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They are known as the pblock elements.
carbon,C [He]2s22p2
silicon,Si [Ne]3s23p2
germanium,Ge [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p2
Increases
First Ionisation Energy
1
First ionisation energy/kJ mol‾
-First ionisation energy when
CX descending the group,because
the in the effective nuclear charge,
The valence electrons are easy to
remove.
to Pb.
GeX
Sn
X Pb X
Proton number
Melting Point
Element C Si Ge Sn Pb
This c ause s the me lting po int o f le ad to be highe r than tin.
Electric Conductivity
C Non-conductor(except for graphite)
Si & Ge Semi-conductor
Sn & Pb Conductors
C Si Ge Sn Pb
INCREASE
Energy
absorbed
+2 State +4 State
Pb with big proton number is less likely to use two
electrons from the s orbital to be shared. This is
called the inert pair effect.
The in the atomic size when going down the group
causes the covalent bonds to become
weaker.Therefore, the energy released when the
two covalent bonds are formed is not enough to
“excite” the s electrons to promote it to the f
orbitals in the case of lead.
Relative stability
--------------------------
+2
+4
proton number
C Si Ge Sn Pb
4+ 2+
ø
a.Ge (aq) +2e Ge (aq) E = -1.60V
4+ 2+
ø
b.Sn (aq) + 2e Sn (aq) E = +0.15V
4+ 2+ ø
c.Pb (aq) + 2e Pb (aq) E = +1.80V
d.
As the E
Ø
values become increasingly positive going
down 4+
the group,the
2+ tendency for the M state to get
converted
to the M state increases.
Example:
Carbon monoxide is a reducing agent
because the +4 oxidation state is more
stable. In industries , carbon monoxide is
used in the extraction of iron from its ore.
Tetrachlorides of group 14
All elements in Group 14 forms Tetrachloride
compounds.(XCl4)
109.5°
X
Cl
Cl
Cl
Exist as simple MCl₄ molecule with a tetrahedral
shape.
Prepared by passing dry chlorine gas into liquid carbon
disulphide and boiling under reflux ,iodine as
cataylst.
Germanium tetrachlorides-Ge(s)+2Cl₂ (l)→GeCl₄ (l)
Tin tetrachlorides-Sn(s)+2Cl →SnCl (l)
Lead tetrachlorides
- prepare with cool lead+concentrated HCl to prevent
the decomposition
- Pb(s)+4HCl(aq)→PbCl ₄ (l)+2H₂ (g)
Physical properties of the
tetrachlorides
Tetrachlor
ides *CCl₄ SiCl₄ GeCl₄ SnCl₄ PbCl₄
Melting
point/ºC -23 -70 -50 -33 -15
Boiling decompos
point/ºC 77 59 86 114 e
ht of the van der Waals forces increasing,melting point and boiling point increasing
Thermal stability of tetrachlorides
X-Cl bond weak.
Thermal stability decrease.
decreasing
Ø
Ø
Ø CCl₄ SiCl₄ ,and GeCl₄ are stable at high temp.
Ø SnCl₄decompose on heating
SnCl₄ (l)→SnCl ₂ +Cl₂ (g)
tin(П)chloride
Ø PbCl₄decompose on slight warming
PbCl₄(l)→PbCl₂+Cl₂(g)
lead (П) chloride
Hyrolysis of the tetrachlorides
XCl₄(l)+2H₂O(l) →XO₂(s)+4HCl(aq)
Mechanism for the hydrolysis of SiCl₄
O
Oxides of group 14:
Elemnt C Si Ge Sn Pb
Monoxide CO SiO GeO SnO PbO
Dioxide CO₂ SiO2 GeO₂ SnO₂ PbO₂
Monoxide CO SiO GeO SnO PbO
Structure Simple molecule Primary ionic
Physical
state
Thermal Gas Gas* Solid
stability
Acid/Base Convert to dioxide Stable
nature Natural Amphoteric
to air
2CO(g) +O₂(g)→2CO₂(g)
SiO
-only exists in gas phase at temp. above
2000ºC
-it changes spontaneously to dioxide when
composed to air
(a) 2GeO(s) +O₂ (g) → 2GeO₂ (s)
(b) 2Sn (s) + O₂(g) → 2SnO₂ (s)
PbO
- stable on heat
salts.
MO(s) +2OH⁻(aq)+HO (l)→M(OH)₄²⁻
Dioxide of the group 14 element
1.Used as a lubricant.
2.Used as lead in pencils.
3.In the form of coke, used in the production
process of steel.
Product oF carbon-Graphite
Uses of Carbon Element -
Diamond
Making of high speed drilling materials and
precious stone.
-Diamond bearing are used in instruments for
laboratoties.
-Diamond cutting tools cut much faster and
vTin-Antimony
1.High temperature and food industry
applications
2.Non-toxic.
3.Good high temperature properties.
4.Better electrical conductivity and strength
than tin-lead solders.
5.Good wetting.
Product of Tin
Pewter plate
Inside of a tin platted can
vTin-Antimony-Lead
1.Suitable fo joining copper/other alloy metals
2.Improved mechanical properties over Tin-
Lead solders.
3.Can not be used with zinc due to brittle zinc-
antimony inter-metallic compounds
vTin-lead
1.General purpose, and the most widely used
solders.
2.Good process characteristics and the best
understood solders.
vTin-Silver
1.Used for soldering medical or high precision
instruments.
2.High temperature applications
3.Non-toxic but expensive. Good high
temperature properties.
Uses Of Silicon
essentially a semi-metal (has some metallic
properties such as metallic conductivity)
that allows it to be used in semi-conductor
devices (i.e., silicon is a semiconductor).
Making silicane(an organosilicon
polymer)used as lubricants,hydraulic
fluids ,car polish,electric insulator,water-
proof fabric, elastomers, resin, grease,and
resinous materials.
Strucuture of Silicone
Strucuture of Silicone
silicone
SiO₂(s)+6HF(aq) → 2H⁺(aq)+[SiF₆]²⁻(aq)
+2H₂O(l)
2. concentrated alkalis→silicate
instrument.
―important component in electronic
such as radar.
Silica
--(sand) is used extensively in making
870ºC
Tridymite
1470ºC
cristobalite
Glass
Quartz glass
Potash Glass
Borosilicate glass
Aluminosilicate Glass
Silicate
Silicates
When silicon(IV)oxide(silica) reacts with a
molten base, silicates are formed.
The basic building block of all silicates is
the SiO⁴¯₄.
qSilicates with discrete SiO₄⁴⁺ ions.
- simple silicates such as Mg₂SiO ₄, ZrSiO ₄
contain SiO₄⁴⁺ ions.
-
-
Aluminosilicate
History
Carbon
Figure 4: British chemist and inventor Sir
Humphry Davy FRS (1778 - 1829).
i)Arrange the Ge⁴⁺ ion, Sn⁴⁺ ion and Pb⁴⁺ ion in the order of
decreasing stability in aqueous solution.
ii)Which ion has the most powerful reducing property?
iii)Which is more stable in aqueous solution, Pb²⁺ or Pb⁴⁺?
Explain your answer.
[4]
STPM 2005/P2/Q7
A scheme of reaction is shown below.
X(l) Y(s)+Cl₂(g)
HCl(aq)
Tetrachloroplumbate(ll)(aq) ion
ii)Ge²⁺
iii)Pb²⁺
STPM 2005/P2/Q7
1.a)X is PbCl₄, lead(IV)chloride.