Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SITE OF TRAINING
SIGNAL AND TELE ENGINEERING DEPTT.,
WESTERN CENTRAL RAILWAYS,
DIVISIONAL OFFICE-KOTA
SUBMITTED BY:
AYUSH MAHESHWARI (07/186)
FINAL YEAR-INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, RTU, KOTA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Any collateral activity cannot be truly finished without the help &
enthusiasm of the supervisors involved. Additional technical assistance
were provided by many individuals.
PREFACE
Engineering students gain theoretical knowledge only through
books. Only theoretical knowledge is not sufficient for absolute
mastery in any field. Theoretical knowledge in our books is not of much
use without knowing its practical implementation. It has been
experienced that theoretical knowledge is volatile in nature; however
practical knowledge imparts solid foundation in our mind.
To accomplish this aspect, “RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, KOTA” has included training for students of B.Tech. III
Year of 30 days in our curriculum.
This report is infact a summary of, what I have learnt and seen
during my training in “Railway Organization, Kota.” Succeeding
chapters give details what I have learnt in Divisional Railway
Manager (DRM) Office, Kota.
Ayush Maheshwari
Final Year (07/186)
Information Technology
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Table Of Contents
Signaling _______________________________________________ 3
DataLogger _____________________________________________ 9
IVRS _____________________________________________________ 16
Railnet____________________________________________________ 22
INDIAN RAILWAY
INTRODUCTION:-
Indian Railway (Hindi: भारतीय रे ल) is the state-owned railway company of
India, which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the
Ministry of Railways of the Government of India.
India boasts one of the world’s largest railway network in the world. Every day, 20
million people travel around the country in hundreds of trains running between various
stations smoothly and safely.
Snapshots:-
It is one of the world's largest commercial or utility employers, with more than
1.6 million employees.
It moves 2 million tons of freight & 20 million people daily across the
county with the help of 200,000 (freight) wagons.
Organisational Structure:-
Railway zones:-
IR is divided into zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number
of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952, and finally
16 in 2003. Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having
a divisional headquarters. There are a total of 67 divisions under 16 zones , presently
operating in the country .
S.
Name Headquarters Divisions
No
1. Central Mumbai Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Solapur, Nagpur
Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur,
2. East Central Hajipur
Sonpur
3. East Coast Bhubaneswar Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Visakhapatnam
4. Eastern Kolkata Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda
5. North Central Allahabad Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi
6. North Eastern Gorakhpur Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi
7. North Western Jaipur Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur
8. Northeast Frontier Guwahati Alipurduar,Katihar, Lumding, Rangia, Tinsukia
9. Northern Delhi Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad
Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur,
10. South Central Secunderabad
Nanded, Vijayawada
11. South East Central Bilaspur, CG Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur
12. South Eastern Kolkata Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi
13. South Western Hubli Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore
Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem,
14. Southern Chennai
Tiruchchirapalli, Thiruvanathapuram
15. West Central Jabalpur Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota
MumbaiCentral, Vadodara, Ratlam,
16. Western Mumbai
Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar
We've received the scheduled Summer Practical Training, as a part of our curriculum,
from 17 May, 2010 – 16 June, 2010 under Divisional Railway Manager,
West Central Railway, Kota .
1. DataLogger/MIS
2. IVRS/PRS/UTS
3. Overhead/OFC/Quad-Cable communication
4. Railnet
5. Microwave Communication
Kota Division:-
We'll cover the basics of Train Working before discussing about the aforemention
operational technologies .
Therefore trains carry more loads resulting in higher traffic capacity since trains
move on specific tracks called rails, their path is to be fully guided and there is no
arrangement of steering . Clear of obstruction as available with road transportation,
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so there is a need to provide control on the movement of trains in the form of Railway
signals which indicate to the drivers to stop or move and also the speed at which they can
pass a signal.
Since the load carried by the trains and the speed which the trains can attain are high,
they need more braking distance before coming to the stop from full speed. Without
signal to be available on the route to constantly guide the driver accidents will take place
due to collisions.
Apart from meeting the basic requirement of necessary safety in train operation, modern
railway signaling plays an important role in determining the capacity of a section .The
capacity decides the number of trains that can run on a single day. By proper signaling
the capacity can be increased to a considerable extent without resorting to costlier
alternatives.
The fixed signals provided by the side of the railway track with indication in the
form of colour lights are the actual authority to a driver to get in to the portion of
the track beyond the signal. At stations the trains may be received on any one of
the platform lines.
To take the train to any specific track, points are provided. The purpose of the
point on the track is to divert the train from one track to adjacent one. Hence the
signal has to be connected to the points in an arrangement called interlocking.
This Interlocking arrangement only ensures that a point is correctly set for the
particular route or a track and the signal conveys this information to the driver.
Trains run on dedicated line .A line consists of two rails running parallel to each other.
This is also called “Track”.
Track:-
Indian railways uses 4 gauges:-
Broad Gauge – It is 1,676mm of 5'6” wide & operational in most parts of
the country with 96,851 km of track length (86.8% of entire track length of
all the gauges) .
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Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 75 to 160 km/h.
In station yards there will be more than one track for receiving and dispatching trains.
Points are provided to divert the running trains from one track to another. The points have
movable switches which can be operated electrically by a point machine.
A point can be single-ended point or double-ended point depending on whether the
movable switches are provided at one end or two ends of the point,
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The two switch rails of the point are rigidly connected together by a cross bar so that they
can be moved from one position to the other position together by the point machine. If
the position of the switches is such that the train is moved on to the main line as shown
above, then the point is said to be in its normal (N) position.
If the switch rails are moved to the other position as shown below so that the train is
diverted to the loop line, then the point is said to be in its REVERSE (R) position.
In both the above cases, when one switch rail is closed with its stock rail, the other switch
is open. In either case, the opening shall be 41/2”. Between the closed switch and its
stock rail not more than 1/8” gap, is permitted.
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The centre to centre distance between the adjacent tracks (between main line to the
adjacent loop line or between one loop line and other adjacent loop line) shall not be less
than 14”0’. Where cross-over pints are provided between adjacent tracks, this distance
gets reduced. At the place where it is less than 14”, one track may foul the other track. At
this point a ‟fouling Bar” (a cement lab of about 5” length with inscription “FOULING
MARK” is provided.
When a train drawn on a track, it should stand clear of the FOULING MARK as
otherwise, the train may foul the movement of train on the adjacent track, thereby causing
a side-collision.
Clearance of track:
Since a train cannot be received on the portion of track where another train is
standing on same portion of the track, the signal before it is cleared for the movement of
a train has to ensure the track clearance. There are equipments used in Railway signaling
to achieve the above safety condition.
Types of Signals:
Signal:
Signal is a medium to convey a particular pre-determined meaning in non-verbal form.
Classification of CLS:
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➔ Technically speaking, a data logger is any device that can be used to store data.
This includes many data acquisition devices such as plug-in boards or serial
communication systems which use a computer as a real time data recording
system.
Data loggers are available in various shapes and sizes. The range includes simple
economical single channel fixed function loggers to more powerful programmable
devices capable of handling hundreds of inputs.
➔ Data logging is now a standard technique within railway signaling engineering for
both safety and performance management purposes .
➔ Data logging facilitates the past analysis of any event . Also improving upon
the reaction time of any event .
Features :-
➔ Online Graphical Display of Status of all the Board Station yards for efficient
control.
➔ Online Status of all auto sections for effective planning and monitoring of train
movements.
➔ Online status of various assets like points, signals, Shunt signals, crank handles,
Gates, Axle Counters, Route Relays and Knobs.
Technical Details :-
➔ Min 512 - Max 4096 opto isolated digital input @ 16 mSec sampling. ? 96
individually isolated analog input voltage/current channels @1 Sec .
➔ Nonvolatile data storage in flash ram and 8 serial ports for data network .
Network Management:-
Cost savings
The deployment is the most cost-effective data logging solution, from level crossing to
major interlocking schemes. Key savings are offered from:
➔ Ease of installation
➔ Low maintenance
At the most compact end, a 48 or 96 channel unit will monitor a level crossing.
For larger installations up to 8 units can be connected together, enabling 3072 channels to
be monitored simultaneously. All systems use the same common platform resulting in
economies of production.
Recorded data can be accessed using a standard web browser. For advanced remote
analysis and diagnostic features (such as slow moving point alarms or SPAD
investigations), a software plug-in has been developed for the Balfour Beatty Rail Asset
View system.
In addition, it has a touch screen LCD to allow maintenance technicians to access data
directly on site. This removes the need for an inconvenient laptop computer or separate
handheld terminal.
Reliability:-
Contained within the unit is a fully functional Uninterruptible Power Supply giving six
hours of battery backup in the case of mains failure.
Low power consumption means that no cooling fan is required, which in turn means there
are no dust filters to clean or moving mechanical parts to fail. If maintenance is required,
the entire unit can be removed simply by disconnecting the input leads and a mains plug.
Safety:-
The Delphi, has been designed specifically to meet the stringent safety requirements of
railway signaling applications. All digital and analog input channels are opto isolated to a
minimum of 1kV.
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INTRODUCTION:-
SETUP: -
All the Data loggers are connected through existing RE telecom cable in series to FEP.
The FEP of the Data logger Network is connected to the Servers through a computer
containing NMDL software with Train charting logics. (See Fig: 1-System
Configuration) The client software is provided for viewing the chart / data. This client
software by default is a passive client (which doesn’t enable chart editing & manual
entry) but on accessing into higher levels by issuing passwords it acts as an active client
(which enables chart editing & manual entry provisions).
Active Client maintained by ATNL who has the control over the train movements and
is connected to the server through LAN. At any time, active Client can control the train
movement charting. Active Client can feed the Train information as shown in
Passive Clients to view the chart anywhere from the network, the chart available at this
client is unchanged and cannot be modified. Any number of passive clients can view the
train chart by connecting to the server.
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System Configuration
➔ Whenever any T.C. is dropped it activates the route, which contains that track
circuit. As the train moves, track circuits will drop sequentially & finally only one
unique route will be selected.
➔ At this stage this train will be allotted train index Automatically for further
identification of the train.
With the point position and the berthing track position it can be determined that
what line / platform the train is received.
➔ Similarly when the train leaves the station, it will select the appropriate exit route.
When this train touches the Home Signal track of next station it checks if prior to
this AZTR of Block section in rear & the Advance Starter track of previous station
were dropped. This is co-related the station-to-station train charting. Since the
train index is carry forward in this process, it is therefore possible to plot the
correct train.
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The train charting software facilitates the ATNL to enter the train No., and other
train information such as Loco / Engine No., Driver’s name, load, Guard’s name,
vacuum, etc. This software also facilitates to edit the train charting whenever necessary. It
allows making links if joints in auto mode.
It allows charting manually even if Automatic charting is partially or totally failed. For
the convenience of ATNL two monitors are provided. One screen always shows the chart
and another is used to open the manual-charting string grid or to pop-up other forms.
FEATURES:-
➔ Alarm generation & tracking of any new train entered in the section automatically.
➔ Useful tools are available – Link, Delink, Draw blocks & Line with UNDO,
Comments on Graph, Highlighting train, Searching train etc.
➔ User can select maximum 14hrs chart (7hrs of current chart + 7hrs of prediction).
➔ Transparent Control system. Anyone can monitor control chart in control office on
LAN.
➔ Plotting is on Real time. No human involvement to plot the train so more accurate.
Online loop occupancy position .
➔ These tickets can be booked or cancelled for journeys commencing in any party
of India and ending in any other part ,with travels times as long as 72 hour and
distances up to several thousands kilometre.
➔ There are mainly 5 servers in INDIA. These are New Delhi , Kolkata, Channai,
Mumbai & sikandrabad.
EQUIPMENTS:
The equipment used in PRS are --
➔ Modem
➔ Multiplexing Equipment
➔ End terminal.
MODEM
Modem are used for communication various computer or between Computer &
terminals over ordinary or leased(dedicated ) telephone lines.
We can use modems to log on to micro, mini, main frame computer for line processing.
We can use them to connect two remote computers for data.
➔ The bound rate of modem is bits per second. In advance modulation such as
quadrature amplitude modulate 4 bits & transmitted it in each band. Thus the
speed of the modem transmitting at 600 band would be 2400 bps.
Multiplexing Equipment:-
There are two type multiplexing equipments for each channel.
The multiplexer used may be of 8-ports or 16-port .The data is get multiplexed at the rate
of the 96KBps. The multiplexing generally of analog type.
End Terminal:-
The end terminals of system is the station where the tickets to be Printed out .
The terminal consists of a computer system with a dot matrix printer. The number of the
total end terminal at the station can be increased or decreased according to the
multiplexing used.
HARDWARE
DATA ENTRY TERMINAL
It is a personal computer of more than 166 MHz with 16 MB RAM; 2.1 GB Hard
disk; 101 key keyboard; a mouse & a colour monitor.
MODEM
The data entry terminals are linked with lease line/ dialup modem of speed better
than 33.6 KBPS.
IVRS TERMINAL:
It is Pentium 133 MHz P.C. with 24 port dialogic cards called IVRS card capable
to respond on both pulse and tone. Out of 24 ports –4 ports are used for voice and FAX
on demand; 2 ports are used for railway PSTN lines; 2 ports are used for fare inquiry and
rest 16 ports are used for train inquiry.
SOFTWARE:
There are three types of software.
It is friendly user software, which is used to record the train schedule timing
information in data files.
This software is having following facilities,
(1) The system is secured by 3 stages of password facility.
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COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE:-
This software works on the principle of packet switching in which each train file is
developed in the form of packet along with destination address.
In IVRS system Mumbai Central computer acts as HUB and it will dial or
connect through lease line after a specific interval to the data entry computers of different
control offices and exchange the files with them.
When a pop file is generated after every 15 minutes in data entry computer, then
file is transferred to its queue directory. When HUB computer is connected to data entry
computer, HUB searches the files from queue directory and then down load in its receive
directory and similarly the queue directory files available in HUB will be received and
stored by data entry computer. By this way the queue directory files are exchanged and
updated.
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The communication software is also having the facility for CRC check (cyclic
redundancy check) and receive check. So in case of line failure or modem faulty, when
the file could not be exchanged, then HUB try to establish the link and if is not able to
exchange, then it will create alarm; and show link break
The important facilities of communication software: -
1) Auto dialing facility for origination of transmission of information or data.
2) Having facility of auto pickup of file from remote queue directory.
3) Facility of auto transfer of own file to remote/required place.
4) Facility of transfer of file as per priority decided by HUB.
5) It has facility to support WAN and is capable of interfacing with any type of
communication system like Internet, VHF; UHF, leased line.
6) Facility of monitoring of trans. and receive file.
7) It is provided with the list of transmitted files and remaining files.
OLTRIS SOFTWARE:-
The main aim of the system is to provide “ON LINE TRAIN RUNNING
INFORMATION” like termination of the train before schedule ; changed the route of the
train; accident of train; abnormal delay/late of the train and so on. So the software is
developed to support all the abnormal activity.
This software is having the following facilities:
a) It is having the facility to interact with both pulse and tone users.
b) It is having a facility of FAX on demand, for that separate terminal is provided.
c) It is supporting and select more than one language.
d) According to traffic, ports can be increased or decreased.
e) It is having the facility of mailbox.
f) It is having the facility of according the calls on each port and give a report of no.
of calls in 24 hours and the calls in a specific period.
Overhead lines or overhead wires are used to transmit electrical energy to trams,
trolley, buses or trains at a distance from the energy supply point. In this article the
generic term overhead line is used Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or
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more overhead wires situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical potential by
connection to feeder stations at regular intervals. The feeder stations are usually fed from
a high-voltage electrical grid.
Microwave Communication
Introduction:-
The objective of microwave communication systems is to transmit information
from one place to another without interruption, and clear reproduction at the receiver. Fig.
indicates how this is achieved in its simplest form.
➔ Above 100 MHz the waves travel in straight lines and can therefore be narrowly
focused. Concentrating all the energy into a small beam using a parabolic antenna
(like the satellite TV dish) gives a much higher signal to noise ratio, but the
transmitting and receiving antennas must be accurately aligned with each other.
➔ Before the advent of fiber optics, these microwaves formed the heart of the long
distance telephone transmission system.
➔ In its simplest form the microwave link can be one hop, consisting of one pair
of antennas spaced as little as one or two kilometers apart, or can be a backbone,
including multiple hops, spanning several thousand kilometers.
➔ A single hop is typically 30 to 60 km in relatively flat regions for frequencies in
the 2 to 8 GHz bands. When antennas are placed between mountain peaks, a very
long hop length can be achieved. Hop distances in excess of 200 km are in
existence.
➔ The "line-of-sight" nature of microwaves has some very attractive advantages over
cable systems. Line of sight is a term which is only partially correct when
describing microwave paths.
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RAILNET
The Indian Railways is Asia's largest and the world's second largest rail
network. Adopting e-Governance in right earnest and to reap the benefit of IT explosion,
Indian Railways have established a 'Corporate Wide Information System'
(CWIS) called RAILNET, abbreviated as RN henceforth.
It provides smooth flow of information on demand for administrative purposes,
which would enable taking quicker and better decisions.
Realising the important role that information plays in customer services and in
railways operations, IR had embarked on its computerisation program. IR developed a
dedicated skeletal communication network, as a basic requirement for train operation.
After the early introduction of basic computer applications e.g. Pay rolls,
Inventory Control and Operating Statistics, Railways went for deployment of computers
for productivity improvement through building up operational databases.
Use of IT in Railway :-
➔ Passenger Reservation System (PRS)
➔ e-Ticketing
The effort involved interfacing the IRCTC front end with backend PRS Alpha
servers, writing procedures for search and queries at the backend, ticket printing on
existing clients and accounting software.
RAILNET MIS :-
For running any business organisation, the efficiency of the MIS is very important.
Indian Railways have many areas, where use of IT is going to have a telling effect. Some
of these are listed down:
CRIS has developed RBCS for collecting budgetary inputs from the different
zones and production units of the Indian Railways. The system facilitates capturing of
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data, building of database, analysis of demands and pruning of the estimates for inclusion
in the Railway Budget.
Besides MIS reports, the system enables printing of budget documents in
bilingual, Hindi and English. This system is implemented at 88 locations spread over
Zonal Railways and Production Units apart from Railway Board.
CATS has been designed with common database to address functionalities for both
personnel and Finance Departments. CATS contain two major modules Financial
Accounting System (FAS) and Payroll System (PS).
ORGANIZATION:-
The divisional offices, Zonal training institutes will be connected to rail net in phase 3
and finally to station, yards, shads etc.
RN comprises of -
1. Intra-net
Intra-net is an internal network of Indian railway allowing the railway
officers and staff to communicate on this digitized network .
2. Inter-net
Internet allows user to get into a global communication method and global
pool of knowledge, advertisement and entertainment through www (World Wide Web) in
a secured manner.
TOOLS:-
E-Mail
EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
WWW
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
OBJECTIVES:-
E-mail.
Voice-over IP.
Video-conferencing
HARDWARE COMPONENTS:-
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‘Compaq’ Servers.
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
MS Windows NT Server
Railnet is similar to internet. All the computers and communication cables that
make up the thousands of smaller networks at various railway offices are connected
together to form the railnet.
It follows a simple rule, TCP/IP. Here packet switching, where a computer
message is broken into small packets , is used . Each packet consists of a destination
address , a source address and packet identity and user data. A packet can travel through
any path on the network .
Different servers of railways are connected to each other via its own
microwave stations to form a nationwide network of Indian Railways.
Four wires are coming from microwave station and they are terminated on the
lease line modem. This modem is connected to router through a cable. Router is
connected to the switch.
Switch is an interface between server and router. Various hubs can be connected in
a cascade to increase the no. of terminations. This is a star topology.
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Hubs along with computers within the distance of 50 meter are terminated on the
switch. In this manner all the computers in the LAN can share the data and can
access the internet through server.
A. SERVER
A network is a multiuser system because more than one person at a time can send
requests to a machine. A shared machine together with the software programs , which
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handles requests and distributes the network resources such as data files and printer time
both the machine and its software are jointly referred as the server.
B. ROUTER
Routers can:
Direct signal traffic efficiently.
Route messages between any two protocols.
Route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies.
Route messages across fiber optics, coaxial, and twisted pair cabling.
C. SWITCH
The switch is used to interconnect the Nodes. But it is more complex and versatile,
and also there is no division of bandwidth among the nodes.
They are active device with following points :
(1) 10Mbps, 100 Mbps, single-speed, or dual speed operation.
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(2) Congestion control, which means that the switch should have enough buffers to
take care of the traffic peaks.
(3) Segmentation of local network
(4) Speed up the local network. They are of 8,16 or 48 ports active terminal.
D. FIREWALL
It is security purpose software, which is used to secure the server contents, so the
outside user could not temper the information. The user can read the information but can
not write anything.
E. HUB
It is active junction box, which is used to connect the nodes and all the servers
using any type of cable (UTP, Coaxial etc). It contains a division of network bandwidth.
The important parameters to be considered whole selecting are: -
The old relay based signal interlocking systems for line block interlocking have to be
replaced by cheaper and more flexible fully electronic systems for the control of sig-nals,
points and other safety measures along the track.
Communication Media:-
The communication links making up the data network may be over a combination
of any of the following media :
OFC,
Digital MW,
IP Radio links,
VSAT, Analog MW,
Twisted pair copper, for last mile connectivity.
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Network Speeds: -
The earlier networks were non-IP based and worked at speeds of 9.6 Kbps.
Gradually some of the non-IP based network speeds were upgraded to 64 Kbps.
Generally higher speeds are not adopted in non-IP networks.
Distribution level comprises the communication links between zonal Hqrs. and
divisions and access level is made up of links connecting the division to the
activity centres .
Network Security:-
For ex., an 8 or 12 fiber cable is able to handle all to- day known railway
transmission requirements and even more. Furthermore, the transmission network is
immune to electromagnetic disturbances in connection with electric railway
traffic. In optical fiber telecommunication systems, primarily monomode fibers are used
today, providing an extremely high bandwidth (>300GHz x km) and a very
low attenuation (0.2 dB/km) .
Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less
loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for
illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus
allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety
of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
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IR Vision is to tap revenue generation potential in the telecom and IT sector, using the
64,000-km long 'right of way' for laying optic fibres, signalling towers and
other infrastructure assets that Indian Railways owns.
This will be done in collaboration between the RailTel Corporation and private sector
companies in a transparent framework.
Use of OF Technology in IR
i) free from EMI and RFI making it especially useful in electrified areas.
iii) very high traffic carrying capacity and hence potential for leasing excess
capacity to other users and providing other services.
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v) insufficient commercial value of bits of cable and hence less prone to theft.
vi) multiple joints does not significantly degrade BER and therefore speech
quality.