraph be describes he mechanical ower which oppoesit Kira Inining machine, which i like a monster: "gnahing” dhe rocks to Ponder with slong ion tert, vomiting de out again in a chinstream of wee ray mud” MeTeagut, the “hero” he novel sao ania ie:"Below the fine fbi’ ofalthat was good hi rn the ulsieam of hereditary ei, ikea sewer". The evil ofan ee race lowed it his veins,” His wile, whom be kill had won a lat of money in ltery. This act of “Ete” makes her ery, She enjoys sleeping naked on top of her gold ein The Octopus (igor) ia noel about the battle between California ‘wheat farmers a the Southern Parte Raoad, Asin Me Teague, we see the conflict between the power of mature (he frmet) and ‘mechanical monster (the rail). The faster are defeated by inevitable" econ forces, In The Octopus and then i The Pat 9p) Nori wes wheat ute symbol oie He makesican almost ‘eligi symbol In this sense, bef diferent fom the “aentie hates His writing lei alo ferent eon that ofthe eter naturalist: Mans this teciquetordescription (his repettous and powerfal language) scem cher to auch romani wren as Hawthorne 10K Lowpos (1876-1916), tke Norris, was deeply inuenced by Darwin's ideas feonstant stage in nate aad "the sev of he feet”. Not surprisingly, the heroes of sme of London's bet stories are animals, lhe Gamuus Call ofthe Wid (ages) the dog, Buck ‘ken from his easy Te in Calfienia and brought tothe frozen vironment of Alagks. He sitvives brcaine he i 8 “superior individual tn the end, he returns to the wld of bis ancestrs He becomes the leader ofa pack of waves, Well Las, the hero of The SeetFalf (1904), not simply a man, be i a “superman”. The beaut poetes Maude Brewster become icnated wth bit aer herscuesherand takes ier bard hsship, His knowledge of thesea makes him sem ikea master of nature, But i dhe ed, even this ‘superman dies: London bien explined that hip wa that 1 man like Wolf arte eould ot survive in neers The laws of nature govern everything and everybay inde or rade'snove Sometimes people ate delete hy fu iain fam L's al Te Ca of he WileOUTLINE OF AMERICAN EITERATORE & ese laws. In ie great short sony, To Bul ¢ ie (1910). 8 man stupidly goes out into the terble old ofan Alaska sor Since he has matches he think he ca bul Bre any time Bat in he end ‘askan nate defeats him and he frees to death, seems that Jack London saw himself kind of superman hero, too, Despite the fact that he dd wen he was fort. he ha ha amaing career. He was lugely slFeducted. He hal beet eal hunter, an ostr pirate, an explorer a wa correspondent, gold miner and a vie farmer. During a eold winter in the Alsskan ‘Klonite, he had ead the books that became the basi ois thought andwrting. Sometimes eeara Darwinian naturalist. Sometimes, as Inhismovels Te Popo te Abas (gps) and The fo He (9) he was a Maraian soils. Later he reece socialism and seemed support kind of white racism. Although he often changed hit plksophy, the quality of his writing war always high. Av H, Mencken (sep. 124) wrote London's work had “al the elements of sour fiction ear dking, sese of character, the dramatic insines and». words charming nd ayy" sigicane" The Tutn of the Century was a exiting moment in American imllectal history. American novels and pose were oo longer ‘simply eopying British snd European writers. hey were now arin idas with the whole world. America was about to become an important contibator to world literature. A salar thing: was Inappening in philosophy and sociology. yous wey (48591952) and waiita ones (1842-1910) developed their philosophy “Pragmatism”. They believed that there are wo Fixed eth hat whatever works (i theory or reality) is right and that eas are instruments which are ust only when they help change socket. Wiliam Janes, Henry James der brates, greatly nflenced Europea philosophers wih hie Varta of Regios Espen (102) tnd expecially, his Pragwati (1907). Ip sociology, oneTtn ui (1857-1929) mad an important contsibation othe growing attack on th capitalist eonomic and scale wit is They of the Lae Clas (gp). According to this theory, Americas very rch do nor prduce the wealth ofthe nation they simply ase i The "see a aga tn aon American econ sytem, Veblen says, encourage competition in ‘waking mone athe than making products. AMter they have made Their money the rich ye it wastefaly They buy expensive things in fonder to show other people how seh they ae Tig Musics and the Big Capitalists ike Rockefeller and Carnegie were becoming te "bad guys" of American society. The American Dblie began to fel that “dirty polis” and “ality busines” ad fre o fain Amesian society. At the Turnofhe Century. even the Presiden expresrl hive, Ina speccin 1902, President Theore Rowavel stnounced that the goverment rst lela war agains the nation’s politcal, socal and economic ea To poli, chis as the “Progresive ert In newspapers and ierature, from 1900 to tos this ae the "Morkraker ea" Teapensive, popular magasnes lke McClre’s, Eve's and Csmaaion se tie eporers out to Bnd the wrong ders of plies fd bins The job ofthese" Muckraker” was io print the wath, fewer unpleasant, indir magazines. They quickly moved rom imagovine ails to baoks, lo her Mistry fh Standard Oi Company Troop, soa tanec (137-1944) attacks the methods John D. Rocker used to crush his competitor, Davi GRILLS (1857 Tort covered all Kinds of scales fee pois (Te Pam Tne, tps to finance (Fh ot, gg, and Te Dil, 1903) -Some writers, like tincotxsrerriss (18561936), a socal philmophy very clone to that ofthe natural noveli. “The stuggle or existence is very Shimallike:”Stetlens wrote After swo years of eareful research, he published his Shame ofthe Gis (ago), which desesbed Americas Fimsible government” eset conperation between big bss tnd national politica tar), Somme writers, ke the novels koa tronics (digg), seemed to havea tage view ote. In The Cmmu Fat e904 adosher novels hedescribesthcevl growth othe “Commercial sii” an Americ, from the tops. In grat sadness he siveta the al ofthe mide clas is bring destroyed These people tho lead erp, meaningless Hives Like many writers after hit, Herik seemed to be filled with hopelesnes and despair. ‘erow sven (078-196), the most famons ofthe Muckeakers wane opposite of Herik, He believed in human goodness an was(poe Sci tr of The Jo hanged “The deepen instinct the human Ina isthe Longing? for jastce betwen anand man.” For him Mucktaking was"almost a eligiowsmision”. His greatest novel The Sg (190), was a suceesl weapon in is fh fo justice Ue etl “hestory ofan immigrant ami he Redkuses, he. with dream a eer way oie But they only experience asetieot hosrors and rages. Siclaishows che rsibeconitions the fail ‘experience in Chicago's mext-packing ialuty. Jack London de ‘ered the novelasthe Unde Tom’ Cabin wagers” Teed, ‘eid have a similar practical fet. Milions of Americans er shored by his description. Even President Theodore shocked, AIL this attention forced the reform of America’s food dusty. Asiteratute however, The Junge is not very satisfactory. In Imosalofhismany novels Sinclsicharaciersserm rather Hard lem, But perp Sinelal?’s main interest war uot ox much in is ‘haracters au in his menage. His novels were always a form npaganda. They tried tolorcewciety to change: cate Silas sok suceed in correcting many the esl they described, lomeve, they no knger eeate the excitement they once di ihe same cheap magazines tht stare dhe Muckrakers gave the ld another weiter ofinerest, omy (1862-1940), During 1905 tu 1905,O. Heury wrote one shor sory a weck, Hist colction oie, Cablagr and Kings (rg), made him a popular hero. He sally ne his om experience eas for storie, He had ved in Tense und Central America He He loved New ¥ who lived other parts uf the countey. Tt was a magic place inhabited by fou lion mysterious strangers Like Mark Twain, hewsrotein an easy-t-understand, journalistic syle, Hiestores boi swithactionand move yey towatd thee conclusion. They aretiled vith deep, loving portrait of the lvesolordinay poopie. Like Twain, he takes the side ofthe "ile people” and the weak “underdog Against the strong or important The plo ien sem tobe wet Sccordng toa formula, One auc fortnula isthe “reversal”: an action by acharscter produces the opp effert rm the ne he had be hoping for When for example a litle boy is ideapped by some bad mem we now what will happen, The boy wil "revere the situation spent seme ime in piso, City and knew bv to dese Tor Ameria Tefore the en of the story and make the men his prion Another ©, Henry formals i to keep an important piece of information from the reader unl the very end (asin The Gi ofthe Magi go). In sr, the Naw Tok Time praised hin story Mune Ren The newspaper si, "Is the greatest American short sory ver writen,” But othe ert hated O. Henrys storie, En 1920, TL Mencken complained that “there i not single recognizable human character” among any’ of hi works. Evers O. Henry once ‘wnt, Tama fue, My storie? No, they don’t sats me” Sul they sated (and ail sty) milions of readers. Even today, ©. Henny srecognized asoneof Americ’ finest early shortsary writer. American newspapers and magavines had become very powerOUTLISE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 8 by this pid, They wer patton; dhey wanted the United Stats to row in strengeh, and attacked peac-lvers a “unhealthy and un American”. Some historians say that dhe Spanish-American War 18) wasstarted by America journals. The newspapers wanted something eating ta write about. Stephen Grane ad Frank Notis were newspaper eorespondents in that war” Correspondents Tike lewRD HARDING Davis 15g 1916) pleased veaers wih tts of ourageand ed bleed, Daie'edeeiptonsof battle were particlatly| ood, ike the bale of Santiago, “when (le Spanish) expire wae Wiped ofthe map in twenty minutes”. He late cllected hie reports Into his very poplar Noto War Coresndn (ago). Bach report told the tale of courageous Hero; sometimes sie, sometimes | Journalist Lite Hemingway, whoalsostarted ara war corespondent, Daviewar admired by women reader He washer brave, mal “LarcabiouEans 1830-1904) abo began asa newspaper writer He ‘was horn in Greece and his ater was Bish, Atnineten, he reve in Ameria without any money, and had to find a way to make 8 living. Soon he wana reporter fe the Cincinnati Enger ad the, later, on « New Orleans paper. His best writing described end zaher than action, He loved the contrast etwen bilan light and darknes. He decribed New Orleans at ight “the shadow of pedestrian makesa moving speck the mooalght on the pavement ‘Laver he weat tothe Caribbean islands. tn his Marie Sache (1890), he “pained” this world of seine and bright coors with wor He described “the blinding whitenen of ine lid at 40 bleach for miles on huge boulders His be deserpions are ike romantic photographs" Sundown approaches the ight has tured Fic yellow ong black shapes ie arte curving ron, shadows of pl shadows of tamavind shadows of giantfee.” But dhe word knows ane ives best the Laleadio Hearn whovwentto Japan, changing his name “Koizumi Vakumo"”, and becoming ‘Japanese citizen, Heal changed ibstsleand subject mater He ad always bem interested in legends and folk takes, Now he began ‘ollectng Japanene ghost stores. To tell thee tales in sch books | Ghost Jap gg) and Kewien (190) edeparted rom bso porte style and began sig word simply. He began writing for the fa rather than forthe minds ee. “Listen to this passage rom his Minato At dat instant, Hoiei fet his eas gripped by finger oro, ‘nd toro Great asthe pain was, he ave no ery The hea foals eeeded along the verandab, ~ descended into the garden, paned out to the roadway, eeated. Lafeadio Hear didee simply warate the stores, he mad them lino new kind of Tiertute. The Japanese love him forth They Ive tranlated such books 35 hit Aivedan ack ito ther own language. Every Japanese school cil Knows his name and at Feast sone of his works Athough Hearn admired Japan, he wrote abut Doth de god ad he bad in hat country. Japon: nen at Inprttin (1), he paises i old society ad ertcizes its ew industrial sci. elu predicted” the confit between Japan and the Wet tin he history of American literature, heis the man ho ‘nade the ges and tales of an known culture apart of our own Teratare. Av one erie says, "He isthe only writer in our language who can be compared with Hans Christian. Andersen.”"heb Drie i et es Chapter Nine The Turning Point of American Literature of American iterate serie to have topped. The re W-D. Howes sal Hannin Garland were begining to seem ol fashioned. Among the exciting young Writers of the Turn ofthe Century, Jack London esd to have lst his genius and Frank Noni an Stephen Crane were altealy dead. People were again hing what wae wrong with Ameriean Iterarue Part of the problem was tat most American eraders and writes had not yet “outgrown” dhe nineteenth century. The novels of sero tauxcnnta. [yt-rg47it wt the famous British Prime Minincr) weve cpical ofthe ate of Americas reading pub His mont popular works — The Grit (x) and The Casing 90) had Honed, romantic plows They expend sadnes atthe pang Wf ihe arsuacratic calture of dhe South after the Cis! Wate Abo lar was jams pease cant (9-958). Hs fan writen in an elegant, nipeteenth-entary prose syle. By treating his non mythical kingdom of "Pott (where knight Tod ai poetry ruled, eles his readers scape fon the reality tthe present iat ay unreal pst. In such novels and Stories a Gallanty (ago), Oey (1909) ane) The Soul of Melient org he succeeded in hie desire to “werite Beauly of beautiful happenings" Although his books are often delight in themselves, they aid wot prove the new dine needed by the new generation fof American writer In the tlyon, Emerson bad shown American iterOUTLINE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE 9 forward. In he 18s, W, D, Howells gave similar leadership to the ‘ealist movement. Staring it 1015 with his America’s Coming the erie vax wYex muooKs (1895-163) opened period af “sl “itn in which iter Taaked at what waver with heaton find it literature Theresa Kind of anarehy* that ater? growth and hese another kind of anarehy chat prevents growth — all aur ontemporary iteratarein Ameriencresoutol theater kind stanarchy rook Kew that sueh Kterary econ would “Sooner ot Iaer ‘ecm soci crim... bose the fur ofour amt and erature ee the ce nono i Ne Society wat “united in orf compiracy agin the growth and freedom ofthe pie For oolong eros Arca ad ben divided esvern the businsman ho only thinks ofmaking ney) nt the intelectual wb only har nprcteal theories eal “"Theprotsor andi binesmanbetwcen them holdin thee anes a grea pare of human deiny®” Brooks wove Bt, because they don understand eachother theres "idle rownd where they tan meet, Thenew generation of America wit ant contre or ‘cconueet) she“ ground : "Youn writers tok note of Boks The rst was the “new realism” which lasted up to the sag. It mae Arneson literature ne ofthe most exciting ad ns fuel irate a the work Van Wyk Broks, means, went on tthe jb af providing American writers witha "wable pant Tati hereviewed fd eongenined the hsy of American rare, He wit mans ‘grapes of Mack Tain (0) sa of Henry James 1925) Hs hry wa that they were les Beate the emarone hd prevented eirdevelopmntas eae artte With Th Facey Nw Prglnd: 1815188 (2996, whith won she Puler Prizes Dons beame recognized a Amerie’ fist sows ear historian Tnasenethe ninesenth contry didnt America uni about gig Aron thine, the neve exes Brooks, H. Ls Mencken and Hama Larson — began celebrating dhe death of puritans” sre ‘tora ke thatol the ll New England Puritans)" Unseen,” Tanna Lasso wrotein gt, "American feton was so moral as toe Timmsa, because it hae ne place for teak.” Truth, in his case, Sheluded ruth about sex Hiding the trad about human sexvality tl punishing owe who ret tall about ~waspart of Amerie’ “puritanical” morality. I dhe nigeteenth century, there was = ube stander nth publicand private moral: people ad alk one way while ating i 3 completly dilrent way” Bur this was beginning to change. American readers were begins ning lose sefear of dove whe loked below the surface of uma ‘lationships eligent reader, atleast, were now able vo accept ‘hen gly tats about han wate. En 1919, Sigmund Freud the [eat Austrian poehologt, ad given a famous Tectare seis in ‘America, This serie was both a Mberation and an inspiration for [American artists Buc ever before Freud's areal, to American tovels were starting odestry the doublestandard™ of America’s puritanical morality: Edith Wharton and Theodore Drei, ove wilanron (11937) Was born into an old. New York ‘amily She marieda mano ber own ela, but ater she et how and novel toEurope tobegin a cacerava writer. Allofherstarecare se in the puritanical wor of te upper clases. Many people notice | rong similarity between her soies and hove of her fiend and teacher Henry James They booh wrote prychotogieal novels usually boat the probes of women ia uppet-clas society. ‘sever, Wharton's snl is mote tee than James's. She cs describe whole way a fey describing few surface devas In The “Hone of Mich, ly Bart leaks down fo a stairway inc the vain hall ofa lage house ee geeat central lantern oveead se Trightnesson the womens hair and strucksparks rom thei jewels they moved" Silay, na very Bw words she can “cate” often humorously) the personality of one of her uppercass characters "head a way of looking at you that made you elas if here was something wrong with your hat" In het wonderfully fanny shortory about ales culture ctcle- Ning (1916) -she describes on the rember 1 — where ideas came and went lie transient guest without leaving thee address behind Lite the major works of Jamey many of Wharton'snovesate about ‘he lie and eusoms of upper-classorety.Butangy soil eritisn is nota beneath the surface, The feof laly Bart, heroine of The Howse 1 Mink, isactoaly a battle, Shekas been brought up toseehersell ara flecorative objet or wealthy men. Buse ates ving to spend time ‘with boring ten, “allen the chance that acme might decide odo her the honor of boring her fre Whee est ct with lle Lita realm, society ejets her imme Tn dhe end, she ais seta husband and hls herll. Undine Spragy, the heroine of The {hut th Coane (x95), nquite open about er own sexual dees Unt Lily Bast she knows exaely howto weer attractions tog ‘wealthy husband. Wharton is atackng here the Vietoran world af ter own youth, Even the lites suggestion of sexuality had tbe hidden, Eoecxample it wasconsiered bad mariners formar ter 2 Tady his chair the chair might sll have some wareth fom the ‘man's by, The upper class claimed tobe highly moral, bi oft their actors ~lowards women as wellasin busines! were nt moral otal ‘Wharton continues her theme of dishonesty about one’s emotions and sexs fertngsinber ment fas ovel, a ome 1941) Ain fof her work his theme is never expres dreds stead ites just below the surface in scenes of great tension Bthan, a New England farmer, has» cold nsacsrtory relationship with hs we A young cousin, Matti, comes to ive with them, Exh andthe gi Macteare drann teach othe. But inacene after scene, we ee them Aenying? their desires. Pinay, they ey to kl themselves, but they [GL Ta the en Mattie no a eripple), Ethan (now eer) and the ‘cold wife all share strange and tcrible hie together in the tiny farmhouse. At the time it was published, moet sender thought night interpret it lifeenlys hei unappy Bees are the resto uc her characters fr dhe desires, Today we ignoring! toe deste. The Re (192) ad Somme 191) ae two tore Wharton novels bout sexual pasion. Tal of her works, the tatu instincts people sae crushed by an inate. But fee character tl have sone room for moral oie. This makes he ticren om the pare naturalist writer ike Crane and Dreiser real ehoie Their characters have Fnmowoas wanes (s87tof5) was ane of America’s greatest writer ate grentest natal writer. He ad is characters did ins puritanical moral coe they sey ignored i ng pute we hie it towel, Sie tovattck the This anitde dhcked the 1 Canis eae ut t9p0, Alu we nove eet as a masterpiets it tras suppresed until pia. The herine, Carse Mecber, eaves the poverty other country home ann moves to Chicago. he scompleey honest about her desire for a beter ie: clothes, money and socal ppuitzon. Bese himvall had been born in poverty, and therefore st ertcize her fr thi. Nor dos he ertcze her relationshipsrelaiomhip o another, She tries to be Lith to them, but ‘ireumstances make this iaspowsbe. Almost by acident, she becomes 2 succes as an actress. Ta the end, however, se learos that coe ‘money and succes are not the keys to tue happines. ‘Av in all of his novel, Dre's real theme tn Sister Cari he purposeesnes of lie. While looking at individuals wih warm, Thumm sympathy, he als sees the disorder and cruelty of Hein several. While one character, Cari, gains fame and comfor ‘another character ia dhe novel, Harstwood, loses his wealth, socal piston and pre. This characters waged i just as secidentl Caries succes. Dreiser des nat try to explain why these things happen iv is form of waturaig, the working of at can never be cexplined. [a emir Gerhard (1911) his west novel dhe there the ‘same. One character putt this way: "The individual dort count much in hesitation. Weare moved about like chesenen swe Ihave no como” Kis «most tribe tut” that “the purposes of nature have no relation to the purposes of men Tn romantic novel, character alien earn rewards ~ sometimes money, sometimes lory by having 2 wood moral characte nthe pure naturalist nove, goodnes it punished more often than iis Fevarded. Tei alt a kindof weakness inthe character, Driers Jennie Gerhardt has good incon ad good character. Bu thee ‘tenor enough to reward or even save het. The accidents fie have ‘made herimmoraln the eyes yriety cally che reader doesnot sce er that way’ at all, Christan morality demande that she act te way. Lie tall made it necewary for het wo live in acer way. {Crsam morality hay create a abe ens of gui, The morality verong, not Jenni, The morality ivell camey Jennies waged ‘Therefore Devitr sos sich morality as ev. Diciers “Tilogy® nt Desire” ~ The Fits (1g12), The Tite (nqng) and Th Sta (published in xg fyaerkisdeath-showsa new evelopment in his thinking. He had aleady found le wo be Ieaningles, and morals to be absurd, Now, under the influ of Niewsche,hestesed “the will power” Thetelgy tls the story oF FA. Cowperwood, a "superman of che modern basines soe Although ie is ting about the achievements fa single, powerful ty em atl iis a eh individual, Dreier docs not forget the basic principles of his ‘atuatam, On the one hand, de author says that "the rl only Inoves forward beens ofthe services of theenceptonal individual” Buton he other hand, Cowperwood iraboachesman” of ite. Like Cari, his sce is mol the rel of chance [Drewes greatent nave, dn American Tragedy 1925) Feveals third stage ik thinking: sil consionenem Meh more han in Ser Can, he sees hs characters a vit of society Cle Griffiths, the heron “ant-heras baste samedream as Carre: he thinks money ‘ta sce wll bring him happiness, When «pregnant gieliend {eaten to destroy this dram, he plas to Al er. AC the last Inoment, he changes hind, bu the gil dis acidemtally anya. Since Clyde ha decied not oil hes be eal responsible or her {eat Thisbevomesthemain question dusinghisral. The wal ise ‘snot really ihe newspapers sirup public anger against him. I theend, Clyde sexecuted". Cleary, Deserblieves that Cyd not relly guilty. Society and te lve moral cade are far more guilty Dreiser alle hi novel ated, ad in certain ways is similar to ‘asc Greek wagedy,Keconcentratesonasingle individual, eich {sive unty and this inva ieveatually desteoyed by Trees Shit he cannot contol Dreier snovels were very long. They wer fled wth details about fuctriy, bal, cies and Iusines le Some people complained bout his styles There were too many details they said, ad his language was not cleas ut wobody could deny hiimportaner. He and hislokswerelikea hgemountin-Inaseme this wasa problem foryounger writers. Egch other ad 10 Bind his or her) way around ‘he mountain of Drese's naturalism. Some of them rejected the vole tation of saturati in literatare. This what watt caren (1874-1947) did. She was almost the same age as Deer, but more conservative. She disagreed with his ‘cuca of ecety aa hated his "detaipling™. She belived the ‘novel should fe without “sora faraitare” (details about busines, Pulte, et). The author and reader should concentrate on the ‘motional Iie ofthe centeal character.Cather’ speciality was porteats ofthe pioneer men and women of Nebraska. She hi grown up dere and the values of theo ploner people were her values Her famous shor tory Nigh Rew i about the last dass of aseple, hard-working immigrant farmer. Aer Inch srg, he ae ascend ning fy Then he iesandis buried athe Nebras and head loved sornuch, A vitor Tooks at his grave and dhe best! lnal around it [Nothing but dhe sy overhead, ad the many-colord fells running on unl che met the sk. The horses worked ete in the summer: the neghburs passed om thee way fo town ather’s most famous novels ~ 0 Pier! (2915), The Sig of the tank (1015) and My dans (1918) ~all have the same Nebraska seting, Each ice sory. The heroine of fy ti is 3 poor immigrant gil wbo had come to Nebraska aa child. Thehardship farmer ater and almost destroy her Butshehasa "reat git Forte She ives, marries al ets large happy fy. Ath Rosicky, her lie “seemed complete and bea But there was darker side to lieon the America pee. A Wagr Matin (920) shows ts harsh loneliness a lack of opportunity to enjoy art and alate. After hell hour ata musi concert, afters wl urns toherhusband and weeps" don't want to, Clark ont watt 0!" Outside the ite concert all are the black pond. he tall, Unpainted houses... the dncloths hung to dry. din tuskeys| Picking up refine about the Kitchen door Between tgepamd 125 incl Lut adh snd The Poesia Cather deere the desline an fallof the gent once tradiion. Tis ling dated by the ew spi of commeree andthe new kind of Iman the businessman, The reed of each poole destroying "the teat brooding spi fieedom, the generous eay ie. Phespace, the colo, de princely caelennes ofthe pioneer they would destroy and eut up ita profitable bits” Afer 192, with her fous Deh Comes or theses, Cather earned to historical fton, Some say ‘hatin writing othe past she was trying toca rom the lines a the present nluen oLasoow (1874-1945) len compared wih Willa Cather oth novels examined the problem of change, Glasgow, who grew ‘pn Virgina, pene erie wrting novels at heraate'spast The Bate-Gand (ign, The Deere (ago), Via (1913) ad Life ud Gabriele (,g16) fant soil story of Virginia fom the Civ War Workd War E, Wes dhe ruling aritcracy of Virgia being replaced by dhenew middleclan. Tnavense, Glasgow isa rebel against the old traditions of he South, Her male characters mest typical Suthers gentlemen, ae all chilsh andjor ek Their society hhuntes® women and keeps them in ignorance. But Glasgow docs rot dtet all heretic at the men, Like their hsbandl the wives are “capable of dying for an idea, but no of thinking of on" ‘The Romantic Cameins (3926) centers on the marviage a a rman toa yung gir ee a amusing atack on Soutern customs. Vinginios Ltlepge in ‘Thy Sted to Folly (1929) is 2 "model Virginia generan”, He is erahe by hit wile: ake pserves his placein dhe community and erp him fo enjoying it”. he Sere life ugg) iva nel aout the breakdown ofthe fase world of the Sout The mariage all based on, the ideal of Southern woman hod” sre unhealthy ane nhappy. hen nthe tires, big tatoies roe int the region. When Tactory stoke enters their homes, the tries talk of moving. “Ate ving her all ar ives,” oe husband “hes, shal we be driven out by smel2” Once, dese people had been te aroeratc ruler the rag In one cene Glagow gives si comedy, roy and sues1 ae em ad cary tency, x numberof other portant -Amecean wie wee tfeaing Win salou Aria, Some radi but mat sonemnedsstupidiy al prac Aca at "hip noriraekvoroy 694 had en dein tesa town word one gly uy Hs as a about "he good ‘4d days The Sage (918) a ning porta a a feat ch Gly wich “role town, Tada bengs ‘hangeand theta gin decline. lo Oran Welesmade Tn 1015 the poet 00a Lex Marre (89-1950) begun the “Reva ont Village” movement is Spon Rtgs colleion of pry whith shows the many way in wck pple are damaged by the narrowness oie in all-own Ae, near of thes poems aden pono fw he ow a Sp Rivera from thegrave Dependinguponinespeaer, he quae cn sand ‘ery educated orneclam and vulgar Wend he sweety oF Sica types uppersawcnen posta Cridanytacheny Siena lover nts and by people The pce they give smalown i boul ot very tac When I died, dhe Grcalatings brary Which [baile up far Spoon River, And manage forthe good of inqutig tinds ‘Wa told at auction inthe julie square, vif to detoy the hast vestige Orns memory snd infuene, He yoeson w attack the “narow and ert” paritanis of mall town nrc ecapeses agate ny ier Anes And ofien you ak me, SARA the ine f kaowing thee of he word?” T ould never make you xe ‘That sone knows ha is god Who inowe not wha reve ‘And no-one knows wha te Who kone not what abe ‘When it was published, Masten’ hook was welcomed as “the mast ada allel about youne of octy that ha ever been wien ‘meria, Toy, however, werememberit chilly asthe inspiration fon Sherwuod Anderson's Wincbrg, Ohi ‘anion anor (1890-rat) wan another write looking fora ‘vay around the “aunt” of Dreaer naturalism. He brought dhe Techniques of wederrinm to American ftom. These texhniques Included a simpler writing syle very mck ke ordinary spoken Enis; more empha on the form of de story than on is coment nd tspetal we time in whith past, present and feture ate mixed ogee, as in a dream), Many younger wets were grey Influenced by Anderson's *medersiat deas, We can clearly se his Influence on the style of Ernest Hemingway. Wiliam Palker calle ‘Aierson “the father of my aeration of writers”. Thomas Wolfe sid re was"the onl man in America whoever aught meanything”. Tn certain ways, Anerson was better at eachingother writes than ering his owt novels, Only ne of his books freallyimportane in meta hteracure: Winetrg, Oi (ogra). The book is aetually Cailection of connected short sri. Al ofthe characters lve in the ‘Sonesta own, Almost alot daemat lonely people. They are cutoff fom other people amd cannot commaniate what in dei bears This fonlines mathe them atin strange way. Alice Hindman is shy woman who hay waited many years For the return of her loser. Then, one rainy nigh, "a wil, desperate mod took possesion of her” She took fT al her clshes, and Without topping to thnk what she intended 10 do, she ran lownstans through the dark house and out int the eain “nd ee old rain omer by... Noto years had she Sofallofyouth and courage Shewantedto.--findsome other lonely humat and embrace hi On the ick sidewalk before the huuse a man stumble homeward» "Wait" she ee ‘Donegoaway Whoever youare,youmast wait”... He was old manand somewhat dea Putinghishand to hismouth hheshouted. “What? What sy?” Alice dnpped 1 the ground ‘nd lay tremblingLater that night, Alice wept sadly. “Whats the matter wih ese sie Then, eaeing he facet che wall” she tld here bravely ‘Maay people mast lve and die alone, even in Winesburg," ach of Anderson's tales contains moment of lbundestnding like the one above In hisautobiography, A Sty Tal’ Sry (1924), Anderson explains dhistechnigue:" have come wothink thatthe rae history of ies a story ef moments. He isons at ate moments that ive liv.” Thisiva new apd imeresting idea of tine ina ory. These ‘moment are like windows into he true nature of a character, Such moments are timeles. "What happeas nest” not inportant Anderson rejects traitional des also hun story shell develop, Andevson gave Winedarg, Olio « second tik The Blok of the Gintesqu There is something grotexqie™ about ch character Thismay be the result of dee loneliness, their sexual dsappnemet ‘orsheirsuong but mistaken bles Each ofthese “grote” hash ‘orhertimeles moment afdeep experience. The whale purpase a the Plot sto prepare us for this moment Alerson's sims "leave Sefnite impression”. He wants give heel “a story grasped asa ‘hal, lke one woul piek up an apple in an orchard” Pechape Uecanse af his echnique, Anderson's novels Marching Mow 1917» Poor Whe 920), Dark Laughs 1925), 16. — “ten so beak apart imo episodes”. The navel seem to be made up ofa seis of tile Stories ratherthan being united by enelargestory. Hse wan much heer sted wo the short story alfa milion young Americans died in World War I. Present Woaairow Wikon had called i" ar ta make the word sale for dlemocracy". But afterwards, many younger Americans were not 50 sure that American demoeracy was worth sing, Anew mend of anger entered the work of youn writers, The "Reva lan te Village” became revolt agains the new commercial ulate fps war America But the msi ange wa stil the all ann Hn 1920 {ee important novels were published on thi theme, Lala Ba by zona cate (1874-1998), and Mouth by ruove ot. (1887 "ope, both describe the unbappy fight of intelligent youn people waaaecs against the stupidity of tir hometowns Buti was Min Sb! by SScLAM LEW [15 1951) which eerated ee not excitement ofthe three Lewis's Main Sie (1920) the continuation of Main Steet cverywhse, The story wonld be the mime in Ohio. orin the hills of {Carlina" This betause Lewis's eal subjet is American cutie: “ur comfortable eration ard sre th, Carol Milford, young city woman, artis a Mid Westen doctor called Kennicott and ‘moves to Gopher Prive, Minnesota. ‘The “spirit” of his tiny town makes her very uahapps. Lewis's puspos is satire (and sometimes pre comedy Hismetho ea kind of “photographic realism". His Scenes ae wll “eatalogs” (na) of detail Ofien, these details ‘rents in of drama in themselves. Here s Carol siting alone at right, wom ater coming to Gopher Paine There was only the hu of motor ieserunching dhe oad, the creak ofa rocker-on the Hovland poreh, de slap hand ftckings mosquito». the precise rhythm oferekes the thud of moth aan the sreendoor®— sounds that were a ile silence, Tt was set beyond the end ofthe word Treyond the boundries f hope. Though she should st here forever rv ne who ws intresting would ever come by (Carl ries o “efor the town by re-cdacasig the people. But she fun thee, she gives up ll ber hops. She joins the community td tiesto become jun ke everybody ese She “conten “abit 2), Lewis next lomo vel, the story ofthe pete onfrmst, a man whotries tact thesame way everybody ese does The sory open with the her rising out of be and going into the bathroom, He wastes his face, an ‘Then Goorge F Babli aia dismaying* thing, He wiped his face on the gusttowel! It was a pansy-embroidered wife ‘which alvsys ug hereto ndiate tha the Babbits were in thebeatsciety. Noone had ever used i. No guesthad ever dared wAbi is typical sll anessman, Machines ae “ibe af thant ety rh pup eeu et Vigor Ener, Red Mod, HeMen Fur Women Ren He bed ite mechan, chan bans brs aay bt he thane eg ~a yard ‘church shut off om ce lie the tees. mechanical ends Like Carl Kenicot, Bait ties to eval agains the values of his ton, He, oo, fils Hefinds that wen eis fe, hei “nothiog at all The novel ends wth bis renurn to being 2 ennlormise Although Babli wasextremely popular among eadetsin Ametica wid Europe, some people eritkzed it. The American philsnpher George Samtayan (863-1952) complained that “theres no sugges tion af the dzecion in whieh salvation” may come”. Lews severely ondemns the valusof mills America, but he dors not suggest “ng other valos whieh can take thee place "There no salvation’ wy ont In Er any (127), Leis novel about an evangelist devotes his oear hing people about religion, heres ho character who i ve font ei, Noe shows a dllerent st Walues Around the tne Biner Gat was being published, Ernest emingway was trying to creat it owt answer to this peo. I time Hemingway succeeded in developing his oe se oF American Salus, This as someting Sinclair Lewis could never do. Hts wesc (llo-1956), America’s most power social and literary rte inthe twenties abo hated theme clas. marie for themagazines The Swat a9 The Americar Mery, be called them the “lsobnise™ a mixture of tse words “bourgeoisie” (meaning the idle cls and “boob! meaning very stupid person Tn many of his best artles, Mencken seemed almontsn-democratic. For hin pity was just ase as dhonesty. America neded a ei Bistecracy super othe sentimentality of the mob, be wrote Toi, “the ol? included thre lowerclans Americans who al learnng. al man dignity al beaut, all ine and noble things On ihe other hand, Mencken loved the rich, expres language of tommon Americans, He wrote. The Amarian Langage (191 Iter Fevied several tinea ering sty ofthe development of English in the United Stater The 1gaos wae the decade of « “Lost Generation” of American writers (ee Chapter 11). Many of dhe nation's best minds were Inoving avay to foreign countries, Tho who stayed at home were fo deeply disappointed with American ciety. They knew Amer a sotety id ot vale ts aris itelectuls. This made ther Tey and angryChapter Ten Poetry from 1900 through the 1930s ty. Emervon ha lok joyRobinson has fr lex hope for the new century: Teannot nd my way: there ie no sta Invall the shrouded heavens anyuber; And there i nt a whisper inthe air (Ofany ving voice [Robinson blivesdhat man’s fie is wrapped in “the black and awl chaos ofthe night". Some a his best pres ae ike ie short orien verse. Sometimes he shows crater, ike Richard Cory, etting lst e's “atl chaos”, Cory seed to have all of tae best ‘ings i ies Infact he “aitred when he waked [And be was ich — ye, richer than a king, And admirably schooled in every grace: Tn fine, we dhought that he was everything "To make ue wish that we were inhi place, So on we worked, and waited for the light, “And went oithout the meat, atl urs the breads [And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, ‘Went home ad pat bullet through his head ‘The poet does not tll w why: Richard Coy, isms had simply dlcied that life was meanings. Another of Robots famous ‘characters, Miniver Chevy, wept that he was ever born, | And he Id reasons.” He cured ordinary, moter lie ad sighed Ga what was not" The age of romantic ideal is dead. Due to the tke of modern sence, even religious faith bas become weak, Now each individual mast stand alone and fae “the dark tieless ads o tothingoes death) 1s ie sll worth living? According to Robie Son, sce must each answer this for curslvs "Alonenes” is x ommon theme in the poety af ower roe (o8;4-19%3), another New Englander Insive he asoloved "the old way of being new" he aways worked ia the tadional forms of poet. Buc there the smilrity stops: Robinson en eile to Understand, Frost speaks directly: He ves "language absolutely cantata : is eis : walierary” An lthough bei realist his mos are rarely ax lack ds Robinmon's Front ed tosay he was nly having a “lovers quarrel ‘vith be work” Tse various qualities made bis one of the bet loved poets of twentith-nentary Americ. ‘Most of Feo’ wellknown poetry nature poetry. Fas surface smootines an split. Then, sedenly, he surtace breaks under ‘ur fc ke ee ona prs, Welook down ino unexpected depts of eating. hiss certainly we of Sopping by Wonds ma Sey Exering (ages) Whose woods these are I think L know. is hone ein she village though He will not see me stopping here ‘To watch hi won Bltup ith soe My le horse mst think it queee® ‘To sop without a farmhouse neat Bevo the woods and foe lake "The darkest evening of the yea He ives hs hanes ells a shake ‘To sok i there some minke The only other sound the sep fess wind aid downy ake The words are lovely, dark and deep biut Uhawe promises w heep, ‘And miles go before I deep, ‘And niles to go before I Sep. acholthequstrainsiscarhllyrhyrned. Bute get thefeing weare ang story rater than pon: When Frost repeats the lst ine, Inca reminded that everthing inthe poem has deeper meaning ‘Miles og belre I sleep” probably means that he and we have importantduies tofinsh lore ede. Looking hack, wecan see that the poe filled with images tlle" The woes are lovely dark tind deep ees This nay tepesent a esie for the sles of deep sleep, or even for death ‘According to Frost goal poctn “gins in delight and ends inabet Ftd te nl fis ‘windonn. Ic cannot give us complete philosophy of if. Butt can ‘ometimeshelpustolive withthe conf ofan ie Infact fanseeakind ofphilosophyin Fra’ poetry. thas muchincemon®| ‘with Emeroa’s ides of “selbeeliance” The Raod Nal Tan (1916) ‘hows how individuals ae forced to make choices in thelr ves Two ads diverged? ina yellow wood, ‘And sory T could not teavel both Ai be one waveer, Long T stood Ad laoked down one arf aU could To where tent inthe undergrowth Then tok the eer Thistle decison “has madeall the difeence”- “Knowing how way leads to way”, he realizes he cat never go back agai, In hs blank vers play Masquof Mey 194, Frost say, "The saddest hing in Ie Thacher thing ini should be courage.” Sti the india noe completely lone in tht world, "Countess of love ane thought” coanect him "everything on care Later i iy with his pare white hair and ol-ashioned manner, Fron became a kindof lk her He made Americans think of he “goo ad days” andthe expected him toe a lid bit conservative Fronts conservattm made hin reject the new “fe srw” tyes of pry Fre vere “lke playing tems wih he net dows, he once temarted, ean evn (178-1967) abwaysexeesin revere, Hewes the form sucestly to teat many “wnpuetca” subjects. He loves the creryay hfe of common people. Like Walt Whitman, Sandburg ‘lathe: "Tam the People the Mob” He often ses the rhythmic ‘eprions of feee vere 1 “sing” abot factories and he bailing syscrapes His Chg (c9t4 is vee Tike Whitman's poetry Here, Iheactualyseshope and joy the brtaliy ofthe city, Notice how be Alseribs the ety as 4 sfomg, mescular man, filled wi the joy Hg Butcher forthe World Tool Maker, Stocker of What, Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler Stormy, binky, bering! Gay of te Big Shoulders They tel me you ae wicked, and I blew them ‘Sever of Sandburg’ poems areknow an read by American school children (his waiswar poem, Gres (1916) none hee}. Bat perhaps in the future he will be remenbered best for hie fine biography ‘Abela Line (a026; 1939). Sandbure’s deep love fe Link is another similavity sith Whitman, ‘omason eerie [1887-1902, unlike Sandburg, uses fee verse wo stack de butan race, Only the powerfl forces of physial nate fave his respectThis waste mai theme of is poetic earer. "Ma vl be bloted out... Yetstones have stood fra thousand year” he ‘ote ia his Tote Some-Cutes a4). Twenty-three yeas late in Their Bey Har More Mooning (ng47)~ he il saying exactly ee same thing And when the whole human ace as ben ke me rubbed out they wil stl be here: storm ‘moon and ecea, Dag and the birds. Ao Tsay thi ther eay has more ‘Tan the who uma race and the ree of Bindselles father taught hi how to read Greek whe hewasfive years oa At fice, he could speak a momber of mevdern languages In is tneenyaeventh year te moved to «lonely place on the California ‘ous, For halls century he lve there, It was a the "Continents nd, facing "th inal Pace" He hal uened away fom Wester vilzation. Below hx stone cottage were the waves wide-thonted, theheasy-shouldered cldeen of the win / Leap he scaclf” He fen wrote about ancient myths, ad always filled his prs with Deautfldescriptionlike the one above, He wand dhe natural seer around his home wo give hie poem “feling of real place”. But lays, “home” meanta place away fom al other people ‘elfesstamonslone pt, Roa Sain 93) salou ie trange passionate lve of woman for 3 huge hore. in the poem, Jefe fxprewes his philosophy of humanism” Humanity the mould to breakaway fomy the east beak Through, the eal to era nt fre, "The atom to be spi. ‘etme erm (1874-1946) bod her own war with cliztion, Heereneay was the tel old iliation of the nineteeth entry. In tgp, she moved 10 Pari There, ahe became clove fends with rea, Braque and Stati. Son her apastnent became one of the ener fr he “rma revel in are The en wast find new ‘say of looking at the world, When niber American writers (ike Hemingway) began moving to Paris in dhe went dey were all Intlence by hee ideas and opinions about writing For example, Wiliam Faulkner's special weatmene af te probably comes fm Gertrude Stein, Most wentiedineeury iterate ery interested the natuee of eonrianes. How cam the writer ae the conscious mind in writing? Sten tried to answer thi with her strange ‘experiments Ina way, she made her own English language ato a entirely new language. She theew sway the rule of traditional frammiar, and made her worl act in completely new ways. Th Us Brldge ig, Stein makes this strange (but impor lant statement “one ane one and one andl one and ane ad one” Ste goeson counting this way. Ske doesnot stop unt she announces ‘ in that weave raced “One Hundeed She telling ws tha thse tual of the term, “One Hundred. Each “one” ix completly independent exitence. In Stein's wing, each word has the same comnpletly independent existence. Theteore we must read er Coins sd Byrd Each cod (ad each meaning) mist appear Ife there's eye avis new. The word sappeing om Coming une after another, the words and meanings he sentences seate something she calls "the continuous present” Here Stein's neato sentence Ty toll the above nstructionayou read ‘understand thisin, think ofastripofmovie film, Sim striphasa series of frames ach fame sows the object na cparate moment Sten shows her one nail way. We ae loking att mame ‘We have to ead her descriptions of scenes the same way. Each momentorobjeetxcompletein ull Inany scene, avwiterahows usa ariety of objets ad actions together. The writer might ay" "Ata Annee party, F greatly enjoyed a ping with a spiey sauce.” The ‘writer has agence the expesece fo the reader. But Stein dey nat ‘nga, Each objector event hus the same importance or weight” for het, Here show she would describe the sme scene All he ping hts hese low ad the sauce pif, ‘wes ate played, che crinkings paper burning the pot asa over ad the standard i excellence Stein never ues generalizations She aways writes about the reality whit she finds der n font of her eyes There of cour Confision, But the experience of mw is ever immediately sndertandable: itis confusing. Stein saya, "Whats strange this" (dy thi, she means the new or unfamiiae experience of ma) ‘One erie a so tha Sri’ language “ser wo have no pas Things wean to speak dicey and immediately,” Tie i the “nade element in her writing, Writersin theniteenth etarywere sill interested in causes, purpose and explanations. They Trivedi progr: that history was monn toward a goal, Mest modernist reject hese ideas about time Like Gertrude Stein's work, their work vein the "ontinvouspreent™Iehasno future and no “ps Tt s40r (1888-1965) and exe wouND (1-972) were srudionatits", Ina way, thet Hae reject Sie “paste writing. Peshaps because they valued a “sense of histor”, they both Tved mostoftherfvesin Europe, tn is famous eay, Toate nde Individual Talat (1920), Blot ys The historical seme involves a perceptions, not only of the pases ofthe past, but of presen. The historical sea ‘Compel'a man to write nn meray with his owe generation in 1s bones, bt with eling hat the whole ofthe erature af Europe, rom Homer,» composes simultanecns oder shia hi omaplete meaning alone» -- You cant vale hen alone; yous mat et him, for contrast and compar son, among the dead To both Biot and Pound, knowledge of aio s necessary for the pocttocreate"new” poety Ihedoes not undrstand the pat, he wll rot know what new This Pound meaning im his Che (1904 certain thing has beers once or all-in 450 B.C. o in ago A.D, itisnot for us moder to gosaying iver, OF tO RO “hscuting the memory of the dead By saying the same thing ith ey sil Auother principle of the Found-Biiot philosophy was “impersonal”: "The progres of an artist conta sll sacrifice, continual extinction (deta) of personality,” Eliot Ieee isipertant took earful tthe poctynotat the poet “"We cam only ay thatthe poe, nse sens, has own lite" The eling, emotion, suing om the pocm something dierent rom the feng or emaion in the sind ut the poet The poetry aT. S Et [whic covered in Ae Outi of tsk a Puan sir of is Pais Literatur) certainly ach grater dha the poetry of Silas El eelied, Poe had taught him a fo, Pon's rather Tong poem Hagh Senge -Maubery ‘vg20) may have been the inspiration fr Elo’ poctn The West Zand x92), Both describe spiritual emptiness of the world sler World War I, Foun’ poem series the anger ofthe young soldiers who: swale eyed in hel Ulieving in old ee’ ie, then unbeiei fame home, ome to Bi home to many deceite The money-hungry postwar society causes the symbolic death of Mauberley Silly, the chorectersin The Waste Eade spiritually Sead Twas neither Living nor dead, and ¥ knew nothin ing ino the beast of ight, the senceIn 1946 Blin wrote 1c was in 1922 that I place befite him (Paand) in Pars the manuscript ofa sprawling’, chaotic poem called “The Waste Land”. il Ps hand redacedtosbouthalitsie,in the form in hich appeared in print. Phi i nrefable ‘evidence of Pound's teal gent, Pound’ cial dors have influcnd say important Aer ‘an and Bish poet. From agog through the twenties, he was involvedia most ofthe major artistic movement, The mainiea fh theory is that “Literature ie language charges with meaning, IBC of Reding 1994) Head wera ender ofthe magi sell of poeuy. Heclived that god portry was based in images pictures ot ‘old el things) rather than ideas, He wa abo influenced by Ason Tterature, tn fac, his most famous Image poem, fea Slatin of he Met, is raher like a Japanese ba The apparition af dows faces i the er etalon a wet, black bong On thesurfae, his poem has two separate images the crowd and the branch. Actually, Pound ix placing one image on top ofthe othe, 30 that we se them a single image Therein, the aces in he crow Fuecome beautify tke lower petals on a rainy day. The petals, mean, ecomefacesin crowd. This, combindimage she real “apparion” it oats before our eyes likes hort which Hives in| no particular ie or ple Ashe gee olde, Pots quarrel with Western society grew much wore, During Weed War II, he lived in Haly and made ante American radio broadcast for Malini, Aer the wat the Amer Cans arrested him. He worked on his Cano” (1g2571972) unt he died, This extemy long poem was let ule: Cano VH shows his elings abou the eentieth centr. The image fa “oda” i Amy Lael dr fe faite beee-botle; the image forthe pas” sa ate, This ine, however, they do not unite int «single happy Sage. Pound places the wo image “agama” one another, Te lack of harmony epreents the eer bottle on the statue's pediment? ‘Tha Fits the ea, tay ana the past ‘Contemporary snp, poourrr(1886-1964;hnown as“HLD.”) and wy Lowe, 18p4_ng25] mere owo other important Imasts inthe World War peti Amy Lovell was a woman of gteat energy. She ereted an “intel mage or herselfbyalwsysappraringin bli withacgaein| Termouth, She quickly tak the leadership ofthe Imagist movernen fay lr Pound, After that, Pound called the Imagists “the Amy {gat Lowell's ment fans poem her Pater (1915) ends wih Ter remembering her lover, wha had did in the war: Fighting with the Duke in Flanders, Ina patern called a war. (Chr! What ave patterns Ge?‘The poetic experinentsufsawanse moons (1ii-1972) were ao deeply influenced by Ezra Pound and Tiago. Pound defied the “imagen magi as “am inellectal an motional copes nan instant oftime” Such imagesare alwaysdesw fom the real work ot Seience and fact. Similarly, Moore alway uses images which are “hard clear, cold, exact and real In Sit she deserbes 4 person she kos Seleiane He the et — that take ite prey to privacy, the mous’ imp ail hanging like a shodace fom its mouth they sometines ejay solitude amb eine Moote loved to choose unusual subjects (monkeys, steamroles clephas snails) and stody them from strange angles, Her pers Ihave arather“ant-poete” spirit. Atfint, dey seem tae no form tall Extremely shoe senteners are mixed with extremely lng ones ‘aswesee abot fat, however she always experimenting with new forms ofthythmn, rhyme and conten. She love one a het ems pies of the real world: quotes fem business decimens school books oF newspaper articles, Genuine poetry, se once sid shows us “imaginary qatdens wi real tad in them” “The Pound lit influence avery srg in the work of the octor-poet waziun4 eaKvs WIL (182903) His images ae notsymbolsofsome ager iden. Hiswords,in Tost Por Old Women for ‘example, mean exetly what they ‘munching a plum on the sree paper bas, ‘of them in er had “They tate go to her “They tate gor vo her. They ase food to her | sian tii The inlluence of Biot’s “impersonal” syle ie alo apparent hee, Wiliams tiesto become as “invisible” a posible. He doesnot wan to wate the elect. There ae no ideas but in things nothing but the Blank Ges ofthe houses td ended tree en, Bt Ou 8) For Willams ~ andl for most poe in the early ewentin ~ the appearance of T.S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land was a extreney important event, Eloe “returned us ao the classroom”, Wills sweote- However, be didnot tay i that clastoom very long The pocty of Eliot and Pound wl dhe language aed my of Casal literature, But Wilms ws more interested inthe language and scenes uf everyday life William's porns have a warmer feng for teal people und allie than Pound! Even though he never deveibes ‘head womanin the poem To 4 Pon Olona, we canst Sc" her face Compare that with the faces Pound post fn Slaton fhe Mae (ce p. 134), which have no individuality. Williams's deep oncer or people makes his poetry mote interesting to the averaye reader He is more optic than Poul or Eling. For him, poetic imagination gives the individual the power w fee death bravely ‘Trough this hole a the hot of eh cavern ‘ot death, the imagination fscapes inact Tis the imagination which cannot be Cathomed?. Tes through this hole we escape1 his ant volume of por, Pktues From Braga for whic be receive the 1 Plier Prize), Willams sums up his pilose of| Me (Only the imanaion is eal! have declared it tine without end, Ha man die itis berause death er esse hit imagination “agination” i ho the central ide inthe poetry of wateace reves pe), Just as Wiliams ea astm doctor, Stevens retained a flltime busnesman i assurance compan most of 1s eI his pave time, he erated thoughtful and "sensuous poetry, Word ate often wed ether sound, rather dha for their ‘eating. Thin sometimes makes the poem felt w understand Buc beyond the dfculy. there i very deep meaning. A single pilesophy rune through Steven's work, from hit fie volume of| Poetry, Harmen (1924), onwards Ualike Eliot ~ but Uke met Inodern writer ”Stevenswassure that Gd des not exist and hat al religions ate fase. When @ man dies Darke, nothings of human after-death, [Receive and Keep him in the deepnests af space ‘Ba Steven is noc sad about the sie meaningless of ie He cited ad joyful tives feedom tothe poetic man, We an create fur owe pater, our own order, our own ode These are the "Supreme! Fcions” which we ereate lo give meaning to our Hives. Stevens ofen shows us ths pattern-making in his own poetry. In “Ane ofthe Jr 1924) the jarisoncotheSupetme Feons”othe pect Ie islikea new gad, Placed in the “wikeroes of the world” it ‘nganies that wilderness, giving corder and meaning, Thelanguage * ape a pr ae, sat i si ‘iA ee othe poem wounds like the Language mye 1 placed ajar in Tennesee, Ad round i was, apo abl Te made the ssenly" wilderness ‘Sarrund that Bill “The witless rome wp tot An sprawled around, no longer wld The jar was round upon the ground ‘And tll ad of « pot in ae, 1 took dominion? everywhere “The jar was gray and bare edi nox give of bird or bus, ‘he nothing ee in Tennese ncsnnsp wae 2-1isanoher poet who began under he inflence of the Pra Eliot “lasso, His famous rr Paci 1926) ely a satement of Blots “objective” and “impersonal theory of poet A poem should be wordless ‘Aste ight of birds A poem shouldbe motions in time ‘As the moon climbs, Leaving, athe moon releases ‘Twig by tg the ngh-enangled tes, Leaving, asthe moon behind ehe winter leaves, Memory by memory the mind ‘A poem should be monensin ne ‘Sethe moon cin “The poet shoul shine things, nt tlk abou them. This is exaely what McLeish is ding in the above pcm, He gives usages and ‘99the stands away tale the images speak for themselves: the wore Hight of bids, the eimbing moon "motionless in ine” Just a the soon “releases” the tiga ofthe “aght-ntangled tree.” the por shed lighten bjcctrand ltsusace them wth ourowneyex This the role ofthe poet, because: ‘A poem should not mean But he Like Pound al Eliot, MacLeih often ases ancient myth fr completely new pxpones (ain is Pot of Earth, 3905). Silay, he ses te iterate he pant ana par of hs om work sac a is poem The Home. MacLaish 1928) andhisverse play 72.0958), Thased upon the Book of Jo i the Bible. After writing lot of oa and plteal poetry inte 19goe and 1940, McLeish began writing ‘excellent poems about old age- He speaks othe deep tedess fad people athe weakening power of merry, In Shi Log (rg) he Mostly Ihave relinquished and forgotten ‘Or grown accustomed, which ia way of forgetting The poetry of kona. vincent uta (1892-1990) began a 4 lonely voice f social reblion inthe Jazr Age ofthe twenties. Her hook A ew Figs om Thistle (1920) made heran instant sees, with 1 greater oreaders. Unie the experimental moder sheis Inne” romantic and ext to understand, She was one ofthe “new, Hiberated women”, She wanted freon: feedom in hove and Freedom i love. She “singe” about thie sew Feedom in bittersweet songs that aways, somehow, seem old-fashioned What lips my ips have kid, and whe T have frgotien, and what aru have lain adler my head il monning; but the rin Isl of haste tonighe, that stop and nigh {Upon the glass and inten eee a why, rt a sn a, se a rae i xisoe vis (85-928) was another woman port of the same period. She was prot of fer "small lean technique’ Completely Taeking the lange emotions of Millay, she preferred to make poems with “exixpandsharp edged forms Her poems ave le wart and human feling than Misys Ia Bape eed the Male (e921), for example, she tls the reader to “avoid the reeking herd (i renty Usd" al olive alone ona mountain top, Hee a eagle onthe tock "The pocuy of vac umsnv (1879-1931) ada very differen feeling, Like Whitman, beloved the “reeking ber” of humanity Peshaps he hve! crowds too mc, In his last years, be became famous anentertainer Hehacawonderfl vice and loved recite his poetry Belore crowds snywhee, His ealy pcs, however, were iinportatexpeinent They usethehythmsoljazenminie. The Congo ey) ithe et nour of these The sound, rather than any caning, ie important ere: “BLOOD” screamed dhe skal Face, lean wite doctor, “whit ye the deadly voodoo rate, Harry the plans, Steal all the cate Ratdleratle, rtseratle, Bing oomlay,boomlay, boomlay, BOOM.” AN roaring, ep au-ime une From the mouth ofthe Congo “To the Mountain of the Moon In Lindsay/s later tings, meaning becomes more importa Like many American ats, he hoped ove the American people imossage, He wanted them to ee that the "American Dream” was {ping He wanted poople to join him ivan efloro restore America ivoriginal purty. Bu people preferred bin (remain an entertainer. [Nownelisienedbismesge- 191931, VachelTindsay killed imeChapter Eleven The Writers of the “Lost Generation” The ewentes were range ane wondestal years in America. “The Lncenainties of 1gigwere acer -thereseemeie doubt about what tres going to happen America was ging onthe great, gait Jprceinkistory" These are the worsofscorT ertzorKaL (1896 to. Fitegeral's best ks orm a kind of ep istry ofthe Lt Generation” (a phrse fit wed by Gertrude Sten}. Many young, people inthe postWorkl War T period had “Tos” thei American eal Atte same tne America “lost” many fine youn writers ie, e cummings and Hemingway ~ beeawe dey had tnoved wo Pars Fitegeral’s frst novel, Ts Sie of Parade (1920) Adserbes this new generation. Thy had grown up to find al gods ‘deal ears fg al its in man shaken Hild hives "tiara povery athe worshipasuces”. From the Begining, Fizgerald Mad &feting that the twenties would end bal both for binself and for America Therefore, “Al the sti that came into my hea ad a touch of disaster in them, Figeral's ie was ike the plot ofoncofhis novels, He was orn of rich parents che Mid West and ented at Princeton Universi This male hima part ofthe best society. Te 1917, he Became a fashionable arin Hewtenant, but he was never set ight in Europe Tnsted, he site This ideo) Parad, By te get ewentyfout he was Tamu novelist, Throughout the went, he wrote an enormous cunt of eton, This prided the money for many of Fegeral's town "sprees lenght part tratextemely popular in the twenties because twas modernand easy to read. Then it 1920, America's ecenomy collapaed (starting the ‘wld rips co Enrpe His tionst Depresion), This happened at a ne when Fitagetld hin began te have serious mental and physieal health problems, In The (Grad-Up (paid in gy after Ms death) hedesees this period of troubles, Flapper and Philp (1980) avd Tere the Jace Age (1922) ace calletons ofthe best of Fitegeral’s short stories about the carly twenties. (The tem “"lapper”refes tothe modern young ladies of that period seo smoked, drank whisky and lived dangerounly fre liven) The Diamond Big ah Rt the ext kn ol thee stores, Great wealth causes an ev fuily to become eazy. At the end ofthe story, there isa big earthquake andthe amily diamond mine begins ‘ocallapse. Old Braddock Washington trittosavehineiamond mine Hestands on a mountaintop and shouts up atthe sky: "OK, you up there” Behind him, two slaves ae hoi a buge diamond, He bering bribe to God. Washington comnced dha even "Gil hat His price, of couse Jay Gaby, the hero of The Graf Gali (1925) has a sia ble inthe absolute power and “natural godine” of money. The novels ‘ousidered by many crits ta be one ofthe great tweneeceatury vel Through theeyesof Nick Carraay, the narator,wesce both the glamor andthe moral uglines ofthe vee, Nick's neighbors GGarsby, rich and sucesul man (ard psy rina), Bat Gatsby isaho a ve romani Hear spent his whole ie dreating of Ls childhood sweetheart. He gives lange, expensive parties at his home: He hopes that she will cme and alin love with in again The noxel combines symbolism with psychological reali, The Aesriptios ofthe Howse, the partes, the music and the guests give them a “symbole glow" They sem tbe part of a areal wort "Men and girs eame and went like moths among the whispers and thecampagae and thestas.” The novel isfamous ris unusual fd imteresting use of clos: “The lights gow brighter and nose the teehee playing yellow cocktail musi.” Gatsby symbolizes the ‘American ble hat money can buy love and happines. is alae bsp in takes him a rather tragic fore. "The flowing scene symbolically series the empinen of his apes and dream is gusts have just tome home A wale of 4 moon was shining over Gatsby's house rviving® the laughter and the sound of his all glowing fren. slden emptines seemed to low wow frm the Crindows and the great docs, endowing with complete ola? the figure ofthe hes, who stood om the pt hi hand pin a formal gesture of farewell According one tte, Te Grad Guy ia symbols waged Tacherotries-and fai tochange the word ofhard material objects ‘and ofhard materiale” pepe) int the dea word of his antsy His worl ise the work fay ofisfellow American, "material ‘without being te, where poor ghents, breathing dreams Uke air Sill there eamething heroic about Gatsby. Tothe {ried about‘end of his ile he consnued to believe alt hope, He believed i ‘the oman fature that year by year recedes! before us I ‘hed us then, but thats no matter tomorrow we wil ran faster, stretch arms out farther and one ine orang ‘The sch symbolic ature of Fitgera’s best novels and short ries fen makes us tap to e-ealpasages, Only his way ea we see the real meaning of colors and other details. Babylon Revista {agg one ais bes late shor stoves, deseibes the Lan Generation teri moraland economic callapae The hero an his wife ha ved ‘ill in Parisi the twenties. Now, “te party over Tees, ‘memurable story. Fitzgerald s novel Teer fh Nigh (1934) we his experiences with his wife's mental lle The characters ate tage because, tke Gatsby, they fll dhe “tof realty” ERNESY uiNowne (lfc) ako spoke fr the Lost Genera sion, Hedrovean ambalancein World Wat land then decided tostay inParisand becomea writer, Hist noel, Th Sen eRe (936) iba portato young adults in the podem era. The characters ae young Americans living ia Par. Some had ought bravely foe tei “ounry- But now they are comple) useless in pesertine. ther the novel are simply “expatriates”, people without 4 homeland, ‘You're an expatriate. You've lat touch with the si, Fake Enrupean standards have euined you. You drisk youre to death. You become obesed® by xx, Yu sped al youre talking, not working, Vou are an expatriate ee? You hang sound cal, ey Pe Without hope or ambition, they try to enjoy each day’ a omnes Ticirdesparissnilar to dhedespairaCT-S. Eliot’ Waste Lex. ake Barnes (the narrator of dhe nel was wounded inthe war, No het sexually impotent. But this wurd han a eder meaning nthe neve. Synbolizes how al ofthe characters have been damaged by the war, Spiritually they are allimponene, Desriing is own rea ap tener Jake report, did wat eare what it wasallabout, Al santed| toknow was hw to live with.” The other characters deal with their symbolic impotence the same wa. All hey wat oko show to Tve in the emptiness of the word. Uo later wtings, Hemingway flevelops this emptines into the important concept of Nad” ‘hinges in Spanish). Sometimes we ee this Nada the los of hopesorteinablit to become active ee eal world Aothertimes, Jitthedesiteorslee,oreven aneay death, The ypieal Hemingway Tero must aways ig again the Nd of dhe work, le must never {ve up trying co live le as filly as ponable ‘Tue imple steal cael steering of Hemingway's tin is famous, Ta hisearly Pars days, Gertrude Stein often advise hit “Begin overagain- concentrate onde). Theaimofhisstylewasto ie the not out of the least” Ave can se inthe pasage quoted above, Hemingway's sentences are usally shart and simple Only farey does he ase actives, He will sometimes repeat a key phrase ‘eas "Vou'ee an expatriate”) toempluize histheme. The language favely emotional. Rather i contol emotions thal them i. The Simofthislanguage istosugget a kind tin? Thissame stom iseften the main theme in Hemingway's stories emingyay pected his writing method by experimenting with theshor story. Hiseatl shore story cllecions, our fime (1924) ne ‘Mew Wut Wie (4927), catty sx psychological alist with boli, Like most of his novel, they are very easy t0 Fea Tretlore, the carles reader fen mies the deeper meanings “Many ofhisstories deere tobe read wi a much awareness, and sselowly, a one would ead good oder poe,” (Carlo Baker) Gy the surace, Big Twortried Riser (1925) just a simple ftecrption of fisking wip, When was st published, some eis ‘complained that itwarboring, because nothing happens: Nick Adams the hero-narrator of anyother sores back home from the tebe war, He ners tofind she “balance” his ie again, and ight ‘off elingo Nad, Asinallo Hemingway's, tbe outer wor Thatre) ist metaphor fr thespirtal world othe character. Nick ‘unvels through countryside destroyed bya fire. This isa metaphor forhistie afer the war, Notice how thefalowingdeserpsion has both 1 valli" level andl aye evel The“reseated land which