Glucose can also be found in

urine when the kidneys are

damaged or diseased.

Sq. epithelial
Cells

(-)

Pus Cells (+) 2-3

RBC Blood cells are not

found in urine
(-)
normally.
Inflammation, disease,
or injury to the
kidneys, ureters,
bladder, or urethra can
cause blood in urine.
Strenuous exercise,
such as running a
marathon, can also
cause blood in the
urine. White blood

57
 cells may be a sign of
infection or kidney
disease.

Albumin Albumin is one of the

most important blood
(-)
proteins that leaks into
the urine. It’s the
earliest sign that can
be detected with
nephropathy.

58
Date Basic Tests Rationale Result Clinical Significance Nursing Interventions
with Normal
(before and after)
Values

Erythrocyte
J Measures the total 2.5 A decreased number of RBCs Before the exam:
(4.5 – 5.0 number of red blood results from either acute or
A 1. Explain the procedure to
Million/m m3) cells in 1 mm3 of blood; chronic blood loss. Acute blood
the patient.
N its function, facilitated loss is a rapid depletion of
by the iron – containing blood volume. Chronic blood 2. Explain to the patient that
U
hemoglobin molecule, is loss stems from various she may experience slight
A to transport oxygen from conditions that often results in discomfort at the punctured
the lungs to the tissues. some form of an anemia. site.
R
Increased number of RBCs can
After the exam:
Y result from a number of
conditions that include fluid 1. Apply pressure at the
loss (due to diarrhea, venipuncture site to prevent
2 dehydration, burns bleeding.
dehydration), congenital heart
8
disease, pulmonary diseases,

59