Part 1 Guide On How To Develo

Part 1 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Power Plant- Final Page 1 of 164
Explore
Community
Search Books, Presentations, Business, Academics...
Login
Sign Up
|
Log In
Retrofit Steam Boilers

Industry leader in reducing emissions through efficiency.
www.compunox.com
/ 151
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6425619/Part-1-Guide-on-How-to-Develop-a-Small-Hydro-Po... 6/24/2010
Explore Content
Site Evaluation Methodologies Small Hydropower Site

Small Hydro Site European Commission DG-Tren
Small Hydropower Scheme
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site ESHA 2004
d : Thickness of bars
a : opening
b : spacing
ΔH
δ : slope
α : angle of flow
bars L : height of bars
Flow velocity v 0
Horizontal support
δ
dd α
V0
support
L
bb aa bar
2 β : Shape factor of bars

ΔH = ζ g ⋅ v0
g
2 g⋅
ζg = βg ⋅ ξ ⋅ c ⋅ sin δ ⋅
ξ : Head loss factor

β
ξ= ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ g 1.0 0.76
0.76 0.76 0.43 0.37 0.30 0.74
f
d A0
L≈ a> c : Trashrack coefficient
for 5 and 0.5:
d b c = 1 : Non-obstructed rack
1.1 < c < 1.3 : Rack with mechanical cleaning
4 /3
⎛
ξ= ⎜ − 1⎟
3 b 1.5 < c < 2 : Rack with manual cleaning
d/a
α
Figure 5.21: Formula for computing head losses
As can be seen, the head loss coefficient depends on several factors, such as for example the way of
cleaning of the rack. The presented equations (Figure 5.21) are strictly only valid for rectangular
bars, but experience has proven that they can also be used for other bar shapes. Cleaning of
trashracks is very important to reduce possible head losses through the system. Manual cleaning is
very difficult, especially during floods. Therefore, mechanical cleaning is recommended.
Another formula for computing head losses in clean trashracks is the Kirscmer formula, detailed in
Chapter 2, section 2.2.2.1. This formula is only valid when the flow approaches the screen at right
angles.
117
/ 151
/ 151
Travelling carriage
Oil cylinder
Rack
Drain
Trashrack
Figure 5.22: Oleo-Hydraulic cylinders

Photo 5.10: Telescopic hydraulic cylinders
The trashrack should be removable for repair and maintenance and provided with facilities to clean
it. To facilitate the hand cleaning of the trashrack it should be inclined at an angle 300o from the
horizontal although steeper angles are often used. Trashracks can be cleaned by hand up to 4 meters
depth. A horizontal platform above high-water level should be provided to facilitate the operation.
On unattended plants operated by remote control, mechanical rakers are used. The mechanical raker
can be designed to be operated either on a timed basis or on a head differential basis. The latter uses
a sensor to detect the drop in head across the trashrack. An accumulation of trash on the trashrack
creates an increased differential head across the trashrack. The raker begins when a predetermined
differential head is reached.
The raker in Figure 5.22 is operated through oleo-hydraulic cylinders. The secondary cylinder
pushes out or retracts the raker, which rides on a hinged arm. The raker pushes out in its way down
to the bottom of the screen and then retracts to travel up along the screen. The raker itself is a series
of prongs protruding from a polyamide block that moves along the spaces between the bars. The
trash is conveyed to the top to be dumped on a conduit or on to a conveyor. If dumped into a
conduit a small water pump delivers enough water to wash the trash along the canal. The problem
of trash disposal must be solved case by case, bearing in mind that a trash raker can remove large
amount of debris.
When the trashrack is very long the trash raker described above is assembled on a carriage that can
move on rails along the intake. Automatic control can be programmed to pass along the supporting
structures without human aid. Using telescopic hydraulic cylinders the raker can reach down to 10
m deep, which combined with the almost limitless horizontal movement, makes it possible to clean
large surface screens (Photo 5.10).
118
/ 151
5.5.5 Vorticity
A well-designed intake should not only minimise head losses but also preclude vorticity. Vorticity
can appear for low-head pressurized intakes (power intakes) and should be avoided because it
interferes with the good performance of turbines - especially bulb and pit turbines. Vortices may
effectively:
•Produce non-uniform flow conditions

•Introduce air into the flow, with unfavourable results on the turbines: vibration, cavitation,
unbalanced loads, etc.
•Increase head losses and decrease efficiency

•Draw trash into the intake
The criteria to avoid vorticity are not well defined, and there is not a single formula that adequately
takes into consideration the possible factors affecting it. According to the ASCE Committee on
Hydropower Intakes, disturbances, which introduce non-uniform velocity, can initiate vortices.
These include:
•Asymmetrical approach conditions

•Inadequate submergence
•Flow separation and eddy formation
•Approach velocities greater than 0.65 m/sec
•Abrupt changes in flow direction
Lack of sufficient submergence and asymmetrical approach seem to be the most common causes of
vortex formation. An asymmetric approach is more prone to vortex formation than a symmetrical
one. When the inlet to the penstock is deep enough and the flow is undisturbed, vortex formation is
unlikely.
Empirical formulas exist that express the minimum degree of submergence of the intake in order to
avoid severe vortex formation. Nevertheless, no theory actually exists that fully accounts for all
relevant parameters. The minimum degree of submergence is defined as shown in Figure 5.23.
ht
D
DD
Figure 5.23: Minimum degree of submergence
119
/ 151
/ 151
The submersion is defined as ht. The following formulas express the minimum values for ht:
V
KNAUSS h t ≥ D ⋅ ⎜ 1 + 2. 3 ⋅ ⎟ (5.2)
⎜ g ⋅D ⎟
≥ 4.4 ⋅ (V ⋅ D0.50 )
0. 54
NAGARKAR ht (5.3)
ROHAN ht ≥ 1.474 ⋅ V 0.48 ⋅ D0.76 (5.4)
GORDON ht ≥ c ⋅ V ⋅ D (5.5)
with c = 0.7245 for asymmetric approach conditions
c = 0.5434 for symmetric approach conditions
It is important to highlight that V is the velocity inside the downstream conduit in m/s and D is the
hydraulic diameter of the downstream conduit in m.
Beside a minimum submersion, constructive measures might help to prevent vortex formation. For
example, asymmetric flow conditions may be prevented by means of vertical walls, piles, screens,
floating rafts or by appropriate design of the entrance shape.
5.6 Sediment traps
5.6.1 General
Conveyance intakes are designed on rivers in order to eliminate possible floating debris and bedload
transport. However, they cannot prevent the entrance of suspended sediment transport. For this, a
sediment trap is projected downstream of an intake. The main objective of such a trap is to avoid
sedimentation of downstream structures (canals, shafts, etc.) as well as to limit the possible damage
of sediments on the hydro mechanical equipment.
A sediment trap is based on the principle of diminishing the flow velocities and turbulence. This
results in a decantation of suspended sediments in the trap. This diminishing is obtained by an
enlargement of the canal, controlled by a downstream weir as shown in Figure 5.24.
120
/ 151
decantation
decantation
channel
vT weir
Sediment deposit Q
vD h
Flushing element
Flushing channel
sediment deposit flushing

L
Figure 5.24: Sediment traps
4
A sediment sluicing system that minimises the sluicing time and the wasted water can be used .
5.6.2 Efficiency of a sediment trap

The efficiency of the sediment trap is defined by the grain diameter that deposits in the trap. The
choice of efficiency depends on the type of hydro mechanical equipment and on the gross head
difference of the power plant. For a Francis turbine, the abrasive power of sediment grains is
expressed as a function of the velocity of the grains and the gross head of the plant as follows:
ρ s − ρE
Pe = μ ⋅ ∀ ⋅ ⋅ V3 (5.6)
R
in which μ is a friction coefficient between the turbine blades and the grains, ∀ is the volume of the
grains, ρs and ρE are the densities of grains and water, R is the radius of the blades and V is the
grain velocity. The volume of the grains is directly related to the efficiency of the trap.
Reparation intervals of Francis turbines are around 6-7 years for a sediment trap efficiency of
0.2 mm, 3-4 years for an efficiency of 0.3 mm and 1-2 years for an efficiency of only 0.5 mm. It is
obvious that the cost of a sediment trap increases with its efficiency. Hence, an optimum efficiency
may be found as a function of the construction costs, the energy losses, the reparation costs of the
turbines and the exploitation costs. Experience has shown that the most economical solution is
around 0.2 mm efficiency for severe conditions (significant gross head, quartz particles) and around
0.3 mm for normal conditions.
5.6.3 Design
The necessary length of a sediment trap is defined by the equipped discharge of the intake and by
the chosen efficiency of the trap (grain diameter that still deposits inside the trap). The length has to
be such that all grains have the time to deposit before leaving the trap. This happens when the
deposition time tD equals the transfer time tt. The former is defined as h/vD and the latter as L/vT
(see Figure 5.24). Hence, the minimum length required to deposit a grain of diameter dD is given:
Q
L≥ (5.7)
vD ⋅ B
121
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
/ 151
Part 1 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro

Power Plant- Final
Reads:
2,457
Uploaded:
10/07/2008
Category:
Uncategorized.
Rated:
(2 Ratings)
This is a private document.
enigma.370
Like Be the first of your friends to like this.
Capillary Injection
Leaders in Capillary Injection Technology and
Services
www.weatherford.com
Hydro Energy Models
Hydro Energy Financial Models for Project
Finance Projects
Hydro-Power-Financial-Models.com
Free Pond Design software
Hydrology, Hydraulics & Pond Design Easy
Stormwater Modeling since 1986
www.hydrocad.net
Small Hydro Power
Pelton, Francis & Kaplan Turbines Turnkey
Projects - Packages
www.flovel.in
Share & Embed
Link / URL: http://www.scribd.com/doc/6425619/Part

Embed Size & Settings:
Width: (auto) Auto g

b
c
d
e
f
Height: 300
Start on page: 1
Preview View: Scroll
/ 151
<a title="View Part 1 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Power Plant
Related
1. 266 p.
Layman Handbook for hydro electric...
Reads: 9389
266 p.
Layman's Guidebook
Reads: 1497
145 p.
Part 2 Guide on How to Develop a S...
Reads: 4430
2. 18 p.
Hydropower Plant
Reads: 2178
623 p.
Irrigation and Water Resourced Eng...
Reads: 0
8 p.
Education-Renewable Energy-Docs03
Reads: 113
3. 8 p.
An analysis of fresh water rivers ...
Reads: 365
75 p.
Hydel-PP
Reads: 227
56 p.
/ 151
Micro Hydro Power System
Reads: 0
4. 56 p.
16047612 Canada Micro Hydro Guide
Reads: 274
56 p.
Canada Micro Hydro Guide
Reads: 3215
56 p.
MicroHydroGuide[1]
Reads: 725
5. 210 p.
Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes
Reads: 617
210 p.
Hydraulic Structures - Lecture Not...
Reads: 5770
More from this user

1. 151 p.
Part 1 Guide on How to Develop ...
From: enigma.370
Reads: 2,457
Login to Add a Comment
/ 151
Submit
Snaggledrop read this 2 days agoLearn more about Readcast.
adew444 read this 06 / 01 / 2010Learn more about Readcast.

Ads by Google
PMI Ash Technologies
The Leader in Fly Ash Technologies
Why Landfill when you can Recycle
www.pmiash.com
Books on Renewable Energy
Manuals and books for
renewable energy professionals
www.earthscan.co.uk/booksforpros
Caterpillar Power Plants
From 2.8 to Over 100MW, Turnkey
Services, Flexible Fuel Options
www.catpowerplants.com
Search Books, Presentations, Business, Academics...
Scribd
About
Press
Jobs
Contact
Blog
Scribd Store
Legal
/ 151
Terms - General
Terms - API
Terms - Privacy
Copyright
Help & Tools
Getting Started
Community Guidelines
Support & FAQ
Web Stuff
Partners
Partners / Publishers
Branded Reader
Developers / API
Subscribe to Us
On Scribd
On Twitter
On Facebook
What's New
We have updated our Terms of Service

Branded Reader
Multi-file Uploader
/ 151

Part 1 Guide On How To Develo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Part 1 Guide On How To Develo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Part 1 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Power Plant- Final Page 1 of 164

Search Books, Presentations, Business, Academics...

Retrofit Steam Boilers

Site Evaluation Methodologies Small Hydropower Site

Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site ESHA 2004

2 β : Shape factor of bars

ξ : Head loss factor

Figure 5.21: Formula for computing head losses

Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site ESHA 2004

Figure 5.22: Oleo-Hydraulic cylinders

Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site ESHA 2004

•Produce non-uniform flow conditions

•Increase head losses and decrease efficiency

•Asymmetrical approach conditions

Figure 5.23: Minimum degree of submergence

Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site ESHA 2004

ROHAN ht ≥ 1.474 ⋅ V 0.48 ⋅ D0.76 (5.4)

with c = 0.7245 for asymmetric approach conditions

c = 0.5434 for symmetric approach conditions

5.6 Sediment traps

Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site ESHA 2004

sediment deposit flushing

Figure 5.24: Sediment traps

5.6.2 Efficiency of a sediment trap

Part 1 Guide on How to Develop a Small Hydro

Share & Embed

Link / URL: http://www.scribd.com/doc/6425619/Part

Width: (auto) Auto g

Layman Handbook for hydro electric...

Part 2 Guide on How to Develop a S...

Irrigation and Water Resourced Eng...

An analysis of fresh water rivers ...

16047612 Canada Micro Hydro Guide

Canada Micro Hydro Guide

Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes

Hydraulic Structures - Lecture Not...

More from this user

Part 1 Guide on How to Develop ...

Login to Add a Comment

Snaggledrop read this 2 days agoLearn more about Readcast.

adew444 read this 06 / 01 / 2010Learn more about Readcast.

Search Books, Presentations, Business, Academics...

Help & Tools

We have updated our Terms of Service

You might also like