evsjv‡`‡ki KywUi wkí

cÖm½ K_vt
KzwUi K_vwUi Av¶wiK A_© Z…Y ev cÎ wbwg©Z `wi`ª evmM„n| †Kvb RwUj ˆeÁvwbK
cÖwµqv ev fvwi hš¿cvwZi mvnvh¨ QvovB hLb KzwU‡i e‡m cvwievwiK cwi‡e‡k Aí
cuywR‡Z, Aem‡I `¶ I A`¶ KvwiMi KZ…©K †h mKj wkí `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq, †mB wkí‡K e‡j
KzwUi wkí| Aóv`k kZvãx ch©š— mviv c„w_ex‡Z KzwUi wkí wQj cÖavb wkí| gvby‡li
ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z GKKv‡j KzwUi wk‡íi f~wgKvB wQj AMÖYx| evsjv‡`‡k †mB
AZxZ Kvj †_‡KB KzwUi wk‡íi cÖPjb P‡j Avm‡Q| KzwUi wkí G †`‡ki MÖvgxY HwZ‡n¨i
evnK| MÖv‡gi w`‡K j¶¨ Ki‡j ZvB Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB ZuvZx, ¯^Y©Kvi, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, QzZvi,
Kuvmvix, Pvgvi BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †kªbxi mgvR †Mvôx|
AZxZ t
AZx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki KzwUi wk‡íi †MŠiegq HwZn¨ wQj| PiKvq ˆZix I Zvu‡Z †evbv gmwjb
kvwo Kvco GK`v we‡k¦i evRv‡iI PgK m„wó K‡iwQj| G‡bwQj evsjvi myL¨vwZ| GKKv‡j
G‡`‡ki bvix cyi“l cyi“lvYyµ‡g bvbv ai‡Yi KzwUi wkí K‡g© wbhy³ wQj| euvk, †eZ, KvV,
avZe, ZuvZ, wewo, g„r, Kvumv cÖf„wZ KzwUi wk‡íi Kvi“Kvh©gq wRwbm GK mgq
evsjvi N‡i N‡i ‡kvfv †cZ| cÖvZ¨vwnK cÖ‡qvR‡b MÖv‡gi gvbyl ¯^ ¯^ gh©v`v I es‡ki
avivq Zv‡`i KywUi wkí K‡g©i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Zv, c¶vš—‡i wfbœ
es‡kv™¢yZ †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv e¨envi KiZ|
AvVvi kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K BD‡iv‡c wkí wece N‡U| evsjv‡`‡k hš¿ mf¨Zvi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q
weªwU‡ki nv‡Z- fviZe‡l©i civaxbZvi ci †_‡K| e„wUkiv ewY‡Ki RvZ | wb‡R‡`I cY¨`ªe¨
fviZe‡l© wewµ Kivi Rb¨ hLb Zviv cÖm¯’ †¶Î ‰Zix Kij Zvici †_‡K Avgv‡`i KzwUi wk‡íi
aŸsk ïi“ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G K_v mZ¨ †h H wZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wek¦ A_©bxwZ
†jvK i“wP I wkí e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡jI evsjv‡`‡k KzwUi wkí G‡Kev‡i wejyß n‡q
hvq wb|
KzwUi wk‡íi eZ©gvbt
Ò‡Zv‡i m‡e wb›`v K‡i ¸bnxb dzj,
ïwbqv wbi‡e †n‡m Kwnjv wkgyj,
hZ¶Y wb›`v K‡i Avwg Pz‡c Pz‡c,
dz‡U DwV Avcbvi cyic~Y© iƒ‡c|Ó
KzwUi wkí ax‡i ax‡i Zvi bZzb †¶Î wbgv©Y K‡i wbj| XvKvB gmwjb nviv‡bvi `ytL wKQzUv
n‡jI cywl‡q wbj Uv½vB‡ji Rvg`vwb kvwo Avi ivRkvwni †ik‡gi wm‡éi kvwo| Abyiƒc fv‡e
M„nwbg©v‡b †cvovgvwUi †mŠKh©gq KvR nviv‡bvi `ytLI A‡bKUv cywl‡q wb‡q‡Q ˆkwíK
g„r wk‡íi cybi“Ìvb Øviv|
¸‡Y I gv‡b AZx‡Zi mgK¶ n‡q bv DV‡jI cwigv‡ci w`K †_‡K eZ©gv‡b KzwUi wk‡íi Drcv`b
eû¸b cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q Ges m¤¢vgbvgq fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K GwM‡q Pj‡Q|
KzwUi wk‡íi cÖKvi‡f`t
G‡`‡k KzwUi wkí‡K wbk©vY mvgMÖxi wewfbœZv Abymv‡i K‡qKwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv
hvq| Z_v t ZuvZ wkí, †ikg wkí, g„r wkí, avZz wkí, †eZ wkí, k¼ wkí, KvMR wkí BZ¨vw`|
XvKvB gmwjbt
XvKvB gmwjb GLb wKse`š—x‡Z cwiYZ n‡jI Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb MÖxm , †ivg Ges
cvi‡m¨i ivRKzgvix I mgªvÁx‡`i Rb¨ XvKvB gmwjb wQj me‡P‡q AvKvw•LZ e¯‘y| XvKvB
gmwjb c„w_exi eû ivRvi ivR `iev‡I cig we¯§‡qi m„wó K‡iwQj| Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxi
eY©bv w`‡Z wM‡q m¨vi †Rgm †Ubji Zvui ÔU‡cvMÖvwd Ae XvKvÕ MÖ‡š’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb
†h, 1787 mv‡j XvKv †_‡K cÖvq 30 j¶ UvKvi gmwjb ißvwb n‡qwQj Ges 1834 mv‡j Zz‡jv
Avi my‡Zvi wewfbœ Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ ißvwb nq wZb j¶ mvZvk nvRvi UvKvi|
evsjv‡`‡ki †m w`b Avi †bB|e„wUk kvmKiv AZ¨vš— cwiKwíZfv‡e aŸsk K‡i w`‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki
we¯§qKi gmwjb wkí‡K| gmwjb wkí aŸsm Ki‡Z wM‡q AvR‡Ki AvaywbK mf¨Zvi aâvavixiv
e‡e©v‡ivwPZ AZ¨vPvi K‡iwQj| †kvbv hvq Zviv gmwjb wk‡íi `¶ KvwiMi‡`i nv‡Zi Av½yj
†K‡U w`‡qwQj| ZvZux‡`i gmwjb †h KZUv f~eb weL¨vZ wQj Zv ZrKvjxb BwZnvm †_‡K
Rvbv hvq| mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ¯¿x b~iRvnv‡bi XvKvB gmwjb AZ¨vš—¨ wcÖq wQj|
ZvQvov cÖvPxb e¨wejb I wgk‡iI wQj GB XvKvB gmwj‡bi K`i| wK‡kviMÄ I evwRZcy‡i
gmwjb ‰Zix nZ|
ZuvZ I Rvg`vbx:
Gmwjb aŸsm nIqvi ci †mB †MŠie A‡bKUv wdwi‡q G‡b‡Q wgicy‡ii Rvg`vbx kvox|
eZ©gv‡b we‡`‡k GB kvwoi K`i w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| cvkvcvwk cvebvi wewU I Zvu‡Zi
kvox, Uv½vB‡ji Zvu‡Zi kvox GL‡bv AZ¨vš— RbwcÖq| biwmsw` †Rjvi eveyinv‡U
ZuvZwkí GZB DbœZ wQj †h †KD †KD G‡K cÖv‡P¨i g¨v‡Â÷vi e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Kzwgj-
vi LÏi Kvco AvRI Avgv‡`i ZuvZ wk‡íi †MŠi‡ei e¯‘y|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡b ZuvZ wk‡íi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Zuv‡Zi
‰Zix bvbviKg kvwo jyw½, MvgQv aywZ weQvbvi Pv`i cÖf„wZ evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq|
‡ikg wkí:
‡ikg wkí KzwUi wkí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki †ikg wkí GKmgq
¸YMZ w`K †_‡K wek¦weL¨vZ wQj| ivRkvnxi †ikg wk‡íi L¨vwZ e¨vcK n‡jI iscyi w`bvRcy‡iI
Gi we¯—vi N‡U‡Q|
KvMR I cvwóK wkí:
KzwUi wkí eZ©gv‡b †Kej MÖv‡g mxgve× bq kn‡ii ¯^í Av‡qi gvbylI GLb bvbvwea KzwUi
wk‡íi DcKib ˆZix K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Q| KvMR I cvw÷‡Ki ˆZix bvbviKg dzj ‰Zix
n‡”Q| Avi G dzj †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡q GLb we‡`‡kI ißvwb n‡”Q|
g„r wkí: †cvovgvwU Uvwj, ˆkwíK Kvi“Kvh©, g~wZ©, M„‡n e¨envh© I cÖ`k©b †hvM¨
†QvULvU wRwbmcÎ †hgb - †ccvi I‡qU, A¨vm‡Uª, m‡qi wbwg‡Ë e¨vsK, cïcvwL, gvQ
BZ¨vw` G †kªbxi Aš—M©Z| me ai‡bi †gjvq Gi wecyj Dcw¯’wZ I mgv`i j¶¨‡hvM¨|
euvk †eZ I Kv‡Vi ˆZix ˆZRm cÎ:
wm‡j‡U †e‡Zi ‡Uwej, †Pqvi, GgbwZ †mvdv‡mU ch©š— ˆZix n‡”QGes m¤úbœ cwiev‡i
wecyjfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡”Q| cÖPzi cwigv‡b evu‡ki ˆZRmcÎ mvavib e¨venv‡i Kv‡R jvM‡Q|
Kv‡Vi ‰ZRmc†Îi e¨vcK e¨envi G_‡bv i‡q‡Q mviv‡`‡k|
avZe KvP:
Aj¼vi wbg©v‡Y †mvbv I iƒcvi ¯’vb AwØZxq| Gi meB KzwUi wkíRvZ| wcZj, Kuvmv I †jvni
‰ZRm c‡Î wecyj fv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| G m‡ei weKí GK iKg †bB ej‡jB P‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki
KzwUi wkíRvZ †mvbviƒcvi Aj¼vi wek¦e¨vcx cÖksmv I mgv`i jvf K‡iwQj|
jeY:
Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i DcKiY je‡Yi meUvB KzwUi wkíRvZ| cÖavbZ PÆMÖvg K·evRv‡iB jeb Drcvw`Z
nq|
wewo:
aygcv‡bi cÖavb DcKiY wewo| †`ke¨vcx wewfbœ †K‡›`ª wewo cÖ¯ZzZ n‡”Q| GKK
wn‡m‡e KzwUi wk‡íi g‡a¨ me©vwaK ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q wewo|
Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨:
hvwš¿K wk‡íi `L‡j P‡j †M‡jI KzwUi wkí Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨vw` cÖ¯‘ywZI h‡_ó GwM‡q
†M‡Q| Pvgovi †cvlvK, PvgovRvZ e¨vM, Pvgovi Ry‡Zv, †mŠwLb `ªe¨vw` KzwUi wk‡íi
AvIZvq ˆZix n‡”Q|
MY Avmb:
kxZj cvwU, gv`yi I bKkxKv_vu Nb Avmb wn‡m‡e G‡`k ¯^xK…Z| Gi meUvB KzwUi wk‡íi
AvIZvq ˆZix nq| kxZj cvwU I bKkxKv_vu cybivq m¤úbœ N‡ii †mŠwLb e¯‘y‡Z cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| HwZn¨ m‡PZbZv Ges i“wPi cwiPq enb Ki‡Q G¸‡jv|
K„wli DcKiY:
K…l‡Ki K…wlKv‡Ri Rj¨ jv½j, gB †_‡K ïi“ K‡i hveZxq DcKiY KzwUi wkí m„ó| Gi cwigvYI
AmsL¨|
KzwUi wk‡íi eZ©gvb `yive¯’vi KviY:
KzwUi wk‡íi eZ©gvb `yive¯’vi cÖavb KviY weªwUm lohš¿| wØZxqZ wkí wece| A_©vr
Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k Drcbœ cY¨`ª‡e¨i ‡P‡q h‡š¿ Drcvw`i cY¨ my›`i, myMwVZ, wbcyY Ges
cY¨`ªe¨ `v‡g A‡bK Kg wQj| d‡j we‡jZ †_‡K Avg`vbxK…Z e¯‘y I Ab¨vb¨ cY¨`ª‡e¨i ‡P‡q
Avgv‡`i †`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨`ªe¨ cªªwZ‡hvMxZvq wUK‡Z cvij bv| Ges Avgv‡`i m¤¢vebvgq
KzwUi wkí¸‡jv µ‡g µ‡g aŸs‡mi w`‡K GwM‡q †M‡Q|
eZ©gvb Ae¯—v †_‡K wb®‹„wZ cvIqvi Dcvq:
eZ©gvb `~ive¯’v †_‡K wb®K…wZ †c‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g cª‡qvRb MY m‡PZbZv| wØZxqZ
cÖ‡qvRb miKvix f~Z©yKx| Z„ZxqZ cÖ‡hvRb †emiKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvi KzwUi wkí ¯’vc‡b
AvMÖn m„wó Kiv| PZz_©Z cÖ‡qvRb D‡`¨v³v‡`I Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶ FY cÖ`vb mnRxKiY|
cÂgZ cÖ‡qvRb Drcvw`Z KzwUi wkí `ª‡e¨i evRvi wbwðZ KiY| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ mymgš^q
NUv‡Z cvi‡j Aek¨B KzwUi wk‡í cybtcÖv‡Yi †Rvqvi Avm‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki KzwUi wkí‡K
DrmvwnZ I m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôvb
i‡q‡Q| GB ms¯’vwUi gva¨‡g hw` G‡`‡ki KzwUi wk‡íi wewfbœ kvLv‡K Drmvn I
c„ô‡cvlKZv †`qv hvq, Z‡e Avgv‡`i KzwUi wkí Zvi nviv‡bv †MŠie wd‡i †c‡Z cv‡i| G‡`‡ki
A_©bxwZ‡Z mÂvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bZzb cÖv‡Yi ¯ú›`b|
KzwUi wk‡íi fwel¨r:
KzwUi wk‡íi fwel¨r m¤¢vebvgq|Kvib Gi Av‡e`b wPiKvjxb| h‡š¿ ˆZix `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi mv‡_
gvby‡li ü`‡qi ‡Kvb m¤úK© _v‡K bv| †mLv‡b AbyfywZi ¯úk© jvMv‡Z †M‡jB KzwUi wk‡íi
Øvi¯’ n‡Z nq| Kvi“K‡g©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv h‡š¿i Øviv m¤¢e nq bv| †h‡nZz ü`‡qi Av‡e`b
me©Kvjxb †m‡nZz KywUi wk‡íi Av‡e`b
KzwUi wk‡íi cÖfve:
Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k ïay wkí †¶‡Î bq, mvgvwRK Rxe‡bI KzwUi wk‡íi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| KzwUi
wkí‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i A‡bK ¸‡jv e¨emvqx m¤cÖ`vq M‡o D‡V‡Q| Zviv eskvYyµ‡g †mB K‡g©i
gva¨‡g RxweKv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wk‡íi bvg Abyhvqx esk ev RvwZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q|
†hgb Kvgvi, Kzgvi, wg¯¿x, ZuvZx, myZvi BZ¨vw`| Gme RvwZi D™¢e I cÖwZôvi g~‡j
i‡q‡Q KzwUi wkí|
KzwUi wk‡íi m¤¢vebv:
KzwUi wk‡íi wecyj m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| G †`‡ki KzwUi wk‡íi AZxZ mvd‡j¨I BwZnvm †K bv
Rv‡b? g~jZ KzwUi wkí‡K D¾xweZ K‡i ‡`kxq wkí‡K Pv½v Kivi cvkvcvwk weivU †eKvi
mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| G‡Z K‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †hiKg my‡hvM NU‡e, †Zgwb ˆe‡`wkK
g~`ªvI AwR©Z n‡e| d‡j †`k n‡e ivnvRvwb Ges mgm¨vgy³ Ges Pv½v n‡e A_©bxwZ|
‡kl K_v:
g~jZ KzwUi wk‡íi myweav jvjb I ea©‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii ewjô mn‡hvMxZv cÖ‡qvRb|
hš¿ wk‡íi cvkvcvwk KzwUi wk‡íi h_v_© kªxe„w× I mg„wׇZB †`‡ki cÖK…Z wk‡ívbœqb
I †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| ZvB miKvi I weËkvjx wkícwZ‡`i G wkí‡K evuwP‡q ivLvi
e¨vcv‡I ¯§iYxq f~wgKv cvjb Kiv DwPZ|e¨vcK cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g KzwUi wk‡íi cÖwZ RbMY‡K
AvK…ó Ki‡Z cvi‡j G wk‡íi cÖmvi Aek¨¤¢vex|