THE

DIGESTI
VE
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- is
concerned with the
preparation of food for
absorption (digestion), and
also serve for the elimination,
ridding the body of the waste
resulting from the digestive
process (large intestines).
The Functions of the Digestive
System:
Take in food.
Break down the food.
Absorb digested molecules.
Provide nutrients.
Eliminate wastes.
 The Organs Composing the
Digestive System:
1. Main Digestive Organs
Composed of the Alimentary canal:
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
2. Accessory Organs of
Digestive System 
salivary glands
teeth
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
vermiform appendix
1 MAIN
DIGESTIVE
ORGANS
MOUTH/BUCCAL
CAVITY
 The mouth or buccal cavity is formed bythe
cheeks, hard and soft palate, tounge and
muscles.

The hard palate is formed by two palatine

bones and parts of two maxillary bones.

soft palate is formed of muscles in shape of

arch, and forms the partition between mouth
and nasopharynx.
 The fauces is an archway opening from
the mouth to the oropharynx.

The uvula is a conical-shaped process

suspended from the midpoint of the arch of
fauces.

The tongue is a muscular organ with

papillae on its surface, contains taste buds.
 3 kinds of
papilla:
•Filliform
•Fungiform
•Circumvalate
 The frenum is a fold of mucous
membrane that helps anchor the tongue to
the floor of the mouth.

Teeth are found in the mouth in its

gingivae (gums).
PHARYNX or THROAT
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
 Divisions of the stomach:
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
The curves of the stomach:
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
The sphincters of the stomach:
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
The glands in the stomach:
Epithelial cells of gastric mucosa
Parietal cells
Chief cells or zymogen cells
 Functions of the stomach:
Serve as food reservoir.
Secretes gastric juice.
Its contraction break the food into smaller
particles, mix them well with gastric juice, and
move the contents on into duodenum.
Secretes the anti-anemic intrinsic factor.
Carries on a limited amount of absorption-
some water, alcohol, and certain drugs.
 INTESTINES
SMALL iNTESTiNE
Divisions of the small intestine:
•Duodenum- is the 1st portion of the small intestine, about
10 inches (25 cm) long, and roughly C-shaped.
•Jejunum- is the middle portion next to duodenum,
measures about 8 feet (2.5 m).
•Ileum- is the lower division, about 12 feet (3.5 m) long.
Functions of the small intestine:
-It completes the digestion of foods.
-It absorbs the end product of digestion thru its mucosa
to blood.
-Secretes hormone that help control secretion of
pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juices.
LARGE iNTESTiNE or
COLON
Divisions of the large intestine:
Cecum
Colon
Divided into:
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum-
HEMMORHOIDS or piles- are enlargements
of veins in the anal canal.
The opening of this canal to the exterior is guarded by
two sphincter muscles:
•Internal anal sphincter of smooth muscle
•External anal sphincter of striated muscle
The opening itself is called ANUS.

Functions of the large intestine:

Absorption of water.
Elimination of the waste of digestion
1ACCESSORY
ORGANS OF
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
SALIVARY GLANDS
 teeth
2 sets of teeth present in man:
Deciduous or milk or baby teeth
Permanent
teeth
 liver
Two major lobes of the liver:
Functions of the liver:
Secretes bile, about one pint a day.
Carries on a number of important steps in the
metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
Detoxifies a variety of substances.
Storage for several substances- iron, vitamin
A, B12, and D.
GALLBLADDE
R
PANCREAS
 Functions of the pancreas:
Its tubuloacinar unit secrete
pancreatic juice.
The Beta cells of Islands of
Langerhans secrete Insulin.
Its Alpha cells of Islands of
Langerhans secrete Glucagon.
VERMIFORM APPENDIX
DIGESTION-breakdown of food to molecules
that is small enough to be absorbed into the
circulation.

Purpose of Digestion:
-is to convert foods into chemical and physical forms
that can be absorbed and metabolized.

Kinds of Digestion:
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
ABSORPTION-is defined as the passage of
substances thru the intestinal mucosa into the blood or
lymph.
•Is accomplished by facilitated diffusion and active
transport.

Forms of Foods Absorbed:

Proteins- in the form of amino acids.
Carbohydrates- in the form of simple sugars,
monosaccharide (glucose)
Fats- in the form of Glcerols and fatty acid
METABOLISM
• is defined as the chemical changes the food undergo inside
the cells or the utilization of foods by the cells.

Ways in which Foods are Metabolized:

Catabolism- is the breaking down of food molecules to
simpler compounds (carbon dioxide, water, nitrogenous
wastes), transferring some of their energy to phosphate
compounds, notably ATP, and releasing some of it as heat.
Anabolism- is the building up of food molecules into more
complex compounds- notably glycogen, enzymes, and
other cell proteins, hormones, etc.