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Endangered
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u e story of t e ecosystem on our planet as never been more crucial and relevant t an it
is today. In an era of climate c ange, desertification, sea level rise, acid rain, green ouse effect,
t inning ozone layer and widespread pollution, ecosystem quality is becoming more critical by
t e minute. u e global forces of extraction and expansion are jeopardizing t e very substance
t at supports life on our planet.

u ere is great trut to t e adage t at we are all downstream from one anot er. u e
midwestern United States is downstream from t e coal-fired power plants of C ina. u e rising
tides inundating t e Sundarban Islands of India are downstream from t e carbon emissions of
billions of cars around t e world. And we are all literally downstream from t e melting of t e
polar ice caps. How we manage our water resources as implications for many of t e critical
issues we facefrom women as primary water gat erers, subsistence farming, and t e ealt
and balance of wildlife systems, to water refugees, t e ealt of c ildren, and t e spreading of
disease. Unfortunately, t ese connections are not well understood by t e general public, w ose
c oices as individuals and as a collective can contribute to eit er t e degradation or t e
conservation of our water.

Environment is defined as t e surroundings in w ic t e organism lives. u e

environment may be t e p ysical environment, t e c emical environment or t e biological
environment. u us, t e environment as two components - abiotic and biotic.

Endangered
 | 3
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 often affect w ole ecosystems.Wit great advancements in t e medical
fields, modern farming tec niques and better infrastructure, t e worlds population as
grown to over 6 billion today.

Conflicts, t erefore, arise between t e need to meet t e immediate uman demands in t e

s ort term and need to protect and conserve ecosystems from long-term damage.

c Agriculture

c pen Burning

c Industrialization

c Urbanization

c eforestation

Endangered
 | 4
c Y




Y

  is t e production of food and goods t roug farming and forestry.
Agriculture was t e key development t at led to t e rise of uman civilization, wit t e
usbandry of domesticated animals and plants creating food surpluses t at enabled t e
development of more densely populated and stratified societies. u e study of agriculture is
known as agricultural science.

Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties and tec niques, including ways to
expand t e lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-c annels and ot er forms of
irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and t e pastoral erding of livestock on
rangeland remain at t e foundation of agriculture. In t e past century t ere as been
increasing concern to identify and quantify various forms of agriculture. In t e developed
world t e range usually extends between sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or
organic agriculture) and intensive farming (e.g. industrial agriculture).

Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and tec nological
improvements ave s arply increased yields from cultivation, and at t e same time ave
caused widespread ecological damage and negative uman ealt effects. Selective breeding
and modern practices in animal usbandry suc as intensive pig farming (and similar
practices applied to t e c icken) ave similarly increased t e output of meat, but ave raised
concerns about animal cruelty and t e ealt effects of t e antibiotics, growt ormones,
and ot er c emicals commonly used in industrial meat production.

Endangered
 | 5
 u e major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw
materials. In t e 2000s, plants ave been used to grow biofuels, biop armaceuticals,
bioplastics, and p armaceuticals. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and
meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, emp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and
bamboo. t er useful materials are produced by plants, suc as resins. Biofuels include
met ane from biomass, et anol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery plants, tropical fis and
birds for t e pet trade are some of t e ornamental products.

In 2007, about one t ird of t e world's workers were employed in agriculture. u e

services sector as overtaken agriculture as t e economic sector employing t e most people
worldwide. espite t e size of its workforce, agricultural production accounts for less t an
five percent of t e gross world product (an aggregate of all gross domestic products).

Endangered
 | 6
 c   


pen burning is defined as "t e burning of any matter in suc a manner t at products of
combustion resulting from t e burning are emitted directly into t e ambient (surrounding
outside) air wit out passing t roug an adequate stack, duct or c imney." Generally, anytime
you lig t a fire outdoors, you are open burning.

No person may conduct, cause or permit t e conduct of a salvage operation by open burning,
and t e burning of refuse and ot er combustible material by open burning is generally
restricted. However, t ere are some categories of permissible open burning; some of t ese are
as follows:

c Fires for t e instruction and training of firefig ting personnel.

c Fires set for t e elimination of a fire azard.
c Fires set for t e removal of dangerous or azardous material.
c Campfires and ot er fires for t e outdoor preparation of food.
c Agricultural crop burning.
c |and clearing and rig t-of-way maintenance.

No burning of trade waste or materials t at generate azardous air pollutants suc as rubber
products (tires), tarpaper, asp alt s ingles, plastics or treated wood products will be approved.
Alternatives to burning must be investigated and t e request to burn must be justified fully. Cost
of alternative disposal is not sufficient justification by itself.

Endangered
 | 7
 Regardless of w et er or not t e burning is permissible under t e rules or w et er a variance
to open burn as been issued, all open burning must comply wit all of t e conditions contained
in Subsection 33-15-04.2. Some of t ese conditions are as follows:

c No public nuisance is or will be created.

c No occupied building may be impacted by air contaminants from t e burning.
c No traffic azards can be created.
c u e burning must be attended and supervised at all times.

Endangered
 | 8
 c  
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 is t e process of social and economic c ange w ereby a uman group
is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider
modernisation process, w ere social c ange and economic development are closely related wit
tec nological innovation, particularly wit t e development of large-scale energy and metallurgy
production. It is t e extensive organization of an economy for t e purpose of manufacturing.

Industrialisation also introduces a form of p ilosop ical c ange w ere people obtain a
different attitude towards t eir perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous
rationalisation. u ere is considerable literature on t e factors facilitating industrial modernisation
and enterprise development. Key positive factors identified by researc ers ave ranged from
favourable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, t roug abundant natural
resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable
labour.

ne survey of countries in Africa, Asia, t e Middle East, and |atin America and t e
Caribbean in t e late 20t century found t at ig levels of structural differentiation, functional
specialisation, and autonomy of economic systems from government were likely to contribute
greatly to industrial-commercial growt and prosperity. Amongst ot er t ings, relatively open
trading systems wit zero or low duties on goods imports tended to stimulate industrial cost-
efficiency and innovation across t e board. Free and flexible labour and ot er markets also
elped raise general business-economic performance levels, as did rapid popular learning
capabilities.

Endangered
 | 9
 Positive work et ics in populations at large combined wit skills in quickly utilising new
tec nologies and scientific discoveries were likely to boost production and income levels and
as t e latter rose, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tended to expand and
provide a furt er stimulus to industrial investment and economic growt . By t e end of t e
century, East Asia was one of t e most economically successful regions of t e world wit free
market countries suc as Hong Kong being widely seen as models for ot er, less developed
countries around t e world to emulate. u e first country to industrialize was Great Britain during
t e Industrial Revolution.

Endangered
 | 10
 c 
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 is t e p ysical growt of urban areas as a result of global c ange. Urbanization
is also defined by t e United Nations as movement of people from rural to urban areas wit
population growt equating to urban migration. u e United Nations projected t at alf of t e
world's population would live in urban areas at t e end of 2008. Urbanization is closely linked to
modernization, industrialization, and t e sociological process of rationalization.

As more and more people leave villages and farms to live in cities, urban growt results. u e
rapid growt of cities like C icago in t e late 19t century and S ang ai a century later can be
attributed largely to people from rural communities migrating t ere. u is kind of growt is
especially commonplace in developing countries.

u e rapid urbanization of t e worlds population over t e twentiet century is described in t e

2005 Revision of t e UN World Urbanization Prospects report. u e global proportion of urban
population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to
49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. u e same report projected t at t e figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9
billion) by 2030. However, Frenc economist P ilippe Bocquier, writing in uHE FUuURISu
magazine, as calculated t at "t e proportion of t e world population living in cities and towns
in t e year 2030 would be roug ly 50%, substantially less t an t e 60% forecast by t e United
Nations (UN), because t e messiness of rapid urbanization is unsustainable. Bot Bocquier and
t e UN see more people flocking to cities, but Bocquier sees many of t em likely to leave upon
discovering t at t eres no work for t em and no place to live."

Urbanization is not always attributed to ig density. In Manila, t e cost of living as forced

residents to live in low quality slums and s anty towns.

Endangered
 | 11
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 is t e clearance of naturally occurring forests by t e processes of people's
logging and/or burning of trees in a forested area.

Environmental issues effect every life on t is planet from t e smallest parasite to t e uman
race. u e reason for t is is simple. A single disruption in t e Eart s delicate balance can mean
certain destruction of t e very place t at cradles t e lives of many species. W at is not so simple
is finding alternatives to t e now dangerous and confronting acts of planet degradation t at ave
been afflicted on t e planet over recent years. ne suc issue t at requires consideration is
deforestation. urees ave been or are being cut down at increasingly ig rates. If t is is not
stopped many unfavorable side effects could result.

eforestation occurs because of many reasons: trees or derived c arcoal are used as or sold for
fuel or a commodity to be used by umans, w ile cleared land is used by umans as pasture for
livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. People's removal of trees wit out
sufficient reforestation as resulted in damage to abitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It as
adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmosp eric carbon dioxide. eforested regions typically
incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.

isregard or ignorance of intrinsic value, lack of ascribed value, lax forest management and
deficient environmental law are some of t e factors t at allow deforestation to occur on a large
scale. In many countries, deforestation is an ongoing issue t at is causing extinction, c anges to

Endangered
 | 12
climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of indigenous people. |ogging was t e
major cause of global deforestation.

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Endangered
 | 13

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u e Human Activities all over t e world made by mankind ad gave many impact to t e
mot er nature. u e negative effects of asty, unplanned development and t e
mismanagement of t e ecosystems result in various environmental problems suc as air and
water pollution, t e green ouse effect, global warming, and t e depletion of natural
resources.u ese problems bring about negative effects t at increasingly t reaten t e
economic resources ealt and survival of ecosystems.Some uman activities t at ave
undesirable effects in t e environment.

Many of t e problems related to t e environment are t e results of uman activities and

uman interference wit t e ecosystems.

c
c
c Pollution

c Green ouse Effect

c u inning zone |ayer

Endangered
 | 14
 c 
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 is t e introduction of contaminants into an environment t at causes instability,
disorder, arm or discomfort to t e ecosystem i.e. p ysical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can take t e form of c emical substances, or energy, suc as noise, eat, or lig t.
Pollutants, t e elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally
occurring; w en naturally occurring, t ey are considered contaminants w en t ey exceed natural
levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

Pollution comes from bot natural and manmade sources. Pollution can also be t e
consequence of a natural disaster. For example, urricanes often involve water contamination
from sewage, and petroc emical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. |arger scale and
environmental damage is not uncommon w en coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some
sources of pollution, suc as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and
potentially azardous releases w en accidents occur.

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including umans. zone pollution can cause
respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, t roat inflammation, c est pain, and congestion.
Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deat s per day, mostly due to contamination of
drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians
ave no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian c ildren die of diarr oeal sickness every day.
Nearly 500 million C inese lack access to safe drinking water. 656,000 people die prematurely
eac year in C ina because of air pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700

Endangered
 | 15
fatalities a year. Studies ave estimated t at t e number of people killed annually in t e US
could be over 50,000.

il spills can cause skin irritations and ras es. Noise pollution induces earing loss, ig blood
pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury as been linked to developmental deficits in
c ildren and neurologic symptoms. lder people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air
pollution. u ose wit eart or lung disorders are under additional risk. C ildren and infants are
also at serious risk. |ead and ot er eavy metals ave been s own to cause neurological
problems. C emical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birt defects.

Endangered
 | 16
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u e 
   is t e eating of t e surface of a planet or moon due to t e presence of

an atmosp ere containing gases t at absorb and emit infrared radiation. u us, green ouse gases
trap eat wit in t e surface-troposp ere system. u is mec anism is fundamentally different from
t at of an actual green ouse, w ic works by isolating warm air inside t e structure so t at eat
is not lost by convection. u e green ouse effect was discovered by Josep Fourier in 1824, first
reliably experimented on by Jo n uyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by Svante
Arr enius in 1896.

u e black body temperature of t e Eart is 5.5 C. Since t e Eart 's surface reflects about 28%
of incoming sunlig t, t e planet's mean temperature would be far lower, about -18 or -19 C.
Along wit t e added contribution of t e green ouse effect, it is instead muc ig er, roug ly 14
C. Global warming, a recent warming of t e Eart 's surface and lower atmosp ere, is believed
to be t e result of an en anced green ouse effect mostly due to uman-produced increases in
atmosp eric green ouse gases. u is uman induced part is referred to as ant ropogenic global
warming (AGW).

u e Eart receives energy from t e Sun mostly in t e form of visible lig t and nearby
wavelengt s. About 50% of t e sun's energy is absorbed at t e Eart 's surface. |ike all bodies
wit a temperature above absolute zero t e Eart 's surface radiates energy in t e infrared range.
Green ouse gases in t e atmosp ere absorb most of t e infrared radiation emitted by t e surface
and pass t e absorbed eat to ot er atmosp eric gases t roug molecular collisions. u e
green ouse gases also radiate in t e infrared range. Radiation is emitted bot upward, wit part

Endangered
 | 17
escaping to space, and downward toward Eart 's surface. u e surface and lower atmosp ere are
warmed by t e part of t e energy t at is radiated downward, making our life on eart possible.

Endangered
 | 18
 c p 
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u e distribution of ozone in ionosp ere, mesosp ere and stratosp ere is being depleted. u e
concentration of ozone is gradually reducing. As t e content of ozone is ig est in ionosp ere
and t e air itself being very t in, t e depletion is negligible in ionosp ere. But in mesosp ere and
stratosp ere t e air is t icker and ozone content is less. u e depletion of ozone is of ig er order
in t ese layers. u e so called ole in ozone layers simply means t at above some continents
(specifically Antarctica, Asia and parts of Sout America) t e mesosp ere and stratosp ere ave
lost t eir original level of ozone content.

u e depletion of ozone layer is a global p enomena bot in terms of cause and effect. u e
geograp ical limits of countries are not barriers to eit er dispersal of gases in layers of
atmosp ere or depletion of gases. u e causes for depletion may arise in any country. u e effects
(in terms of depletion) may arise in any ot er country. u e effects (in terms of ozone depletion)
need not be exactly above t e country causing t e depletion.

It is now establis ed t at c loroflouro carbon (CFC) c emicals evolved from various

refrigerants, coolants and propellants are t e primary reasons for depletion of ozone. CFC are a
group of c lorine bearing gases of low specific gravity. u ey rise to stratosp ere and
mesosp ere. ue to ionising solar radiation in t ese layers, (w ic is t e primary reason for
production of ozone) fres c lorine gas is produced from CFCs. u is nascent c lorine gas as
t e capacity to react wit ozone and bring down t e level of ozone substantially.

Endangered
 | 19
 u e concept of ozone depletion is new. But study of international ozone trendis being made
since 1988, w en international ozone commission was establis ed. Extensive ozone assessment
facilities were establis ed under International Middle Atmosp eric Programme (IMAP) in India
to study ozone along wit number of ot er green ouse gases.

Endangered
 | 20
 
 cccc

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u e Human Activities all over t e world made by mankind ad gave many impact to t e
mot er nature. u e negative effects of asty, unplanned development and t e mismanagement of
t e ecosystems result in various environmental problems suc as air and water pollution, t e
green ouse effect, global warming, and t e depletion of natural resources. u ese problems bring
about negative effects t at increasingly t reaten t e economic resources ealt and survival.
c
c
1. u e need of development and t e effects of an increasing population on t e ecosystem:
c Population of t e world always increase, so do t eir needs
c u e needs for more food supplies, water, ome as led to development
c u ese development involves deforestation, t e building more dams, and production of
more domestic and industrial waste
c u e unmanaged and unplanned development leads to a pollution of environment
c uo reduces t e negative effects of developments, uman must ave efforts to manage t e
environment properly

2. u e importance of proper management of development activities

c Way to balance t e needs for resources wit t e needs to conserve t e natural resources
c uo make a sustainable development wit out jeopardizing or depleting t e natural
resources
c Ensure t at s ort-term gains be balance wit t e long-term effects on t e environment
c uo exploit natural resources in a sustainable way, so t ese resources can be replenis and
renewed for future generations to continue to use t em
c uo minimize t e negative effects of development towards t e environment

3. Measures taken in t e management of development activities

c Implementations of laws
c Uses of tec nology
c Education on t e management of resources
c Preservation and conservation of soil
c u e practice of biological control
c u e use of renewable energy
c u e efficient use of tec nology

4. Implimentations of laws
c Many laws and regulations are designed to control pollution w ic affects t e quality of
lands, air and water.
c Examples of t e acts:
Endangered
 | 21
 c u e Environment Quality Act, 1974, 1989
c Motor Ve icle Noise Regulations, 1987
c Sc eduled Wastes ureatment and isposal Facilities Regulations, 1989
c Clean Air Regulations, Amendment 2000
c u e National Forestry Act, 1984
c u e Pesticides Act, 1974
c u e Fis eries Act, 1985
c u e Protection of Wildlife Act, 1972

5. Uses of tec nology

c Install catalytic converters in ve icle to clean un ex aust emissions and convert armful
gases released to less armful gases
c Use unleaded petrol to reduce t e emissions of leads into environment
c ureat sewage in sewage treatment plants before its disc arged into t e environment
c Use microorganisms to clean up t e environment
c evelop ydrogen-based fuel-cell ve icle to reduce t e burning of fossil fuels

6. Education on t e management of resources

c u e public must be educated on t e concept of t e 4R:
c RECYC|E means collecting segregating waste according to t e types of materials
and turning t is waste into new products
c REUSE means use t ings suc as old plastics containers and bottles again instead
of t rowing t em away
c REUCE means cutting down on t e use of materials w ic are non-
biodegradable
c RENEW means to use materials suc as bottles and plastic containers after t ey
are cleaned

7. Recycling is important because:

c Fewer landfills will be needed to dispose of rubbis
c It cuts down t e use of resources, for example fewer trees will be cut down to make paper
and furniture
c It saves energy, for example less energy is needed to melt down scrap metal and use it
again t an to extract it from t e ore

8. Preservation and conservation

c Preservations involves efforts to protect an ecosystem
c Conservations involves efforts to return an affected ecosystem to its natural equiblirium
and keep t em good

Endangered
 | 22
c u e efforts of conservations includes:
c Preservations of soil
c Preservations of water
c Preservations of flora and fauna of t e forest
c Preservations of mangrove swamps

c Preservations of soils
c Make a sustainable agricultural development effectively
c Good farming tec nique will prevent erosion and soil
depletion
c Good agricultural practices includes:
c Crop rotation
c Contour farming
c Controlled grazing
c Planting cover crops
c u e appropriate use of fertilizers
c Effective drainage and irrigations

c Preservations of water
c Clean water is precious resource and commodity
c Suc as, water sources and water catc ment areas must be
preserved
c Rivers must not be regarded as dumping sites for domestic
and toxic wastes w ic can pollutes t e water
c u e use of nitrates and p osp ates in agriculture must be
controlled to prevent run-offs into rivers and ponds

c Preservations of flora and fauna of Rainforest

c Biologists ave estimated t at Malaysian rainforest contain
more t an 50% of t e worlds plant and 15 000 of t em as
not studied yet
c If deforestation proceed faster t an afforestation, many of
t ese species could become extinct before t ey can be
documented
c Important of forest:
c As a diverse store ouse of plant and animal
species w ic can provide useful and
medicine for mankind

Endangered
 | 23
 c Play an important role in t e regulation of
microclimate and t e concentration of
atmosp eric carbon dioxide
c Sites for researc and education

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1.c u e management of natural resources in an ecosystem involves preservation and

conservation.
2.c Preservation involves efforts to protect an ecosystem so t at natural resources are utilised
in a sustainable manner and t at t e equilibrium of t e ecosystem is maintained.
3.c Conservation involves efforts to return an affected ecosystem to its natural equilibrium.
4.c Sustainable agricultural development is t e effective use and preservation of soil to
ensure continuous agricultural production.
a.c Good farming tec niques will prevent erosion and soil depletion.
b.c Good agricultural practices include
Crop rotation
Contour farming
Controlled grazing
Planting cover crops
u e appropriate use of fertilisers
Effective drainage and irrigation
5.c Clean water is a precious resource and commodity. As suc , water sources and water
catc ments areas must be preserved.
a.c Rivers must not be regarded as dumping sites for domestic and toxic wastes
w ic can pollute t e water.
b.c u e use of nitrates and p osp ates in agriculture must be controlled to prevent
run-offs into rivers and ponds.
6.c u e Malaysian rainforests, for example, contain more t an 50% of t e worlds plant and
animal species. Biologists ave estimated t at Malaysia as more t an 15 000 plant
species w ic ave yet to be studied.
7.c If deforestation proceeds faster t an afforestation (conservation of forest areas), many of
t ese species could become extinct before t ey can be documented.
8.c u erefore, t e sustainable use of forests is important to strike a balance between
continuing arvesting of forests products, and at t e same time maintaining t e
environmental services of forests.
9.c u ere are many reasons w y forests must be conserved and protected. Forests are a
diverse store ouse of plant and animal species w ic can provide useful and medicinal
products for mankind. u ese include fruit trees, ornamental plants, medicinal plants,
essential oils, rattan, resin, gum, and tannin. Examples of plants wit medicinal value are
quinine, w ic is used to treat malaria, and curare w ic is used as a muscle relaxant in
surgical operations.

Endangered
 | 24
 10.cRainforests play an important role in t e regulation of microclimate and t e concentration
of atmosp eric carbon dioxide.
11.cBelow are some sustainable and planned forest projects.
a.c Establis ment of a level of selective arvesting. u is means only mature trees are
removed.
b.c Reforestation or large-scale replanting of trees. Replanting programmes ensure
t at forests w ere logging activities ave been carried out are not damaged and
t at t e forests continue to be productive and are able to support t e diversity of
lives.
c.c Implementation of restoration programmes to restore damaged abitats so t at
natural resources and wildlife can be preserved.
d.c Establis ment of forest reserves to prevent t e destruction of existing forests and
to maintain t e equilibrium of t e ecosystem so t at t e quality of t e
environment is preserved. u is ensures t at t e diverse flora and fauna do not face
t e t reat of extinction and can continue to survive in t eir natural abitats. Forest
reserves also ensure t at t e genetic material of animal and plant species will not
be lost.
e.c Greater productivity form existing agricultural lands will reduce t e pressure to
convert more forests for agricultural purposes. In t is way, farming and
arvesting of timber can still be carried out and biodiversity can be protected at
t e same time.
12.cMangrove swamps are a ric source of biodiversity. Mangrove trees are used as fuel,
building materials and pilings. Mangrove swamps provide food, nesting and nursery
areas for many animals. u e dead leaves and twigs in t e water encourage t e growt of
microorganisms t at provide food for young marine organisms.
a.c Mangrove swamps play an important role in flood control, nutrient retention,
sediment control, and t e prevention of coastal erosion. u ey also act as a barrier
against rising sea levels.
b.c W en an area of a mangrove swamp forest is cleared for aquaculture and
development, many plant and animal species are t reatened to t e point of
extinction.
c.c Industrial waste pollution also contributes to t e t reat of extinction.
d.c Hence, mangrove swamps found along t e coastlines must be protected, preserved
and conserved.

^ c
d

  d

 

1.c Biological control is t e use of natural predators to control t e population of pest species.
2.c Some examples of biological control are :
a.c u e use K aki c ambel (a species of ducks or itik telur) to control t e population
of gold snails (siput gondang emas) w ic feed on paddy stalks.
b.c u e use of caterpillars of t e species Cactoblastis cactorum to control t e prickly
pear cactus w ic spreads quickly and invades farming lands.
c.c u e use if t e overfly larvae to control ap ids w ic feed on crop plants.
d.c u e use of owls to control t e population of rats in palm plantation.

Endangered
 | 25
 3.c Biological control is better t an using c emical control w ic involves t e use if
pesticides. u is is because :
a.c u e use of pesticides is indiscriminate and sometimes armless organisms as well
as t e pest species are killed.
b.c u e effects of pesticides can be persistent and remain in t e environment for long
periods.
c.c u e concentration of pesticides is amplified as t ey pass t roug food c ains
(biomagnifications). As a result, ig concentrations of pesticides may
accumulate in t e tissues of final consumers. u ese pesticides can be toxic and
affect t e metabolism of t e organisms.
d.c Pests develop resistance. Hence a larger t e amount of pesticides may now be
required to produce a similar effect.
e.c u e cost of using pesticides is ig .
f.c u e extensive use of pesticides pollutes t e environment.



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1.c Fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy source. Hence, t ere is a need to look for
alternative sources of energy.
2.c Renewable energy is energy flow t at occurs naturally in t e environment and can be
arnessed for t e benefit of umans.
3.c Renewable energy is inex austible and does not pollute t e environment.
4.c Examples of renewable energy are :
Solar energy w ic can be converted into electricity and used in eating.
Wind energy w ic is used to operate windmills to pump water for t e
irrigation of crops.
Flowing water w ic is used to generate ydroelectric power.
Wave energy t e upward and downward motion of waves is arnessed to
generate energy.
Geot ermal energy
Biomass energy w ic is produced w en decomposing organic matter,
releases a gas consisting of 50% met ane. u is biogas released can be collected and
used as fuel for various purposes suc as eating or generating electricity.
Gaso ol is t e conversion of energy in biomass. u e fermentation of sugar by
yeast converts t e energy in biomass into et anol w ic can be used as fuel. An
example of t is fuel is gaso ol w ic consists of 80% to 90% unleaded petroleum
spirit wit 10% to 20% et anol. Gaso ol can be used as fuel in motor ve icles.
Plant materials w ic can be used in t e process of fermentation by yeast to
produce gaso ol are sugar cane, sugar beet and maize.
Palm oil fuel. Palm oil can be converted into met yl ester w ic is used as fuel.
Biodiesel from crude palm oil is an environment friendly alternative to petroleum
diesel. Biodiesel can meet approximately 17% of t e countrys energy requirements
and t ereby reduce t e countrys dependence on petroleum.

Endangered
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1.c Reduce t e burning of coal, petroleum and ot er fossil fuels.

2.c Substitute natural gas for coal at power plants.
3.c Improve fuel efficiency in ve icles-use cars t at run on energy-efficient engines.
4.c Use a cleaner fuel by reducing t e content of sulp ur in diesel and switc ing to gas.
5.c Improve energy efficiency in factories.
6.c Use more ybrid cars w ic combine electric and gasoline engines.

Endangered
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