CONTENT

1.Introduction........................................................
.................
2.Appreciation........................................................
................
3.A Brief History Of
Statistic...................................................
4.Problem Solving &
Finding...................................................
Part
1............................................................................
Part
2............................................................................
Part
3............................................................................
Futher
Exploration........................................................

Reflection.....................................................................
5.Conclusion...........................................................
................
6.References..........................................................
................
7.Rubric.................................................................
.................
INTRODUCTION
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to
carry out a project work while we are in Form 5.This year
the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of
Education has prepared four tasks for us.We are to choose
and complete only ONE task based on our area of
interest.This project can be done in groups or individually,
and I gladly choose to do this individually.Upon completion
of the Additional Mathematics Project Work,we are to gain
valuable experiences and able to :

• Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving

strategies to solve routine and non-routine
problems
• Experience classroom environments which are
challenging, interesting and meaningful and
hence improve their thinking skills
• Experience classroom environments where
knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful
ways in solving real-life problems.
• Experience classroom environments where
expressing ones mathematical
thinking,reasoning and communication are
highly encouraged and expected
• Experience classroom environments that
stimulates and enhances effective learning.
• Acquire effective mathematical communication
through oral and writing,and to use the
language of mathematics to express
mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
• Enhance acquisition of mathematical
knowledge and skills through problem-solving
in ways that increase interest and confidence
• Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future
undertakings and in workplace
• Realise that mathematics is an important and
powerful tool in solving real-life problems and
hence develop positive attitude towards
mathematics
• Train ourselves not only to be independent
learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate,
and to share knowledge in an engaging and
healthy environment
 • Use technology especially the ICT
appropriately and effectively
• Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic
values of mathematics and to become more
creative and innovative
• Realize the importance and the beauty of
mathematics

APPRECIATION

Alhamdullilah,thank you to Allah for giving the will to me to

complete this Additional Mathematics project.Secondly, I
would like to thank the principle of Sekolah Menengah
Teknik Dungun, Mr. Hj. Alwi for giving me the permission to do
my this Additional Mathematics Project Work. I also like to
thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, for the guide and
giving useful and important information for me to
complete this project work. Besides that, I would like to
thank my parents for their support and encouragement.
Lastly, a special thanks to all my friends for their help and
 cooperation in searching for information and completing this
project work.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated

the

systematic collection of demographic and economic

data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning

of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline

concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis

of data. Today statistics is

widely employed in government, business, and all
the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited
statistical computation, and have allowed
statisticians to develop "computer-intensive"
methods.

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the

mathematical theories of probability and statistical

inference, which are used in statistical practice. The

relation between statistics and probability theory

developed rather late, however. In the 19th century,

statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose

initial results were found in the17th and 18th centuries,

particularly in the analysis of games of chance

(gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models

and statistical theories, particularly the method of least

squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss.

Early probability theory and statistics was systematized

and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability

and statistics have been in continual development. In the

19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning

and probability models to advance the new sciences of

experimental psychology and sociology; physical

scientists used statistical reasoning and probability

models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics

and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical

reasoning was closely associated with the development of

inductive logic and the scientific method.

Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an

autonomous mathematical science, like computer science

or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had

its origins in public administration and maintains a special

concern with demography and economics. Being

concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic,

statistical theory has close association with the

philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from

data and making best predictions, statistics has great

overlap with the decision science and microeconomics.

With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with

information science and computer science.

STATISTICS TODAY
During the 20th century, the creation of precise
instruments for agricultural research, public health
concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial
quality control, and economic and social purposes
(unemployment rate,econometry, etc.) necessitated
substantial advances in statistical practices.

Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its

origins. Individuals and organizations use statistics to
understand data and make informed decisions throughout
the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and
other areas.

Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of

mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field.
Many universities maintain separate mathematics and
statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in
departments as diverse as psychology, education, and
public health.

PART 1
 The prices of goods sold in shops vary from
one shop to another.Shoppers tend to buy
goods which are not only reasonably priced
but also give value for their money.
You are required to carry out a survey on four
different items based on the following categories
i.e. food, detergent and stationery.The survey
should be done in three different shops.

QUESTION

a) Collect pictures,newspaper cuttings or photos on items

that you have chosen.Design a collage to illustrate the
chosen items
Answer:
FOODS :
DETERGENTS :
STATIONARY :

(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in

Table 1.Since items maybe differently packed,be sure to
 use consistent measurements for each item selected so
that comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Answer:

PRICE(RM)
CATEGOR
ITEM KEDAI
Y TESCO GIANT
TONG
FOOD 1.SELF-RAISING
7.50 7.20 7.50
FLOUR (1000 g)
2.SUGAR (1000g) 3.00 2.25 2.80
3.BUTTER (250g) 6.00 5.00 5.20
4.EGGS (GRADE A) 1
9.60 9.30 9.30
DOZEN
TOTAL PRICE 26.10 23.75 24.80
DETERGEN 1.SOAP (3 KG) 12.00 10.90 11.00
T 2.LIQUID
14.50 11.90 12.90
DISHWASHER (3 KG)
3.CLOTHES
12.00 11.20 11.80
DETERGENT (3KG)
4.TROJAN (3 KG) 12.60 11.50 12.00
TOTAL PRICE 51.10 45.50 47.70
STATIONER 1.SHARPENER 2.00 1.50 1.70
Y 2.PENCIL (2B) 1
9.00 8.60 8.40
DOZEN
3.Dupling paper (100
4.50 4.00 3.80
sheet)
4.ERASER 1.50 1.20 1.40
TOTAL PRICE 17.00 18.50 15.70
GRAND TOTAL 94.20 84.55 88.20

(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations

(the use of ICT is encouraged) to compare and contrast the
price of the items chosen.
 Answer:

1)FOODS

2)DETERGENT

3)STATIONERY
(d) Based on the graphical representation that you have
constructed in Part 1(c), interpret,discuss and draw
conclusions.Comments on your findings.

Answer:

Based on the graphical representation that I have

constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are
large and small differences among the pries of items
in each category between the shops.In the food
category, the smallest price difference are of those
sugar, while the highest is the price of eggs.Besides
food, detergent also shows a large price difference
between its items.Among them is the price of liquid
dishwasher and clothes detergent.On the other hand,
stationery items doesn;t have any obvious price
difference.

(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference among

the shops. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of that
particular item. Hence, suggest and discuss possible reasons
for the price difference.
Answer:

Liquid Dishwasher

Mean
=(14.5+11.9+12.9)/3

= 13.1

Standard Deviation
= √(∑x²)/N – (x̃)²
= √[(14.5)²+(11.9)²+(12.9)²/3] – (13.1)²

= 1.0708

The large price difference of clothes detergent among

the shops maybe because of the standard of the shop.A
high standard shop or supermarket, the items sold
intend to be much more expensive than a regular shop
or supermarket.Also, the price difference of the items
may also due to the quality of the item present.A better
quality means a higher price.
 PART 2
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to
raise funds for the school. This year the school
plans to install air conditioners in the school
library. Last year, during the carnival, your class
made and sold butter cakes. Because of the
popularity of the butter cakes,your class has
decided to carry out the same project for this
year’s carnival.

QUESTION
(a ) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to
purchase the ingredients for the butter cakes.State and
discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shop you
suggested.

Answer:

The Giant Supermarket.This is because the total price

of the ingredients from this shop is the lowest from
the three shops.

(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found

in the
Shop/supermarket that you have chosen

Answer:
INGREDIEN QUANTITY PRICE IN PRICE IN THE
T PER CAKE THE YEAR YEAR
2009(RM) 2010(RM)
Self-Raising 250g 0.90 1.80
Flour
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.45
Butter 250g 3.30 5.00
Eggs (Grade 5 eggs (300g) 1.25 1.55
A)
 Table 2

• Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients

in Table 2 for the year 2010 based on the year
2009

Answer :

INGREDIE QUANTITY PRICE IN PRICE IN PRICE INDEX

NT PER CAKE THE THE FOR THE
YEAR YEAR YEAR2010
2009(RM) 2010(RM) BASED ON
THE YEAR
2009(I)
Self- 250g 0.90 1.80 200
Raising
Flour
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.45 128.57
Butter 250g 3.30 5.00 151.52
Eggs 5 eggs 1.25 1.55 124
(Grade A)
(300g)

1.Self-Raising Flour

2.Sugar

3.Butter
4.Eggs (Grade A)

124

• Calculate the composite index for making a butter

cake in the year 2010 based on the year
2009.Discuss how you obtained your answers.

Answer:
To calculate the composite index,weightage is
needed
(W),

INGREDIENT WEIGHTAGE (W)

1.80 X 40.9 = 74
Self-Raising Flour

Sugar 0.45 X 40.9 = 18

Butter 5 X 40.9 = 205

Eggs (Grade A) 1.55 X 40.9 = 63

CompoComposite Index , I =
∑I W
i i

∑W i
= 155.52
( get the answer by using the formula)

• In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at

RM15.00 each.Suggest a suitable selling price for
the butter cake in the year 2010.Give reasons for
your answer.
Answer:

On 2009,RM 15.00
Cost on 2009 = RM 5.80 ( refer table 2)
Let say,
5.8x = 15
x = 15 5.8
x = 2.59
Cost on 2010 = RM 8.80 (refer table 2)
The price on 2010 = RM 8.80 X 2.59
= RM 22.80

(c)
(i) Find out from reliable source how to determine
suitable Capacity of air conditioner to be installed
based on the volume/size of a room.
Answer:
For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to
horse power (1HP), which is approximately 700W to
 1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a room
size 1000ft³ which is around 27m³ of volume.

(ii) Work in group to estimate the volume of your school

Library. Explain how you arrive at your answer.Hence,
determine the number of air conditioners with the
appropriate capacity required for your library.

Answer:

By using a measuring tape,the

dimension for the library is:

Height = 3.6m
Width = 9.17m
Length = 20.12m

Volume of the room = 3.6 x 9.17

x 20.12
=664.20m³

1 unit of air conditioner is for

27m³
For 664.20m³ = 664.20 m³
= 24.6 (round off)
 That means our school library
needs 25 unit of air conditioner
(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air
conditioner for the School library, how many butter
cakes must you sell in order to buy the air
conditioner

Answer:

1 unit of 1HP air conditioner =RM700

Cost for a cake = RM 8.80

Selling price = RM 22.80

Profit = RM 22.80 – RM
8.80
= RM 14.00

Number of cakes = RM 700 RM

22.80
to buy 1 unit of = 31 cakes
need to sold
air conditioner
PART 3
As a committee member for the carnival, you are required
to prepare an estimated budget to organize this year’s
carnival. The committee has to take into the consideration
the increase in expenditure from the previous year due to
inflation. The price of food, transportation and tents has
increased by 15%. The cost of games, prizes and
decorations remains the same, whereas the cost of
miscellaneous items has increase by 30%.

QUESTION

• Complete Table 3 based on the information given above

Answer:

EXPENDITUR AMOUNT IN AMOUNT IN

E 2009 (RM) 2010 (RM)
FOOD 1200.00 1380.00
GAMES 500.00 500.00
TRANSPORTATI 300.00 345.00
ON
DECORATIONS 200.00 200.00
PRIZES 600.00 600.00
TENTS 800.00 920.00
MISCELLANEOU 400.00 520.00
S

Table 3
 • Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget
of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the year
2009. Comment on your answer.

Answer:

EXPENDITURE AMOUN AMOUN PRICE WEIGHTAG

T IN T IN INDEX E, W
2009 2010 ,I
(RM) (RM) I= X
100%
FOOD 1200.00 1380.00 115 12
GAMES 500.00 500.00 100 5
TRANSPORTA 300.00 345.00 115 3
TION
DECORATION 200.00 200.00 100 2
S
PRIZES 600.00 600.00 100 6
TENTS 800.00 920.00 115 8
MISCELLANEO 400.00 520.00 130 4
US
Composite Index

I =
∑I W
i i
Ĩ =
∑W i

= 111.63
112
The total price for the year 2010 increase by
11.625%.This is
because some price in the year 2009 increased in the
year 2010.

• The change in the composite index for the estimate

budget for the carnival from the year 2009 to the
year 2010 is the same as the change from the year
2010 to the year 2011. Determine the composite
index of the budget for the year 2011 based on the
year 2009.

Answer:

I=
FURTHER EXPLORATION

Index numbers are being used in many different daily

situations, for example air pollution index, stock
market index, gold index and property index.

Obtain information from the internet or other reliable

sources on the importance of two different types of
index number of your choice. Elaborate the use and
the importance of these index numbers in daily life.

AIR POLLUTION INDEX

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate
matter,
or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to
humans or
other living organisms, or damages the natural
environment into
the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system

that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric
ozone
depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a
threat to
human health as well as to the Earth's
ecosystems.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air

Pollution
Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number
used by
government agencies to characterize the quality of the air at
a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large
percentage of
the population is likely to experience increasingly severe
adverse
health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air
pollutant
concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to
convert
from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant,
and is
different in different countries. Air quality index values are
divided
into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a
color code.
Standardized public health advisories are associated with
each AQI
range. An agency might also encourage members of the public
to take public transportation or work from home when AQI
levels are high.

Limitations of the AQI

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many

countries

monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide,

carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality
indices for
these pollutants.
Causes of Poor Air Quality

The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air

emissions

by fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by

an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds
lets air
pollution remain in a local area.

Indices by location
South Korea

The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the

Comprehensice

Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality

based on
health risk of air pollution. The index aims to help the public
easily
understand air quality level and protect the health of people
from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through 500, which
are divided into six categories. The higher the CAI value, the
greater the level of
air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the
highest is the CAI value.

Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air

Pollution

Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e.,

carbon
monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are
reported
in PM10 particulate matter is reported in

g/m³.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500.

Above

500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area.

Usually,
this means that non-essential government services are
suspended, and
all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a
prohibition
on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the
reporting
area excluding the food sector.
STOCK MARKET INDEX
A comparison of tree major U.S. stock indices: the
NASDAQ Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average,
andS&P 500. All three have the same height at March
2007. Notice the large dot com spike on the NASDAQ, a
result of the large number of tech. companies on that
index.

A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of

the stock market. Many indices are cited by news or financial
services firms and are used as benchmarks, to measure the
performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Types of indices

Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A

'world' or 'global' stock market index includes (typically
large) companies without regard for where they are
domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World and S&P
Global 100.

A national index represents the performance of the stock

market of a given nation²and by proxy, reflects investor
sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly
quoted market indices are national indices composed of the
stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest stock
exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the Japanese Nikkei
225, and the British FTSE 100.

The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The

Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index, as its name implies,
represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded
company in the United States, including all U.S. stocks traded
on the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs) and most
traded on the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell
Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching
the Russell Global Index.

More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of

specific sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech
Index, for example, consists of 36 American firms in the
biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies
of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even
more specialized criteria one index published by Linux
Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell products
and services based on the Linux operating environment.

Index versions

Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1]

These versions can differ based on how the index components
are weighted and on how dividends are accounted for. For
example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price
return, which only considers the price of the components, total
return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net
total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after
the deduction of a withholding tax. As another example, the
Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versions
each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price,
float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal
weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-
adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index
components are weighted.
USES AND IMPORTANCE OF AIR
POLLUTION INDEX AND STOCK
MARKET INDEX
As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by the
government to measure the quality of air index and to detect
any pollutants in our country’s air.This is to ensure the air is
clean and safe for us ti inhale.Besides that,an early warning
can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get
out of our homes.This warning is given based upon readings
and unterpretations of the air index.

As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business

entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to determine the
outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stock
market. The stock market index is important because a
country’s economical state sometimes depend on it.

CONCLUSION
After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs and
some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is
important in daily life.It is not just widely used in markets but
also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air
or the water.Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey.In
conclusion,statistics is a daily life nessecities.Without
it,surveys can’t be conducted,the stock market can’t be
interpret and many more.So,we should be thankful of the
people who contribute in the idea of statistics.

REFLECTIONx
Adter spending countless hours,days and night to finish this
project and also sacrificing my time video games and mangas
in this mid year holiday,there are several things that I can
say...

Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And...
From the day I heard your name...

I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and

rival in excelling in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days...
Countless of nights...

After sacrificing my precious time just for you...

Sacrificing my Computer Games...
Sacrificing my Video Games...
Sacrificing my Facebook...
Sacrificing my Internet...
Sacrifing my Anime...
Sacrificing my Manga...
I realized something really important in you...

I really love you...

You are my real friend...
You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS...

REFERENCES
• hhtp://www.pelajaranperak.gov.my
• hhtp://pelaaranperak.gov.my/v2/modules/news/article.p
hp?storyid=117
• Jabatan Negeri Perak, Kerja Projek Matematik Tambahan
2010