Bidirectional Visitor Counter

1. Introduction

This project titled “Microcontroller based Bidirectional Visitor counter” is

designed and presented in order to count the visitors of an auditorium, hall, offices, malls,

sports venue, etc. The system counts both the entering and exiting visitor of the auditorium or

hall or other place, where it is placed. Depending upon the interrupt from the sensors, the

system identifies the entry and exit of the visitor. On the successful implementation of the

system, it displays the number of visitor present in the auditorium or hall. This system can be

economically implemented in all the places where the visitors have to be counted and

controlled. Since counting the visitors helps to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of

employees, floor area and sales potential of an organization, etc.

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2.1 Block Diagram

Logic Micro-
Sensors Control Display
controller
Circuit
AT89C52

Power
Supply +5V

Sensor arrangement at the way

Enter

IR TX1 RX1

IR TX2 RX2

Exit

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2.2 Description

I. Sensors
The block shows the sensor arrangement at the entrance cum exit passage. Here a pair
of IR transmitter – receiver is used as sensor. Photo transistors are used as IR receiver, since it has
sensitivity to receive IR rays.

IR Transmitter:
Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of
visible light, but shorter than that of microwaves. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra,
"below"), red being the color of visible light with the longest wavelength. Infrared radiation has
wavelengths between about 750 nm and 1 mm, spanning five orders of magnitude. A longer
wavelength means it has a lower frequency than red, hence "below". Objects generally emit infrared
radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but only a specific region of the spectrum is of interest
because sensors are usually designed only to collect radiation within a specific bandwidth.
Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit
infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The receiver uses a silicon
photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly
pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from
ambient light. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining
rooms.

Photo-transistors:

Phototransistors are examples of photodiode-amplifier combinations integrated within a

single silicon ship. These combinations are put together in order to overcome the major fault of
photodiodes: unity gain. Many applications demand a greater output signal from photodiode can
always be amplified through use of an external op-amp or other circuitry, this approach is often not as
practical or as cost effective as the use of phototransistors.

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The phototransistor can be viewed as a photodiode whose output photocurrent is fed into the base of a
conventional small signal transistor. While not required for operation of the device as a photo
detector, a base connection is often provided allowing the designer the option of using base current to
bias the transistor. The typical gain of a phototransistor can range from 100 to over 1500.

Symbol and typical view of photo-transistor:

Features:
• Low-cost visible and near-IR photo detector.
• Available with gains from 100 to over 1500.
• Moderately fast response times.
• Available in a wide range of packages including epoxy-coated, transfer-molded,
cast, hermetic, and in chip form.
• Usable with almost any visible or near-infrared light source such as IREDs;
neon; fluorescent, incandescent bulbs; lasers; flame sources; sunlight; etc.
• Same general electrical characteristics as familiar signal transistors.

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II. Logic control circuit

Here the logic control circuit consists of two circuits, a op-amp comparator and
a flip-flop circuit.

Comparators:
A comparator is a device which compares two voltages or currents and
switches its output to indicate which is larger. A standard op-amp operating without negative
feedback is used as a comparator. When the non-inverting input (V+) is at a higher voltage than the
inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes it to output the most positive voltage it can.
When the non-inverting input (V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the op-amp outputs the most
negative voltage it can. Since the output voltage is limited by the supply voltage. Here the operational
amplifier LM 324 is used as comparator.

Inputs Output

->+ Negative

+>- Floating

Pin Diagram of LM324:

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General description on LM324:

The LM324 consists of four independent, high-gain, internally frequency-compensated

operational amplifiers designed specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of
voltages.
In linear mode, the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output
voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage. The
unity gain crossover frequency and the input bias current are temperature-compensated.
Features:
• Internally frequency-compensated for unity gain
• Large DC voltage gain: 100 dB
• Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature-compensated)
• Wide power supply range Single supply:
3VDC to 30VDC or dual supplies: +/-1.5VDC to +/-15VDC.
• Very low supply current drain: essentially independent of supply voltage (1mW/op amp at +5
VDC )
• Low input biasing current: 45nADC (temperature-compensated)
• Low input offset voltage: 2 mVDC and offset current: 5nADC
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Large output voltage: 0VDC to VCC – 1.5 VDC swing

Typical Applications:

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Flip-flop:
A flip-flop is a kind of bistable multivibrator, an electronic circuit which has
two stable states and thereby is capable of serving as one bit of memory. Today, the term flip-flop has
come to generally denote non-transparent (clocked or edge-triggered) devices, while the simpler
transparent ones are often referred to as latches. A flip-flop is controlled by (usually) one or two
control signals and/or a gate or clock signal. The output often includes the complement as well as the
normal output. As flip-flops are implemented electronically, they require power and ground
connections.

JK Flip-flop:
The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop by interpreting the S
= R = 1 condition as a "flip" or toggle command. Specifically, the combination J = 1, K = 0 is a
command to set the flip-flop; the combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the flip-flop; and the
combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop, i.e., change its output to the logical
complement of its current value. Setting J = K = 0 does NOT result in a D flip-flop, but rather, will
hold the current state. To synthesize a D flip-flop, simply set K equal to the complement of J. The JK
flip-flop is therefore a universal flip-flop, because it can be configured to work as an SR flip-flop, a D
flip-flop or a T flip-flop.

Symbol for JK flip-flop:

A circuit symbol for a JK flip-flop, where > is the clock input, J and K are data
inputs, Q is the stored data output, and Q' is the inverse of Q.

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Equation and Truth table:

The characteristic equation of the JK flip-flop is:

And the corresponding truth table is:

J K Qnext Comments

0 0 Hold State

0 1 0 Reset

1 0 1 Set

1 1 Toggle

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Pin Diagram of Dual JK flip-flop IC 74LS76:

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III. Microcontroller AT89C52

The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer

with 8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications.

Features:

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

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Pin configuration of Microcontroller AT89C52:

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Block Diagram of Atmel 89C52 Microcontroller

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Pin Description of Microcontroller AT89C52:

Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.
Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to
external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during
program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by
the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as
shown in the following table.

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by
the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled

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low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte
during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses
16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when
emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2
emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits
and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3:

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by
the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special
features of the AT89C51, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for
Flash programming and verification.

RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.

ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency

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and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by
setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is
weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external
execution mode.

PSEN:
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C52 is
executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except
that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected.

XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

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Data Memory:
The AT89C52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a
parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. That means the upper 128 bytes have the
same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction
accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies
whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct
addressing access SFR space.

Interrupts:

The AT89C52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1),
three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown
in Figure below. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or
clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables
all interrupts at once. Note that Table shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented.

Interrupt Enable (IE) Register

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In the AT89C51, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. Timer 2 interrupt is generated
by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by
hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine
whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in
software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the
timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2
flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.

Interrupt Sources
Oscillator Characteristics:
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure below. Either a quartz
crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2
should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of
the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two
flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

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Oscillator Connections
Programming the Flash:
The AT89C52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased
state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either
a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The Low-voltage
programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89C52 inside the user’s system,
while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or
EPROM programmers. The AT89C52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage
programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in
the following table.

The AT89C52 code memory array is programmed byte-by-byte in either programming

mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased
using the Chip Erase Mode.

Programming Algorithm:
Before programming the AT89C52, the address, data and control signals should be set
up according to the Flash programming mode. To program the AT89C52, take the following steps.
1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.
2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.
3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.
4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.
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5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write
cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing
the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.

Data Polling:
The AT89C52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write
cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written data on
PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data is valid on all outputs, and the next cycle
may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.

Ready/Busy:
The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output
signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled
high again when programming is done to indicate READY.

Program Verify:
If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be
read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly.
Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.

Chip Erase:
The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control
signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all 1s. The chip erase
operation must be executed before the code memory can be reprogrammed.

Programming Interface:

Every code byte in the Flash array can be written, and the entire array can be erased, by
using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once
initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.

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IV. Display
The circuit comprises three seven segment displays to represent the number of visitors present.
Seven segment display:

A typical 7-segment LED display component, with decimal point.

A seven segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven elements. Individually on
or off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the Hindu-Arabic numerals.
Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique, or italic, arrangement, which aids readability.

The individual segments of a seven-segment display.

In a simple LED package, each LED is typically connected with one terminal to its own pin on
the outside of the package and the other LED terminal connected in common with all other LEDs in
the device and brought out to a shared pin. This shared pin will then make up all of the cathodes
(negative terminals) OR all of the anodes (positive terminals) of the LEDs in the device; and so will be
either a "Common Cathode" or "Common Anode" device depending how it is constructed. Hence a 7
segment plus DP package will only require nine pins to be present and connected.

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V. Power supply

The entire circuit is powered up by a power supply circuit, which is shown

above. The circuit comprises following components,

1. Step-down transformer of 9V/500mA

2. Bridge rectifier
3. A Positive 5 V regulator IC
4. Filter capacitors.

The AC supply of 220V is step-downed to 9V by the step-down transformer.

And the 9v is now given to bridge rectifier to convert the AC source to DC source. The bridge rectifier
consists of four diodes, which two of them comprises forward bias and other two of them reverse bias
during the positive half cycle of AC voltage. And vice versa during the negative half cycle of the AC
source. After rectification, the 9v DC is given to regulator IC 7805. The positive voltage regulator IC
7805, provides a constant 5v DC to the load. Since the output may be pulsated DC, the filters circuit
filters the AC components present in the output to provide a pure DC.

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3.1 Schematic Diagram of Bidirectional Visitor Counter

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3.2 Circuit Operation

The circuit shows the microcontroller based bidirectional visitor counter, wherein the
transmitter and the receiver form the IR detection circuit. Control logic is built around transistors,
operational amplifier LM324 (IC1) and flip-flop (IC2).

The IR transmitter-receiver setup at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage is shown at

the block diagram. Two similar sections detect interruption of the IR beam and generate clock pulse
for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the number of persons
present inside the hall. When nobody is passing through the entry/exit point, the IR beam
continuously falls on phototransistor T1. Phototransistor T1 conducts and the high voltage as its
emitter drives transistor T3 into saturation, which makes pin 3 of comparator N1 low and finally
output pin 1 of comparator N1 is high.

Now if someone inters the place, first the IR beam from IR TX1 is interrupted and then
the IR beam from IR TX1 is interrupted, phototransistor T1 and transistor T3 cut-off and pin 3 of
comparator N1 goes high. The low output (pin1) of comparator N1 provides negative trigger pulse to
pin 1 of J-K flip-flop IC(A). At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of flip-flop IC2(A)
toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC2(B) due to clock
pin 1 of IC2(A) and ’J’ input (pin 9) and ‘K’ input (pin 12) of IC2(B) are connected to pin1 of
comparator N1. the negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) when the person
interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC2(B) flip-flop. This
triggers the external interrupt INT0 (pin 12) of microcontroller AT89C52.

The AT89C52 us an 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kb of flash based program memory,

256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16 bits timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. A 12MHz crystal is used fro providing clock. Ports 0, 1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment
displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kilo-ohm resistor network RNW1 because port-0
is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional, input/output (I/O) port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional
I/O ports with internal pull-ups (no need of external pull-ups).

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Port pins 3.0 and 3.1 are configured to provide the set pulse to J-K flip-flops IC2(A)
and IC2(B), respectively. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 Receive the interrupt the IR beams.
Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used
for manual reset.

When the microcontroller is reset, the flip-flops are brought in ‘set’ state through the
microcontroller at software run time by making their ‘set’ pin high for a moment. The value of the
counter increments by ‘1’ when the interrupt service routine for INT0 is executed. The output of the
corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the
microcontroller is configured as a negative-edge-triggered interrupt sensor.

Similarly, if somebody exits the place, first the IR beam from IR TX2 is interrupted and
then the IR beam from IR TX1. When the beam from IR Tx2 is interrupted, output pin 7 of
comparator N2 goes low. This provides clock pulse to pin 6 of J-K flip-flop IC2(B).

At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of flip-flop IC2(B) toggles its output
to low. ON the other hand, the low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC2(A) flip-flop. This triggers the
external interrupt INT1 (pin 13) of microcontroller AT89C52. The value of the counter decrements by
‘1’ when interrupt service routing for INT1 is executed. The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop
is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller.

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4.1 Algorithm

Algorithm:

Step 1 : Start the process

Step 2 : Select ports 0, 1, 2 as output ports for displaying the count value in
7-segment display

Step 3 : Select port 3 also as output port for providing set pulse to flip-flop

Step 4 : When external interrupt INT0 occurred, increment the count by 1.

Step 5 : When external interrupt INT1 occurred, decrement the count by 1.

Step 6 : Continue the process, whenever the interruption occurs.

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4.2 Flow chart

Flow chart:
START

Select Ports 0, 1, 2 as output

ports for 7-segment display

Select Port 3 as output port

for providing set- pulse to
flip-flop

Ext-
interrupt
occurred!
INT0 or
INT1

Increment the Decrement the

count by 1 count by 1

Send data to display the count in 7-

segment via the ports 0, 1, 2

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4.3 Program Coding

The program coding for this bidirectional visitor counter circuit is written in ‘C’
language and is compiled using C51 Keil compiler.
Program:
#include <AT89x52.h>
int i=0,j,k,l,m,a[ ]=[63,6,91,79,102,109,125,7,127,111];
void enter (void) interrupt 0
{
i++;
if(i>999) i=999;
P3_1=0;
for(m=0;m<=1000;m++);
P3_1=1;
}
void exit (void) interrupt 2
{
i--;
if(i<0) i=0;
P3_0=0;
for(m=0;m<=1000;m++);
P3_0=1;
}
void main()
{
IE = 1333;
TCON = 5;
P3_0=1;
P3_1=1;
i=0;
while(1)
{
j=i%10;
k=i/10;
l=i/100;
k=k-l*10;
P2=a[j];
P0=a[k];
P1=a[l];
}
}

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5.1 PCB Design and Fabrication

PCB Design:
Using the Protel schematics software, designed this PCB.

Protel for windows PCB 1.5 capabilities:

Protel for windows PCB is a complete PCB layout environment with many attractive
features for productive design work. You can use Protel for windows PCB as a stand-alone manual
board layout. When combined with the schematics capture package, Protel for windows PCB
becomes the backbone of fully automated, end to end design system that features a high degree of
design automation and integration. However you use Protel for windows PCB, you will appreciate its
helps of use and the high degree of flexibility built into this proven PCB design system.

PCB generates through hole and design and SND design of up to sixteen signal layers,
plus four mid layer power planes and four mechanical drawing layers. Board size can be as big as 100
inches (or 81 cm) square. Placement accuracy is to 1/1,000,000 inch (.001 mil or .00025 mm).
Metric/imperial grid system allows you to work accurately in both measurement system and the gird
can be “toggled” Between metric and imperial modes as you design by pressing Q.

A PCB design is a series of layers which correspond to the individual “tools” used to
create the board such as the top and bottom signal layers independently and some operations, such as
track placement and layers dependent – you must first select the layers and then place the track. PCB
print/plot options also reflect this requirement for “layered” design.

PCB design differs from other drawing tasks in its requirements for extreme precision.
As a result, PCB is more of a “placing” environment than a freehand “drawing” environment. Another
fundamental difference is connectivity – PCB’s ability to recognize connection between track
segments, tracks and component pads, etc. for example, PCB allows you to move a component without
breaking its track to pad connections. You will be using connectivity on several levels as you design
with PCB.

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PCB fabrication :
The proposed PCB has been carefully designed by considering all the aspects
such as the overall circuit functionality, size requirements, electromagnetic interface, etc. once the
PCB pattern is photographed and reproduce on clear plastic sheet. The plastic sheet is placed over a
copper glass epoxy or phenolic board, the assembly is injected to undergo a photochemical process
and the resulting copper coated board consists of printed tracks which interconnect the components as
per the schematic design. The basic material used for making printed circuit board is copper clad
phenolic resin laminate. For general use, fuse boards are single sided.

The procedure for making PCB is as follows,

 The board has to be cut to the required size and the copper surface has to be
cleaned.
 The drawing of the circuit through which conduction takes place is made on the
copper surface using resist inks.
 Then the uncovered copper areas are etched away in chemical bath.
 The resist ink is removed to expose copper conducting areas.
 Degreasing and cleaning the board are necessary to ensure that the areas take solder
readily.
 Layout starts with an experimental design of components position and connections
are required.
 Connections on a PCB should cross and sketching is usually done when
components positions are to be altered. Tracking of the PCB plane has to be made
after having arrived at a suitable layout.
 The copper surface should be cleaned and dried before sketching the circuit in the
board.
 After tracking the pattern on the copper surface, this pattern then painted with resist
marker pen. It is allowed to dry for about 15 minutes.
 The board is then transferred to an etching bath. This consists of a solution of ferric
chloride kept in a plastic tray.

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 The board is placed in the path such that the copper surface is kept facing upwards.

 This process is to be continued until all the tracks of copper have disappeared from
the surface.

 After etching, the board is removed and washed under running water to remove
traces of chemicals.

 Finally it is dried with soft cloth. The rest should be done is drilling.

The points to be considered while drilling are,

 Drilling should carryout such that the copper side is upper most. The use of a sharp
drill is a must.
 A hard material under the board prevents the points of the drill from tearing up a
lump out of the back of the board, when the drill breaks through.
 To prevent the drill running of its correct position while drilling, the point to be
drilled has to be spotted with the center punch.
 Vertical drill stand is best suited for drilling PCB’s. This should ensure square
holes. Due to small size drill is used breakage rate can be high.
 The original tracking will be helpful for making the components positions on the
plan side of the board, which acts a guide for components assembly.

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5.2 PCB Layout

PCB Layout for Bidirectional Visitor Counting Circuit:

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6. Conclusion

Thus the project entitled “Bidirectional Visitor Counter” helps to measure the

visitor entering and exiting a particular passage or way. The circuit counts both entering and

exiting visitors and displays the number of visitors present inside the hall. Visitor counting is

not limited to the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of applications that

provide information to management on the volume and flow of people throughout a location.

the visitor helps to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and

sales potential of an organization.

The circuit may also be enhanced with a wide counting range of above three

digits by modifying software section of the system. It can also be enhanced for long and

accurate sensing range using a laser torch instead of IR transmission circuit. Thus the circuit

can be used to monitor visitor flow in effective manner, where the visitors have to counted and

controlled.

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