APPENDIX: FORMULAE AND RULES

POINTS AND LINES

MIDPOINT x1 + x2 y1 + y2 DISTANCE (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
2 , 2
SLOPE y2 − y1 LINE THROUGH y − y1 = m(x − x1)
x2 − x1 (x1, y1) WITH
SLOPE m
PARALLEL m1 = m2 PERPENDICULAR m1 m2 = − 1
LINES LINES

DIFFERENTIATION
SUM RULE d(u + v) du dv DIFFERENCE d(u − v) du dv
dx = dx + dx RULE dx = dx − dx
PRODUCT d(uv) dv du QUOTIENT RULE du dv
=u. + v . v dx − u dx
RULE dx dx dx d(u/v)
dx = v2
CONSTANT d(ku) du POWER RULE dxn n−1
= k dx = nx
FACTOR dx dx
RULE
CHAIN dy dy . du INVERSE dx . dy
RULE dx = du dx FUNCTIONS dy dx = 1
d x 1 d(1/x) 1 d(ex) x d(log x) 1
= dx = − x2 dx = e dx = x
dx 2 x
FUNDAMENTAL d f(x) dx x2 x3 x4 xn
ex = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + 4! + … + n! + …
THEOREM OF = f(x)
CALCULUS dx

INTEGRATION
SUM RULE [f(x) + g(x)] dx = CONSTANT kf(x) dx = k f(x) dx
FACTOR RULE
f(x) dx + g(x) dx

If f(x) dx = F(x) 1 b
f(ax + b) dx = a F(ax + b). b
f(x) dx = [F(x)] a = F[b] − F[a]
a
1 1 e dx = ex + c
x Area between curves:
xn dx) = n + 1 xn+1
x dx = log x + c b(top y − bottom y)dx
if n ≠ −1 a

1
 STATIONARY POINTS AND OPTIMISATION
dy ∂z ∂z
Optimising y = (x): Put dx = 0. Optimising z = f(x, y): Put = = 0.
∂x ∂y

LAGRANGE Optimize z = f(x, y) Let F(x, y, λ) = f(x, y) − λϕ(x, y) and

MULTIPLIERS subject to constraint ∂F ∂F
ϕ(x, y) = 0. = =0
solve ∂x ∂y
ϕ(x, y) = 0
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
y′′ < 0 y′′ = 0 y′′ > 0
Local MIN Local MAX Local MAX TEST Local MIN
Inflection FAILS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
GROWTH/DECAY SECOND ORDER LINEAR
dx d2 x dx
dt = kx a dt2 + b dt + cx = 0
SOLN: x = Aekt SOLN: x = Aert + Best where r, s are
where A is an arbitrary constant distinct solutions to aλ2 + bλ + c = 0 and
A, B are arbitrary constants.

NUMERICAL METHODS
NEWTON’S METHOD y0
to solve y = f(x) = 0 x1 = x0 − becomes new x0
y0 ′
b
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION y dx using n strips of equal width h
a
TRAPEZIUM h
RULE 2 [First + Last + 2(Sum of others)].
CUBIC FIT RULE h2 b
TRAPEZIUM RULE + 12 [y′]a
SIMPSON’S RULE h
even number of strips 3 [first + last + 2(sum of other evens) + 4(sum of odds)]