“Social Teachings

of Islam.”

Assignment submitted to Dr. Abdul Hai Madani

Syed Adeel Shaukat 1

EE-203
Second year Electrical Section C
Batch 2008-09
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Preface
All praise is due to Allah, who honored us in His Book with these words:

“Verily Allah commands you to fulfill trust (rights) to its recipients

and when you judge between people then judge with justice”
And salutations (Salaat) and peace (Salaam) be upon His Messenger, our leader
Muhammad (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam), who made us aware with his words:

“Whoever has oppressed his brother should repay it before the

Day of Qiyaamah) even if it be a Dinaar or Dirham (rand or cent)”
It is apparent that we as believers have been ordained to fulfill certain rights.
Some of these rights of Islam pertain to Allah Ta'ala and some to His servants.
As concerns the rights of the servants of Allah, some are Deeni (religious) while
others are Dunyawi (worldly) obligations. The worldly rights include that of
close relatives, neighbors, colleagues, friends, Elders, the young and of all
Muslims in general.

It has become predominant that due to lack of knowledge we blatantly

3
disregard these rights, or that we are neglectful in fulfilling these rights.

Therefore, it is my pleasure to prepare an assignment on the duties of the

Muslims which they are bound to perform by their religion on being a part of a
Muslim society and civilization. During the preparation of this assignment,
much help has been taken from the books and articles written by great Muslim
scholars on the topic of rights of people and also on other topics. The topics
are organized in the formed of rights of people so that a reader can
understand what are the rights of others and what are his duties towards
them. I hope that this assignment will help me and all of its readers to fully
become aware of their responsibilities on others as being a Muslim.

Syed Adeel Shaukat,

EE-203,
Electrical Engineering Batch 2008-2009,
NED University of Engineering and Technology.
Table of contents PAGE
Introduction to Social Teachings in Islam. 6
Rights and Duties in Islam. 7
1- Rights of Allah. 8
2- Rights of Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). 9
3- General Human Rights in Islam. 10
i. RIGHT TO LIVE
ii. RIGHT TO SAFETY OF LIFE
iii. TESPECT FOR THE CHASTITY OF WOMEN
iv. RIGHT TO BASIC STANDARD OF LIVING
v. RIGHT TO FREEDOM
vi. RIGHT TO JUSTICE
vii. EQUALITY OF HUMAN BEINGS

4- Rights of Parents. 12
5- Rights of Grandparents. 14
6- Rights of Children.
7- Rights of Husband.
14
16
4
8- Rights of Women. 17
9- Rights of Neighbors. 19
10- Rights of Teachers. 20
11- Rights of Students. 21
12- Rights of Ulama and Mashaaikh. 22
13- Rights of an Employer. 22
14- Rights of an Employee. 23
15- Rights of Guests. 23
16- Rights of the Orphans and the Weak. 23
17- Rights of Friends. 24
18- Rights of all Muslims in general. 25
19- Rights of non-Muslims in Islam. 26
i. RIGHT TO PRESERVATION OF THEIR DIGNITY AS HUMAN BEINGS
ii. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF BELIEF
iii. RIGHT TO FOLLOW THEIR RELIGIOUS LAWS
iv. RIGHT TO JUSTICE
v. RIGHT TO THE SECURITY OF THEIR LIVES, PROPERTY AND HONOR
vi. RIGHT TO GOOD TREATMENT
vii. RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY

20- Rights of enemies at war. 29

21- Rights of citizens of an Islamic state. 30
i. THE SECURITY OF LAND AND PROPERTY
ii. THE PROTECTION OF HONOR
iii. THE SANCTITY AND SECURITY OF PRIVATE LIFE

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iv. THE SECURITY OF PERSONAL
v. FREEDOMTHE RIGHT TO PROTEST AGAINST TYRANNY
vi. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
vii. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATIION
viii. FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND CONVICTION
ix. PROTECTION OF RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS
x. PROTECTION FROM ARBITRARY IMPRISONMENT
xi. THE RIGHT TO BASIC NECESSITIES OF LIFE
xii. EQUALITY BEFORE LAW
xiii. THE RIGHT TO AVOID SIN
xiv. THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE AFFAIRS OF THE STATE

22- Rights of Animals. 32

Conclusion. 33
References, Bibliography and Websites. 34
Introduction to Social Teachings in Islam
As a complete system of teaching for life, Islam addresses every aspect of life
to guide mankind to the best possible solution in every respect. Islam
addresses issues of concern for this life and beyond. Although the teachings of
Islam are devised to prepare mankind for the eternal life of the hereafter, it
does not neglect man’s need for guidance during the brief cycle of life in this
world. Islam presents detailed teachings or general guidance for man that is in
harmony with his nature, at various stages of his life, and for every situation
that he comes across.

The basic the teaching that has been emphasized in Islam is the oneness of
believes. Islam divides the whole mankind into two categories, Muslim and
kaafir. A Muslim and a kaafir can never be of the equal status because a
Muslim has an objective of life which is the purpose of the creation of mankind
while a kaafir only has to pass his days on earth without any such objective.
And that major objective is to worship Allah the All-Mighty.

The social system of Islam is based on an individual man or a woman being the
elements and with the family being a basic building block. Therefore,
responsibilities on a person living in an Islamic civilization are very vast. He or
she has to perform his duties as being a parent, a husband or wife, a teacher, a
religious scholar etc., and to fulfill other’s rights.
6
Therefore, in order for the citizens of an Islamic civilization to completely
understand their responsibilities as being a part of the society, Islam has given
many social teachings to its followers.

The social teachings in Islam are based on the rights and duties of people and
groups of people. Islam has focused on these fundamental rights of people as
its social teachings because they are the essence of a society. The society
where these simple and straight forward teachings are followed becomes like a
heaven for its citizens where everyone gets his/her due rights as being a
resident of world.
Rights and Duties in Islam
Rights (Huqooq) are the benefits a person is entitled to get from other people
or state and Duties (Faraiz) are the tasks a person is required to perform as
being a member of an Islamic society or civilization. The rights of one person
are the duties of other person.

The rights for and the duties of a person who lives in an Islamic society and
holds some status (for example ruler, parent, neighbors…. etc.) are clearly
explained in Qur’an & Ahadith. The Shariah has directed every person to
discharge his bounded duties. It has not encouraged any one to demand only
his rights and not to give any concentration on the duties he is bound to do.
Now-a-days, many speeches are organized and rallies are held regarding the
rights of people. But there is very little concentration on the performing on
duties.

The essence of the teachings of Allah and His Messenger (S.A.W) is that every
person should pay attention to the duties entrusted to him and do his best to
discharge them. If people begin to discharge their duties, the rights of others
will automatically get discharged and settled amicably. So, what the Shariah
demands of its followers is that everyone should realize his responsibilities and
seek to discharge them with sincerity and faithfully. Therefore, the matter of
rights of people is a matter of serious consideration.
7
As for the fulfillment of duties, a person also requires support from other
people, so Islam also teaches its followers to live with mutual cooperation. It
has also preached that all the Muslims living in world are of equal status. There
is no difference between them on the basis of cast, color, or creed but only on
the basis of Taqwa. All the Muslims are brothers of each and are like the
different parts of a body. So they must help each other in need and in the
fulfillment of their duties in the form of a single person o in the form of a
community.

Some of the rights and duties are discussed briefly under.

 1. Rights of Allah.
Allah's Rights upon His creation are the rights that must be kept the most.
Allah is the sole Creator and Sustainer of the universe. He is the Almighty who
created everything with absolute wisdom. Allah is the One who initiated every
being from nothing. Allah's mercy is what keeps humans and everything else
alive. His bounties are countless. If this is His role in the life of humans, then
His rights are what one must keep the most. Allah only wants one thing from
His slaves Allah only wants mankind to worship Him alone and ascribe no
partners with Him in worship, and truly be His slaves. He wants them to
surrender to His will, as they surrender to His control for the means of their
lives. What Allah wants from us is to worship Him with sincerity, and to
perform religious deeds (i.e.; Salat, Zakat, Fasting & Hajj). Allah says in Qur'an:

"And I (Allah) created not the Jinn and mankind except they should
worship Me (alone). I seek not any provision from them nor do I
ask that they should feed Me. Verily, Allah is the All-Provider,
Owner of Power, the Most Strong." (1)
Above mentioned are the duties of Allah's slaves towards Him. They are not
difficult to perform. The reward outweighs the requirements by far. The
reward is:

"And whoever is removed away from the Fire and admitted to

Paradise, he indeed is successful. The life of this world is only the
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enjoyment of deception." (2)
The rights of Allah are that we should make our beliefs, actions, business
transactions, social life and character in accordance to the Pleasure of Allah
Ta'ala, and abstain from all those things which lead to His displeasure. And
that we give preference to the Pleasure and Love of Allah Ta'ala over all other
loves and pleasures of life. Whatever be it, love or enmity for anyone, having
good relations or breaking-off of ties, should only be for the pleasure of Allah
Ta'ala. And all this is because Allah says:

"And whatever of blessings and good things you have, it is from

Allah. Then, when harm touches you, unto Him you cry aloud for
help." (3)
 2. Rights of Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W).
Rights of the Prophet are the most important, after the rights of Allah. We
have been informed of the `Being' and Qualities of Allah Ta'ala, and what leads
to His pleasure and displeasure through means of the Ambiyaa (Prophets).
Thus there are certain rights due to them for this favour upon us. There is no
human who has more rights than the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Therefore, love
for the Prophet should be more than one’s love for himself, his children, family
and worldly possessions. Muhammad (S.A.W) said:

"None of you will reach belief till I become dearer to him than his
children, parents and all humans." (4)
The Prophet has many rights. Respect and appreciation for him should be
practiced in the best manner. Respecting the Prophet includes respect of and
adherence to his Sunnah after his death. Due rights should be given to the
Prophet without exaggeration. The rights of the Prophet include believing him
in matters of religion and the past, present and future happenings he told us
about. Adherence and submission to his orders are some of his rights. When a
Muslim believes in the Prophet and wants to follow his religion, he must do so
believing that the Prophet’s way is the best way. Allah said:

"But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith, until they make you
judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no
resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full
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submission." (5)
Believing in the Prophet includes the affirmation that his religion is the best
religion. To defend the religion of the Prophet is one of his rights upon
believers. Defending the religion can be done by using arms, the tongue and
writings. To ignore attacks on the Prophet or on his religion is impermissible to
Muslims. Muslims must strive to reject, in the best manner, attacks on the
Prophet’s character or on any aspect of his religion, the best religion sent to
mankind. Allah said in Qur'an:

"Say (O Muhammad to mankind): If you love Allah then you follow

me, Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Oft-
Forgiving, Most Merciful." (6)
 3. General Human Rights in Islam.
The topic of human rights is a new concept for the modern world. But Islam, as
being the best religion for mankind, gave the basic rights to all human beings
at the time of its revelation. Some fundamental human rights given by Islam
are briefly discussed under:

I. RIGHT TO LIVE

The first and the foremost basic right is the right to live. The Holy Qur’an lays
down

“whosoever kills a human being (without any reason like) man-

slaughtered, or corruption on earth, it is though he killed all
mankind” (7)
Therefore it is incumbent on any human being that under no circumstances he
should take a human life. If anyone has murdered a human being, it is as he
has killed the entire human race. These instructions have been repeated in the
Holy Qur'an saying

“do not kill a soul which Allah has made sacred except through the

II.
due process of law” (8)
RIGHT TO SAFETY OF LIFE

Islam also encourages its followers to save the human life from death. A man
1
0
may be ill or wounded, irrespective of his nationality, race or color, if you know
the man is in need for help, you must arrange for his treatment. If he is dying
of starvation, you must arrange food for him. Qur’an says:

“And who ever saves a life it is as though he had saved the lives of
all mankind” (9)
III. RESPECT FOR THE CHASTITY OF WOMEN

An important thing in the human rights granted by Islam is that woman’s

chastity has to be respected and protected under all circumstances. A Muslim
cannot outrage her chastity even if she is a worse enemy. The Holy Prophet
also guided the mujahideens not to attack any woman, child or an old man in
war. The words of Qur'an in this respect are:
 “do not approach (the bounds of) adultery” (10)

IV. RIGHT TO BASIC STANDARD OF LIVING

This is also a great blessing which the human race has received through Islam.
Any needy person who asks for help and anyone who is suffering from
deprivation has a right in the wealth of Muslim. Speaking about the economic
rights, the Holy Quran says:

“And in their wealth is acknowledged right for the needy and

destitute” (11)
V. RIGHT TO FREEDOM

Islam has clearly forbidden the primitive practice of capturing a freeman and
making him a slave or selling him in slavery. All such acts are against the dignity
of the mankind. All the residents of an Islamic society are free to practice their
own religion.

VI. RIGHT TO JUSTICE

This is a very valuable right Islam has given to human being. Muslims have to
be just not only with ordinary people but with their enemies as well. The
justice to which Islam invites its followers is not limited to only their nation but
to the mankind as a whole. Muslims are requires to build such a character that
1
no one fears injustice at their hands. Allah says in Qur'an:

“Do not let your hatred of a people incite to your aggression” (12)
“Be just; that is nearer to heedfulness” (13)
1
VII. EQUALITY OF HUMAN BEINGS

Islam not only recognizes absolute equality between men irrespective of any
distinction of color or race, but it also makes it a significant principle. Allah
Almighty said:

“O mankind, We have created you from a male and female And we

set you up as nations and tribes so that you may be able to
recognize each other” (14)
In other words, all human beings are brothers to one another. The division in
the human race on the basis of nations and tribes is for the sake of distinction
so that the people may meet and cooperate with one another. This division in
human race is neither meant for feeling pride or superiority over others.

The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said in the last sermon of Hajj:

“No arab has any superiority over an ajam, nor does an ajam have
any superiority over an arab. Nor does a white have any
superiority over a black, or the black any superiority over the
white. You are all the children of Adam, and Adam was created
from clay” (15)

4. Rights of Parents.
Although our existence is from Allah (Glory and Greatness be to Him), it is our
parents who are the means of giving us life. We are an offshoot of their
existence and a fruit of the garden of their unparalleled affection, training, love
and sentiments. Our religion demands that that we safeguard these two jewels
(our mother and father) - by exhibiting goodness towards them while they are
alive, and by means of charity and good remembrance after their death.

"And your Lord has commanded that you shall not serve (any) but
1
Him, and goodness to your parents. If either or both of them reach

2
old age with you, say not to them (so much as) "Uff" nor chide
them, and speak to them a generous word. And make yourself
submissively gentle to them with compassion, and say: O my Lord!
Have compassion on them, as they brought me up (when I was)
little." (16)
Just as it is beyond our means to fulfill the rights of Allah (Glory and Greatness
be to Him) and to thank Him for all His bounties in their entirety, similarly we
can never thank our parents sufficiently for their efforts. However,
comprehension of their status in the eyes of Allah paves the way to fulfill some
of their numerous rights.
 Imam as-Sadiq (R.A) relates that once a person approached the
Noble Prophet (P.B.U.H) and asked: “O‟ Prophet of Allah!
Towards whom should I exhibit goodness and kindness?” The
Prophet replied: “Towards your mother.” The man then asked:
“And after that towards whom?” The Noble Prophet again said:
“Your Mother.” He asked again: “And then?” Once again, he
replied: “Your mother.” For the fourth time the man asked: “And
then?” This time he said: “(Then towards) Your father.” (17)

Imam ar-Ridha narrates that a person once asked the Messenger

of Allah (peace be upon him and his family): “What are the rights of
the father upon the son?” The Noble Prophet replied: “He should
not call his father by name, he should not walk ahead of him, he
should not sit until his father has seated himself and he should not
do such acts as a result of which people abuse his father.” (18)

The rights of our parents remain upon us even after they have left this world.
The rights of deceased parents upon their children are that they must regularly
make dua for their maghfirat and forgiveness and for Allah’s mercy upon them.
Convey and make Isaal-e-Sawaab through nafil actions and Sadaqah for them.
Be kind, helpful and keep good relations with their friends and acquaintances.
If they (your parents) have any debts outstanding, fulfill them. Visit their graves
time and again.
1
Disobedience and insulting of parents has been set as a major sin in Islam. The
Prophet (peace be on him) declared disobedience to parents to be a major sin,
second only to ascribing partners to Allah, as has been stated in the Qur'an.
The Holy Prophet is reports to have said:
3
“Shall I not inform you about the three major sins?' Those who
were present replied, 'Yes, O Messenger of Allah.'
He said 'Associating partners with Allah and disobedience to
parents,' and sitting up from the reclining position, he continued,
„and telling lies and false testimony‟; beware of it.” (19)
The rights of parents are:
Do not give them any trouble or harm, even though there may be some excess
on their part. Honor and respect them, verbally and by deed (action).
Completely obey and serve them in all those things permitted by Shari' at.
If they are in need, then serve them with your wealth and money, even if they
be kaafirs.

5. Rights of Grandparents.

The rights of your grandparents according to Shari' at are exactly the same as
those of your parents, (whether they be living or have passed away). Therefore
as you fulfill your parent's rights so too must you regard your grandparent's
rights. Similar is the case that your mother's brothers and sisters are like your
mother; and your father's brothers and sisters are like your father in regard to
their rights. Therefore fulfilling the rights of these close family ties is also
important, as that of your parents, as they are Islamically also your Mahram.

6. Rights of Children.
Children in accordance with the Islamic concept means both male and female
with no difference. In accordance with the true Islamic teaching, both male
1
and female are alike in the sight of Allah, the Almighty. Only these differences

4
that are defined and illustrated by Allah, the Almighty, in the Glorious Quran,
or declared and specified by Allah’s Apostle, PBUH are to be acknowledged in
accordance with Islam and its teachings.

Children, according to Islam, are entitled to various rights. The first and
foremost of these rights is the right to be properly brought up, raised and
educated. This means that children should be given suitable, sufficient, sound
and adequate religious, ethical and moral guidance to last them for their entire
lives. They should be engraved with true values, the meaning of right and
wrong, true and false, correct and incorrect, appropriate and inappropriate
and so forth and so on. Allah, the Almighty stated in the Glorious Qur’an:
 "O ye who believe! Save yourselves and your families from a Fire
whose fuel is Men and Stones." (20)

Children, therefore are a trust given to the parents. Parents will be responsible
for this trust on the Day of Judgment. Parents are essentially responsible for
the moral, ethical and the basic and essential religious teachings of their
children. A child’s mind must be entertained with proper guidance, knowledge
education, and wisdom. Clothes, food, housing, schooling are important rights
of children. Children also have the right to be treated equally in terms of
financial gifts. No one should be preferred over the others. All must be treated
fairly and equally. All are equal in rights and duties.

Allah's Apostle, PBUH, was approached by al-N'uman bin

Basheer, who said: "O Prophet of Allah! I have granted a servant
to one of my children (asking him to testify to that gift)." But Allah's
PBUH asked him: "Did you grant the same to each and every child
of yours?" When Allah's Apostle, PBUH was informed negatively
about that, he said: "Fear Allah, the Almighty, and be fair and just
to all your children. Seek the testimony of another person, other
than me. I will not testify to an act of injustice." (21)

Great reward and virtues have been mentioned for having love for children.
Particularly in regard with daughters, do not become disheartened by them,
for very great reward has been mentioned for bringing-up and looking after
1
your daughters. It is also the right of children upon their parents that when
they reach marriageable ages then have their nikah performed. If a daughter's
husband passes away then taking care of her until she is married again. Parents
should bear her expenses and look after her.
5
The child has a right to life. Neither the father nor the mother have the right to
take the life of the child, whether a boy or a girl, by killing it or burying it alive,
as was done by some Arabs of jahiliyyah. Says Allah Ta'ala:

”And do not kill your children out of fear of poverty; We shall

provide for them and for you. Truly, the killing of them is a great
sin.” (22)
 7. Rights of Husband.
Man and woman are indeed the two wheels of the vehicle of life. They have
both to make the journey of life together. In this journey of life it is very
essential that for the sake of management and guidance one of the two should
be made leader to manage the whole journey. Man is stronger and distinctly
more capable of facing the hardship of life than a woman who has been
created with tender features. It is. therefore, man alone and not woman, who
can discharge rightly and efficiently the duties of this leadership.

“Men are the in charge of women because Allah has made some to
excel the other and because they (men) spend of their moneys (for
the support of women). So virtuous women are obedient, guarding
in absence which Allah has guarded.” (23)

In the explanation of this verse Allama Nuwa-wi (rah) has said that it is the
duty of virtuous women to be obedient (Qaa-ni-tah) to Allah, obedient to their
husbands in the matter of the rights which are due by them to their husbands
and to guard the houses of their husbands in their absence. Guarding the

1
houses means firstly to guard their own honour and chastity and guard the
money and properties of their husbands, because, the duties of guarding these
value rests on wives. A wife is the protector of the house of her husband, i.e. it
is her responsibility to protect the money and properly of her husband. Under
most circumstances it is not binding on a wife to prepare food, but she has

6
been made responsible to protect the money and property of her husband in
such a way that they may not be squandered. The Holy Qur'an has appointed
this act of guarding as her essential responsibility.

“Hazrat Abu Hurairah (R.A) has reported the Holy Prophet (saws)
as saying: If it had been lawful for me to command a person to
prostrate before a person I would have commanded a woman to
prostrate before her husband. As it is unlawful for any person to
bow down before any other person, I cannot give this command
before anyone but Allah.” (24)

The woman is not only the guardian of the husband's house but she is also the
guardian of his children. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) has placed on the shoulders
of the housewife the responsibility of bringing up and serving and educating
them. If the children are not being brought up on the right lines if they are not
learning the Islamic etiquettes and ways of living, the mother will be
questioned first and her husband will be questioned later.

Almighty Allah has created in every man and woman a natural desire of sexual
satisfaction and He has prescribed for the satisfaction of this natural desire a
lawful way and that way is the institution of marriage. The amount of sin that
men get for looking at Non-Mahram women, is the same for women who look
at Non-Mahram men. It is also forbidden for women to look at Non-Mahram
men. So, husband and wife must cooperate with each other in the satisfaction
of this desire, so that none may be induced to look to someone else for this
purpose in violation of Allah's commands.

“Hazrat Talaq bin Ali (ra). has narrated that the Holy Prophet
(saws) said: When the husband calls his wife for his need, it is
binding on the wife to go to him at once, even if she is busy at the
oven (baking bread). That is she should not refuse to respond to
the husband's call even in such critical moments” (25)

8. Rights of Women. 1
At that time the world was unaware of heavenly guidance. It was the Holy
Prophet (saws) who for the first time made the world alive to the rights due to
women whereunder they should be accorded nice treatment. Almighty Allah
has addressed all Muslims, commanding them to behave, and consort with
women in kindness: associate with them in life with goodwill and sympathy
7
and never give them trouble. A verse of the Holy Qur'an that is very
comprehensive on this subject:

“But consort with them in kindness” (26)

The Holy Prophet (saws) has explained this verse by his words and practice :

“The best of you are those who behave well with their women
and I am best of you in behaving well with my women.” (27)
The Holy Prophet (saws) has compared a woman to a rib which is crooked to
see but its beauty and health consist in its crookedness if you want to
straighten it, you will only break it. And if you want to enjoy it you may enjoy it
despite its crookedness.

Islam is the only religion in the world that gives the women a share in the
inheritance of their father or husband after their death. Allah says in Qur'an:

“From what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a

share for men and a share for women, whether the property be
small or large,― a determinate share.” (28)

Therefore, if one habit of the woman is unpleasant, there must be some

pleasant habit in her which should be taken into consideration and good
treatment should be meted out to the woman on account of this one pleasant
habit in her. Islam has forbidden a man beating his wife for the sake of
reforming her. But if all the efforts of reforming fail, then the Holy Prophet said
on the occasion of his Farewell Hajj in which he said: (beat them very lightly so
as not to injure them).

It is the responsibility of the husband to provide his wife with cooked food. The
wife cannot be forced to cook food neither by force, nor by the law, because
the Holy Prophet (saws) has said in clear words: “You have a right to keep them
in your house which it is not lawful for them to leave without your permission.”
1
With this exception the laws of the Shari ah have imposed no responsibility on
them. The Husband should serve his parents himself. Shariah does not force
the daughter-in-law to serve parents when they are old, weak, or otherwise
helpless on account of sickness when there is none in the house except their
son and his wife. A husband has been bound by Islam to spend and take care of
8
the expenses of wife according to your capability. Not to be miserly in this
regard. To continuously teach her the masaa'il (laws) of Deen and to encourage
her towards doing good deeds. To permit her to visit her parents, brothers and
sisters, and family.
 9. Rights of Neighbors.
The Noble Qur'an tells us that all of mankind is descended from one couple,
Adam and Eve. Thus we are all brothers and sisters, A Muslim should maintain
good relations with his relatives. Further, a Muslim must be good to his
neighbors, no matter their religion. The Prophet Muhammad (peace and
blessings be upon him) pointed towards forty doors to his right and forty to the
left indicating that forty houses in every direction constitute ones
neighborhood.

Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, "A person will not enter Paradise
whose neighbor is not safe from his mischief." (29)
One is obliged to observe their rights. This concern for our neighbors can take
many forms. It means to ensure that our neighbors have the basic necessities.
It means sharing their happiness and sorrow. Further, it means to not spy on
them and respect their privacy, to not gossip about them, to not harm them in
any way, and to keep common use areas - such as apartment building
entrances, streets and sidewalks - clean. It means that Muslims should wish for
their neighbors what they wish for themselves.

Hazrat Abdullah Ibn E Abbas radiallaho ta'ala anhuma narrates

that he heard Rasool Allah sallalaho alaihe wasallam saying. "He is
not a believer who fills his stomach but his neighbour sleeps
hungry." (30)
1
The neighbor holds a special status in Islam. Islam encourages Muslims to treat
their neighbors in a gentle way that reflects the true and genuine spirit of Islam
as exemplified in its tolerant aspect especially with people of other faiths. It
makes no difference whether the neighbors are Muslim or non-Muslim.
9
Allah Ta'ala says, "And worship Allah, and do not associate
anyone with Him and do good to parents, and to relatives and
orphans, and the needy, and the near neighbour and the distant
neighbour and the companion of your side and the wayfarer." (31)
Certain groups of people, who have specific relations with you (like colleagues
and companions), enjoy additional rights to those of the general Muslim
populace. The Ulama have said that just as you have colleagues and neighbors
when at home, so too when on travel. That is, you have travel-companions,
and they are those people who travel with you when you leave home or those
who coincidently join you while travelling. This too has been mentioned in the
Hadith. Their rights too are like those of your neighbors, companions and
colleagues at home. The result of all these rights is that give preference to their
ease over your ease. And not make yourself a reason of their in inconvenience
when travelling on some form of public transport, like a bus, train, plane, etc.

10. Rights of Teachers

Islam has paid considerable attention to teachers for their being the first brick
in the structure of social development and perfection and the cause of guiding
and developing behaviors and mentalities of individuals and communities.

“The Prophet cared for teachers and showed their elevated

2
standings. Once, he passed by two circles of people; the first was
supplicating to God while the other listening to a teacher. He
commented, “The first is begging God who may or may not give
them. The second was learning. I have been sent as teacher.”
Hence, he joined the second.”

This is the best example of the Prophet’s encouraging education and teaching.
Teachers enjoy abundant rights on their pupils since they are sources of their
perfection and familiarity with life experts. They are also sources of their
mentalities’ illumination. Therefore, teachers’ rights are preferable to fathers’.
0
Pupils are required to show their teachers the highest pictures of respect and
reverence. As teachers are with regard to your internal (character) upbringing,
like father, therefore treating them, their family and relatives as one treats his
father, immediate family and relatives. From this we understand the need for
honouring and respecting our Elders, Sheikhs and teachers. From here a very
important point emerges. The students or mureeds are in the category of
children of the Teacher or Sheikh respectively, their rights with each other are
similar to those of brothers and sisters.
 11. Rights of Students.
Since students or mureeds are like the Teacher’s or Sheikh's own children,
therefore as regards their spiritual upbringing, compassion and kindness, their
rights are like those of his own children. The desires of seeking knowledge
should be evolved in the pupils’ minds by their teachers. Teachers should refer
to the most significant matters that advance them and their societies
plentifully. Pupils will surely pursue knowledge resolutely if this noble
tendency is sewn in their minds and, consequently, the conceptual and
scientific life will be prosperous in the country. The ancient Muslim
educationists referred to a number of qualities and responsibilities that the
teachers should apply on their teaching life to teach their students. The
following is an exposition of these qualities:

Teacher should realize the levels of the pupils and offer to them according to
their understandings. They should intimate to the smart, elucidate for others,
and repeat for the unintelligent.

Teachers should not teach when they are annoyed or complaining an illness,
hunger, or anger since these states may harm the students and themselves.

Teachers should neither prolong nor shorten the lessons unacceptably.

Likewise, they should neither raise nor reduce their voices inadequately.

Teachers should treat the pupils equally and avoid any sort of discrimination.
2
1
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) is reported to say, “Teachers who have
three students- of different social classes- and do not treat them
equally, will be in the line of the traitors on the Resurrection Day.”
Teachers should supervise the pupils’ tendencies and mental desires so that
the suitable subject is chosen. They should lead the pupils who seek another
subject to the correct direction

Teachers should reward the hard-working pupils and praise them before the
mates for any good manner and favorable act they show.
 12. Rights of Ulama and Mashaaikh.
The Ulama of the external and internal aspects of Deen are the inheritors and
successors of Sayyiduna Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam; therefore their
rights are also part of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam's rights.
Their rights are:
i. Continue making Dua for the Fuqahaah, Mujtahideen (Islamic Jurists), Ulama,
Muhadditheen, Asaatiza (your Deeni teachers), Mashaa'ikh (Sheikhs) and
authors of Islamic works.
ii. Follow and obey them in all matters pertaining to and in accordance with
Shari' at.
ii. Those of them, who are living, have love for them and honour them, do not
have enmity for them or oppose them.
iv. If possible, also assist them according to your capacity to fulfill their
(financial) necessities.

13. Rights of an Employer.

2
The employee must:

∙Obey and seek good for his ruler or employer. But must not obey him in
things against Shari' at.
∙If the master or employer does or says something, which is against
employee’s temperament, then he must be patient. Do not complain or curse
him. Make dua that Allah Ta'ala makes his heart soft.

“In one Hadith it is mentioned that you yourself should obey Allah
Ta'ala so that Allah Ta'ala will make the rulers heart soft and
2
kindhearted towards you.”

∙If your employer or ruler does something, which gives you ease, then be
grateful to him.
∙Merely due to your own desires, do not be rebellious.
These rights are valid for as long as a person is under the rule or employ of a
person. Otherwise he has his own free will.
 14. Rights of an Employee.
An employer must:
∙ Not place too burdensome tasks upon an underling.
∙ If there is a difference or argument between two workers then be just.Do
not favour one.
∙ Be mindful of their safety and ease. Make suitable arrangements so that
they may be able to bring you their complaints without difficulty.
∙ If at times they are unable to carry out your orders, then accept their
excuse and forgive them.

15. Rights of Guests.

Guests also have some rights. They are:
i. To welcome them when they arrive, and to at least accompany them till the
door when they are departing.
ii. To organise and prepare their necessities, food, sleeping place, etc. due to
which they experience ease.
iii. To treat them with honor and respect, in fact serve them with your own
hands.
iv. At least on one day prepare a special meal for them in which you take great
care, but only to that extent where you do not feel burdened, nor the guest
embarrassed and at the minimum you should be their host for three days.
2
So much is their necessary right and your duty, thereafter for as long as they
stay it is a favor of their host upon them. But it is more appropriate for the
guest that he should not inconvenience the host, neither by staying for too
long, nor by unnecessarily requesting things, nor by interfering in the choice of
food, place, manner of serving, etc of the host.
3
16. Rights of the Orphans and the Weak.
In the same manner those people who are disadvantaged, like orphans,
widows, the weak, the destitute, the needy, the sick, the traveller and the
beggar, also have some additional rights. They are:
i. Help and serve them.
ii. Assist and do their work with your own hands.
iii. Be compassionate and cheer them up.
iv. Do not reject or turn away their needs and requests.
Allah has said in the Holy Qur'an:
“Those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, eat up a Fire into
their own bodies: they will soon be enduring a blazing Fire!” (32)

17. Rights of Friends.

The Qur'aan Kareem has mentioned that the 'specialties', which exist in, close
family ties, as being the same found in friendship. These are the etiquettes and
rights of friends:

i.The person, with whom you desire to be friends, should be observed carefully
regarding his beliefs, actions, dealings and character. If they are sound and of a
pious nature then forge friendship with such a person, otherwise stay far from
him. Great stress has been laid on safeguarding oneself from bad company.

2
From experience too, we see its harmful effects. When you do find a pious,
good-natured and loyal friend, of the same sex; then there is no harm in
forging strong bonds of friendship. In fact in this world one of the greatest
means of ease and comfort is friendship.

4
ii.Never betray or be miserly towards him, whether in your person or in your
wealth.

iii.If he does something, which is against your temperament, then overlook it. If
by any chance there is a misunderstanding or he does something wrong or
embarrassing then immediately clear the matter up.

iv.Do not be lax in seeking good for him, and never refrain from giving him your
good advice and consultation (mashwara). Listen to his consultation with
sincerity and if it is worthy of following then act upon it.
 18. Rights of all Muslims in general.
Apart from your relatives and friends, all Muslims in general have certain rights
over you. Allaamah Subhaani in `Targheeb wa Targheeb' has mentioned them
on the authority of Hazrat Ali (Radiallahu Anhu) to be:

1. Forgive the fault of your Muslim brother

2. Have compassion during their grief and crying.
3. Hide their faults.
4. Accept their excuse.
5. Remove any trouble or difficulty, which has befallen them.
6. Always desire good for them.
7. Guard the love they have for you.
8. Be mindful of their rights.
9. If they are sick then visit them.
10. If they pass away then attend their funeral (Janaaza).
11. Accept their invitation (Da'waat).
12. Accept the gifts they send to you.
13. Return the good they do to you.

2
14. Be grateful to them for their favours to you.
15. When the occasion arises, assist them.
16. Protect and look after their household and families.
17. Assist them in their need.
18. Listen to their requests.

5
l9. Accept their intercession on behalf of others.
20. Do not make them despair from achieving their aims.
21. When they sneeze and say `Alhamdulillah', then reply by saying
'Yarhamukallah'.
22. Return their lost goods to them.
23. Reply to their Salaam.
24. Speak to them with kindness and with soft and pleasant words.
28. Be kind and bountiful towards them.
26. If they take a pledge while relying on you, then fulfill their pledge.
27. If someone is oppressing them then assist them; and if they are oppressing
someone else then stop them.
28. Have love for them and do not have enmity with them.
29. Do not degrade them.
30. Whatever you desire for yourself, desire the same for them.

In other Hadiths this too has been added:

31. At the time when meeting them then make Salaam; and if you shake their
hands then that will be better.
32. If coincidently you become angry with someone, then do not stop speaking
to him for more than three days.
33. Do not be suspicious or doubt him.
34. Do not be jealous or have enmity and hatred towards him.
35. As far as possible command good and forbid him from evil.
36. Be kind to the young and respect the Elderly.
37. If two Muslims fight then create a truce between them.
38. Do not backbite about him.
39. Do not cause him any harm, neither in his honour nor in his wealth.
40. If he cannot mount his conveyance then give him support and assist him.
41. Do not make him stand up from his place for you to sit down on it.

2
42. Two people should not speak amongst themselves while leaving a third
person out.

An important point to note is that previously all the rights mentioned were for
special groups of people. Their rights are over and above and also include the

6
above-mentioned rights.

19. Rights of non-Muslims in Islam.

Islam is a religion of mercy to all people. There is goodness in Islam for all living
beings, either they may be Muslims or non-Muslims. Allah says in the Holy
Qur'an:
“These are clear evidences to men, and a guidanceand mercy to
those of assured faith” (33)
At the time of the Caliphate, all the non-Muslims enjoyed a degree of tolerance
that we do not find even today in Christian countries. They were free to
practice the rituals of their religion, and their churches and temples were
preserved. They enjoyed autonomy in that they were subject to the religious
laws of their scholars and judges. These rights were not given to the non-
Muslims by the ruler of that time but they were given by Islam itself.
Following are the rights all non-Muslims enjoy as the citizens of an Islamic
state.

I. Right to preservation of their dignity as human beings.

Allah Almighty has endowed mankind with dignity, Muslims and non-Muslims
alike, and has elevated his status above that of much of creation.

II. Right to freedom of belief.

Islam has never compelled those who do not agree with it to convert. It has
declared their complete freedom to retain their own faith, and not to be
forced to embrace Islam. Our Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) used to give
people a choice between entering Islam and retaining their current religion.
Allah says in Qur'an:
“If it has been thy lord‟s will, they would all have believed, -all of
who are on earth! Will thou then compel mankind, against their
will, to believe!” (34)
2
III. Right to follow their religious laws.
Another facet of the tolerance of Islam towards its non-Muslim citizens is that
it never compelled them to be governed by its religious laws. Allah says:

“let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from

7
Error; whoever rejects Evil and believes in Allah hath grasped the
most trustworthy hand-hold, that never breaks. And Allah heareth
and knoweth all things.” (35)
 IV. Right to justice.
Islam is a religion of justice. Almighty Allah has demanded that we use a just
measure in all affairs, so everyone acts equitably, and is cautious to not fall
into oppressive ways.
Justice to non-Muslims is broad. Just as Islam gives them right to seek before
their own courts, it also guarantees them equality in seeking justice with
Muslims, if they choose to take their case before an Islamic court.
“O ye who believe! stand out firmly for Allah, as witnesses to fair
dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to
wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to Piety: and
fear Allah For Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do.” (36)

V. Right to the security of their lives, property and honor.

Islam protects basic human rights for all people. These rights include
preservation for the life, person, property and honor. Muslims and non-
Muslims are equal in this right, whether they are citizens or visitors. These are
sacred rights that are carefully guarded, and cannot be abrogated for any
reason except by law. It is not permissible to kill a non-Muslim unless he is
sentenced for murder or a capital crime, because Allah Almighty has said:

“On that account: We ordained for the Children of israel that if

anyone slew a person―unless it be for murder or for spreading
2
mischief in the land― it would be as if he slew the whole people:
and if anyone saved a life it would be as if he saved the life of the
whole people.” (37)
8
VI. Right to good treatment.
The Qur'an is the venerated basis for interactions with non-Muslims, and it has
made it clear that they must be treated well. Interactions must be based on
charity and generosity of spirit, as long as non-Muslims do not show overt
hostility to us.
“Allah forbids you not, with regard to those who fight you not for
(your) Faith nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly
and justly with them: for Allah loveth those who are just. Allah only
 forbids you, with regard to those who fight you for (your) Faith,
and drive you out of your homes, and support (others) in driving
you out, from turning to them (for friendship and protection). It is
such as turn to them (in these circumstances) that do wrong.” (38)

VII. Right to social security.

Islam precedes all nations and systems in establishing the services of social
security for its citizens. The Shari’ah has made it an obligation for the Muslim
state to provide for all citizens with disabilities that prevent them from lawful
employment, Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
Islamic history has recorded wonderful examples of how the Khalifahs and
governors of Islam has ensured that non-Muslims were given their due.

20. Rights of enemies at war.

The rules which have been framed by Islam to make the war civilized and
humane, are in the nature of law, because they are the injunctions of Allah and
His Prophet (P.B.U.H) which are followed by Muslims in all circumstances,
irrespective of the behavior of the enemy.

Islam has first drawn a clear line of distinction between the combatants and
the non combatants of the enemy. As far as the noncombatants are concerned
2
such as women, children, the old, the infirm and even those men who do not
fight, the instructions regarding them by Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) are as
follows:
“Do not kill any old person, any child, any woman and the people
(monks) who are sitting in the place of worship.” (39)
9
The Prophet (S.A.W) also ordered his companions not to destroy any
residential building or to burn the trees.

Now let us see what rights Islam has conferred on the combatants:
 i. The enemy should not be burnt alive or tortured with fire.
ii. Do not attack any wounded soldier of the enemy.
iii. The prisoner of war should not be slain.
iv. No one should be tied to be killed.
v. Enemy’s country should be looted or destroyed.
vi. The Muslims have also been prohibited from taking anything from the
general public of the conquered country forcibly.
vii. Islam has prohibited its followers from disgracing or mutilating the
corpses of their enemies thus preserving the sanctity of the dead body.
viii. Muslims must return the corpses of their enemies.
ix. Islam has prohibited its followers from breaching their treaties wih
enemies.

21. Rights of citizens of an Islamic state.

We have discussed the human rights in general. As the rights of citizens of an
Islamic state are more extensive than those, they need to be separately

3
discussed. The rights the government and the ruler of an Islamic state must
guaranty to its citizens are:

I. The security of land and property.

Allah has said in Qur'an:

0
“Anyone who kills a believer deliberately will receive his reward
to live in hell for ever. Allah will be angry with him and curse him,
and prepare dreadful torments for him.” (41)

II. The protection of honor.

The holy Qur'an clearly lays down:
“You who believe, do not let one (set of) people make fun of
another set. Do not defame one another. Do not insult by using
nicknames. And do not backbite or speak ill of one another” (41)
 III. The sanctity and security of private life.
Islam recognizes the right of every citizen of its state that there should be no
undue interference or encroachment on the privacy of his life. Quran says:
“Do not spy on one another” (42)

IV. The security of personal freedom.

Islam has also laid down that no citizen can be imprisoned unless his guilt has
been proved in an open court.

V. The right to protest against tyranny.

Islam strongly disapproves use of abusive language or strong words of
condemnation but the person who has been a victim of injustice or tyranny has
the right to openly protest against it.

VI. Freedom of expression.

Islam gives the right of freedom of thought and expression to all citizens on the
condition that it should be used for the propagation of truth and nor for the
spreading of evil.

VII. Freedom of association.

Islam has also given the right to the freedom of association and formation of
parties and organizations. But they should be also for the purpose of
propagation of truth and nor for mischief.
3
VIII. Freedom of conscience and conviction.
Islam also gives the right to freedom of conscience and conviction to its
citizens in an Islamic state. Qur'an says:
“There should be no coerction in the matter of faith.” (43)
1
IX. Protection of religious sentiments.
Islam has given the right to th eindivisual that his religious sentimentswill be
given due respectand nothing will be said or done whoch may encroach upon
his rights. Quran says:
“Do not abuse those they appeal to instead of Allah” (44)
 X. Protection from arbitrary imprisonment.
Islam also recognizes that one may not be arrested or imprisoned for the
offences of other. Quran says:
“No bearer of burdens shall be made to bear the burden of
another” (45)

XI. The right to basic necessities of life.

Islam has recognized the right of the needy people that help and assistance will
be provided to them. Quran says:
“And in their wealth there is acknowledged right for the needy and
the destitute.” (46)

XII. Equality before law.

Islam gives its citizens, either they are Muslims or non-Muslims the right to
absolute and complete equality in the eyes of law. Islam clearly insists that all
the officials of the Islamic state, whether they be the head or the employee,
are equal in the eyes of law.

XIII. The right to avoid sin.

Islam also confers that any citizen will not be ordered to commit a sin, a crime
or an offence.

XIV. The right to participate in the affairs of the state.

3
It is the right of every Muslim of an Islamic state that he should have a direct
say in the affairs of the state or a representative chosen by him and other
Muslims should participate in the affairs of the state.
2
22. Rights of Animals
Similarly due to being of the same class, some rights are also required. That is
as far as the rights of animals are concerned, we should also consider them.
They are:

∙Those animals from which we do not derive any direct benefit, do not cage
them up for no reason. Especially do not take the young away from their nests,
dens, burrows or homes and then make their parents concerned and grieved.
To do this is being very merciless.
∙Those animals, which can be of benefit, as well as those animals which do not
directly benefit us, do not merely kill them for sport. Many game hunters
(deep-sea fishermen, etc) are involved in this.
∙Those animals, which we use for our benefit, do take care in providing for
their food, care, etc. Do not make them do tasks which are beyond their
capabilities and do not beat them over the limit.
∙Those animals, which are to be slaughtered or that animal which has to be
killed due to being harmful. Kill it with a sharp instrument, knife, etc. Do not
make it suffer unnecessarily. Do not starve an animal or cause it to die.

Conclusion
This is a brief sketch of those rights which fourteen hundred years ago Islam
gave to man, to those who were at war with each other and to the citizens of
its state, which every believer regards as sacred as law. On one hand it
refreshes and strengthens our faith in Islam when we realize that even in this

3
modern age, the world has not been able to produce more just and equitable
laws then those given 1400 years ago. On the other hand it hurts one’s feelings
that Muslims are in possession in such a splendid and comprehensive system
of law and yet they look forward for guidance towards the west.

Moreover, Islam is the only religion which gives such comprehensive social
teachings to its followers regarding the whole world. Other religions like
Christianity, Jewish and Buddhism also give social teachings to its followers but
their teachings are very limited and confined to themselves only. The Jewish
religion teaches its followers to be good only wits other Jews and they are free
3
for dealing with the members of other religion in any way they want. Thus
these religions do not teach high standards of living to their followers as Islam
does.

May Allah have mercy upon us and give us true guidance so that we may be
able to perform our duties and fulfill the rights of Allah, His Prophet
Muhammad (S.A.W) and the rights of other human beings and creatures of
Allah as well. (Amin)
References
1) Qur’an [51:56-58] 39) (Abu dawud, musnad ibn hanbal)
2) Qur’an [3:185] 40) Qur’an (4:93)
3) Qur’an [16:53] 41) Qur’an (49:11-12)
4) [Al-Bukhari & Muslim] 42) Qur’an (49:12)
5) Qur’an [Al- Nisa:65] 43) Qur’an (2:256)
6) Qur’an [3:31] 44) Qur’an (6:108)
7) Qur’an (5:32) 45) Qur’an (6:164)
8) Qur’an (6:151) 46) Qur’an (54:19)
9) Qur’an (5:32)
10) Qur’an (17:32)
11) Qur’an (51:12)
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4) Tirmidi
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Saleh Husseyn Al Ayed
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6) Human Rights in Islam by Syed Abul
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Akhtar Saheb D.B.
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27) Tirmidhi -chapter on right of a women
over her husband. Tradition no: 1172)
28) Qur’an (4:7)
29) Muslim Shareef
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31) Qur’an (4:36)
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Islam) By Hazrat Maulana Muhammad
Ashraf Ali Thanvi
Websites
1) http://worldupdates.tripod.com/islam
icrights/
2) http://www.scribd.com/
3) http://www.al-islam.org/
4) http://www.islamfortoday.com/
5) http://www.ezsoftech.com/
6) http:// www.missionislam.com/
7) http:// www.imamreza.net/
8) http://www.islamreligion.com/