IS : 822-1970 (Reaffirmed 2003 ) Indian Standard CODE OF PROCEDURE FOR INSPECTION OF WELDS ( Third Reprint NOVEMBER 1996 ) UDC 621 791.053 : 620.1 © Copyright 1971 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO jew DELHI 110002 Gs September 197115:#22-1970 Indian Standard CODE OF PROCEDURE FOR INSPECTION OF WELDS Welding General Sectional Committee, SMDC 14 aime Reprteting ‘Seat R. Geos Indian Oxygen Lad, Caleuta Mentos Sunij. K, Ancowars Stewarts & Lloyds of India Led, Caleutta ap MN Geos ( Alert) SmurP.V, Bavuxt ‘Bicectorate General of Technical Development Smut N Cl Boom ‘National Test Hous, Catcma San D. F.Gnarrenree Diectrte Geer of Sppiia and Dipl (Tae SmarB.N.Das Natal” Metilurpieal Laboratory (CSIR), Saat 8, P. Dasourza cenit Metical Bogineeriog Reach Tetate (sit), Dargapue ep EER ATE a, rate on Dennen rant aries a SE Ee le can nae et pray nor Rot New Duar TL En ce sia oar BaaggrvsEvopaen FWD Pale Wort Deparnen, Goverment Tami Nada Hea Pat & Vole Lid, Viabbapinam Sunt: PGncan ts Reanchy Army Headgears Sam M,N Corea Mba of Dee (Ber Sum 8. K, Hast ‘Male Eletca Works, Bo Jour Dinncton “Reszasom Mintry of Ralwaye jour Dimasron “Rseanon Thar), RDSO, Gurrennasn ‘Gravion ano Merazvenos, Termaeat Coron Faoront, piano (dia Sua.) xrwonan Coaca sorone Pouana (Alert 1) (Contd om page 2) BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 11000218:822-1970 ( Contend fom page 1) Menkes Bepreeting SaniM Y.D. Kamar Indian Engineering Asociation, Caleutta SurB Saas (Alone) saat. Vs Masa Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi ‘Saar DAR, Marra ( Alternate) suntv. Advani-Oerlikon (Private) Led, Bombay Power Cables Pvt Ltd, Bombay. 3 Bealuhwalte & Co (India) Lid, Calewtea ‘Snar S, BataevananveanrAn (Alert) Suni K.P, Parsate ‘Bargapor Stel Plant (HSL), Durgapur Cou8. 0, Pesoea Directorave General of Employment & Training ‘Sua Ht. I, Paapnaxa Bharat Heavy Electials Ltd, Tiuchlrapall ‘unt ¥, Ge Jaoamarn (dltcnte) Suar 6. RAAaKO “Association of Principals of Technical Tasttutions KG KR Pep eciee tal ace smu 10 ta Hout & Lezomesive Co Le, San Sabesvs nee Mig 82 Ath Sate upton ES, Sun N, Kaurnanunany (Aizat) gust 8 Gor ‘Sta Bites Boar Now Del SEEN Sree: Shea Hany elects La Hadar SEEAS Stskinaaieroe Laan Tubre Lite, tomboy StaiV.Rsumeawantoy Inca Oxygen Ld, Caleta ‘snir] & Acouea (Alen) saath Tew inden Aeoonsies Limited, Bangalore ‘Sick, Tmovan (Alimat) amr EN Vane Bindusap Shipyad Ld, Vinkbwoatzar Stat, Sarvanravay Director Gone 1S ( Braise Nener) Bepiy Bre (ure & Met) sy ‘Smat M5. Nacanay ‘Ausitant Director (Struc & Met), IST Panel for Inspection of Welds, SMDC 14: P 24 Canoe, ‘Smar 8. K Pamaxe Braithwaite & Co (India ) Lid, Caleurta Manse Sum D.P Cnasrensee Directorate General of Supplise & Dispomle ‘Inspection Wing) S.P. Dasaorea Cental Mechisial Eoginesg Resereh Jou Joma Dinsoron _Raseanox Ministry of Railways (hire), RDSO, Cmrrrasaiczan sha TN. Vazo Hindunan Shipys Led, VisakhapatoamIndian Standard CODE OF PROCEDURE FOR INSPECTION OF WELDS 0. FOREWORD 1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institu- ‘Son on 22 Deceraber 1970, after the aft fvalized by the Welding General Sectional Committee had been approved by the Structural and Metals Division Council. (2 This standard has been prepared to serve a3 a guide to inspection of welds, It covers the various stages of inspection and the methods which may be adopted 0.3 During inspection of welds reference may have to be made to other Indian Standards. A list of such standards is given in Appendix A. 0.4 This nandard keeps in view the practice being fllowed in the country {this field. Astieance has slo boon derived from the following? Weld quality control and inspection, Canadian Welding Bureau, ‘Toronto. ‘Welding inspection, 1968, American Welding Society, New York. 0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, o} or calculated, aprenicg the result ofa test or analyaa, shall bo rounded offin accordance with IS: 2-1960% ‘The number of significant places retained in the Founded off value should be the sume’ that ofthe speciied value in this standard. 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers the recommended procedures for the inspection of welds, 1.1.1 This code is not limited to any specific proces, method of wufacture of type of fabrication, but is intended to be a general guide, {Bom where the provisions should bo selected for individual applications, ‘Rules for rounding of pumerical value (rite ) 3181872-1570 412 This standard dots not stipulate any acceptance anda, | These thal ject to mutual agreement and would depend upon the nature and end wae of the weldment peer 2. TERMINOLOGY ‘2.1 For the purpote of this standard, the definitions given in 18:812-1957* shall apply. 22 Terms relating to methods of mechanical testing of metals shall be as defined in IS : 5069-1969. 3, SYMBOLS 3.1 Symbols for welding used as working drawings shall be as given in 1; 81519563, Iother symbols are used, 2 complete explanation of ‘their meaning shall be given. 4, STAGES OF INSPECTION 4.1. Inspection for welding shall be carried in three stages : a) Preliminary stage Before commencing fabrication by ‘welding b) In process stage ‘During fabrication by welding ¢) Final stage Alter welding 5, INSPECTION BEFORE COMMENCING FABRICATION BY WELDING ‘5.0 Inspection before the commencement of the job should cover all aspects of the job with a view to eliminating all potential sources of defects, 5:1 Drawings and Specifications SAA The contract specifications should be studied to ascertain the sandard of quality required, and the end use of the products. 5.1.2 The standard specifications prescribed for the contract, and the general standard specifications applicable to the class of work should be ‘examined carefully, 5AL3 All the relevant drawings should be studied details, dimensional tolerances, process specifications, requirements specified “Ghoaary of terme eolating to welding nad cutting of mctae ‘pBouey of term relating ‘9 methodt of vecharg el ovtng of rata Scheme of symbos togseelding. (Since fvied Je _ 4 ct of weld ‘any special15+822-1970 Slt Where the contract specification does not indicate all the standard specications applicable, or where it has beon left pay ‘or wholly to the discretion of the inspector, the standard specifications to be applied on the job shall be decided in consultation with the cnstomer, fabricator should be informed about such decisions and the standards of inspection and acceptance should be clearly laid down at the preliminary stage. 5.2 Selection of Welding Process 5.2 The process of welding proposed to be adopted by the fabricator shall be in accordance with the job specification and, where necessary, should be proved capable of produicing welds of the required quality. 5.3 Material Specifications ‘5.3.1 The materials to be used shall be in accordance with the job specification or approved drawings and any deviation shall be duly approved. 5.32 Only tested materials shall in general be used for welded work. Where the job permits the use of untested material, separate tests should be carried out to ensure that satisfactory welds can be produced consie tently with the material used. 54 Inspection of Material S41 The material shall be examined and compared with the ‘manufacturer's test certificates, in respect of cast numbers, {SI Certification Marks, where applicable, inspection stamps, ete, 542 The material shall be examined for surface defects, must and ‘corrosion products, presence of contaminants, and any other factor which may hamper the production of «satisfactory weld. 54.3 Since lamimtions are deleterious in welding, it ie ewential that the cut edges and weld preparations be examined for 1 ence. It San advantage to use some non-destructive method suchas liduid i of magnetic particle flaw detection on the edges or to subject {o ultrasonic flaw detection. 5.5 Selection of Consumables 51 The welding electrodes, welding wire, flux, gases, or othe consumables proposed to be used for the job shall conform to the Tequirements of the relevant Indian Standard specifications or to the job specifications. 5.8.2 Conformity with the standard may not however be adequate, cea wide range of products may be covered by a standard. It is, 518:822-1970 therefore, necessary to enture that the specific selection maste gives welds of the necessary quality. In particular this applies to jobs. where the welds. are completely ox parilly fre, from, inclusions and) porosity CCoromonly known a radiographic qualcy welds) ae de since only some types of electrodes covered by the standard may give the required quality. 56 Inspection of Consumables 5.6.1 The consumables to be used on the job shall be examined to ensure that they have not deteriorated, and are stored as recommended by the manufacturer with a view to preclude potential damage. 5.6.2 Manufactures's labels should be examined to ensure that the ‘consumables conform to the latest specifications 5.6.3 For important jobs it is advisable to get a test certificate for each batch of consumables supplied to the user; and to verify that these teste show conformity with the required standards. 5.7 Welding Procedures S:7A Complete welding procedure should be laid down by the fabricator unless the procedure to be adopted coreqonds to te relevant Indian Standard code of procedure, 5:72 The procedure selected by the fabricator shall conform to all the relevant drawings and specifications and it shall be capable of producing tweld of the required quality conistently under actual working conditions The ‘hall lay down only such preparations and tolerances that may be achieved during production work, 5.7.3 Welding procedures which are specially Iaid down should be guelied’ (thay rove secaptable)by'sgualcatin tr cere oot By operators of ‘requisite skill using ‘consumables and Baterals under conditions closely, approximating to thowe during Fibpicaion. "These test piece shall be subjected to all the tests whi will to the actual weld and to any other tests which may be Pequired fo demonstrate the quality of the weld. otal roqase pocedure alicatan tau. But the maybe card require procedure qualifcation tests, But these may be carried out, if desired by the inspector, especially when the standard desiped by the inspector, especially provides a 5.8 Welding Equipment 5.8.1 The welding equipment to be used on the job shall be in sate factory operating condition and appropriate for the job in question, 618:622-1970 S82 It is advisable to ensure that all welding equipment and accessories wed by. he fabricator” conform to the relevant Indian ‘Standasd specificats 32 ae functioning of the welding plant shall be examined, and wher, necessary, tests shall be carried out to ensure that the plant it capable of consistently producing welds ofthe required «quality. 49 Welders and Operators 51 Welders— Al welders employed shall be rained, certfed according to the appropriate Indian Standards’ applicable for thejob. 5:92 Operators — Operators employed for mechanized welding shall be trained and tested to execute the sequired job. * 5.9.3 Such qualifying tests shall be made using the consumables and equipment approved for the job under conditions closely approxirmatin to those during production oe . 5.9.3.1 The validity of the certificate of welder or operator shall Japse if for any reason he has not worked as a welder or operator for a period of six months 594 A record shall be maintained of the welders and operators who are qualified by certificates or tests for the respective categories of work an the job, ‘This record shall be made available to all concerned 30 that it can be ensured that all welding is done by duly qualified welders. 5.10 Testing Facilities ‘5:01 The fabricator should have facilities for performing all the tests yequiced op the job, or shall be able to call upon the facilities of an outside agency or testing establishment, 5.10.2 Testing equipment should be in good condition and shall be calinated and cerifed as required 5.10.3 The testing equipment shall be operated by staff conversant with the tering techniques and able fo operate the equipment properly and reliably. 5.1L Ancillary Equipment and Facilities SALA The fabricator should have adequaté and mitable ‘equipment for cutting, straightening, rolling, planing and other methods of prepare Son requited for different cates of welded fabrication. 5.11.2 The fabricator should posses jigs, fixtures, clamping devices, ‘manipulators, handling equipment, etc, to sut the class of work 71518221970 S.L3 There should be adequate facilities for storage of mater consuraables, S114 There should be adequate facilities for drying the welding consumables. SALS Where preheating o: other heat treatment is required, the fabricator shall possess adequate equipment for the operations and for indicating and controlling the temperature 6. INSPECTION DURING FABRICATION BY WELDING 6.0 Inspection during fabrication by welding is done from the following points of view: 1) Ensuring that the procedures, consumables, operators, ete, on the job have been previously approved. ») Examining assemblies, weld preparations, etc, prior to welding te ‘ensure that they are in conformity with the approved procedures and conducive to good welding ) Visual inspection during welding to ensure that the work in pprocess produces @ good finished weld, and that defects in initial stages are removed prior to further work. ) Testing of welds which may become inaccessible or more difficult to inspect ata later stage ‘e) Permitting modifications, additions or permisible alternatives 10 procedures, consumables and welders previously approved. Is and 6.1 Inspection of Prepared Materinls 6.1.1 The materials previously inspected and approved should be reexamined just before welding is commenced with special emphasis on the weld zone. The weld and the adjacent area shall be ftee of dirt, rust, oil or other foreign material which may affect the quality of the welding 6.1.2 The edge preparation for the weld and the weld zone should be checked for conformity with the requirements of the approved welding procedure, and shall be within acceptable tolerances 6.1.3 The cut faces shail be examined fir nick sharks, cracks, scale, ures, ete, aud these shall be rectified prior to welding Where the material is gas cut and by virtue of its thickness and composition; is susceptible to cracking during cutting, particular attention should be paid to ciack detection on the cut surface, preferably using some method of non-destructive testing, This would apply even if subsequent machining has been carried out, since eracks may not have been removed completely by machining18:822-1970 €2 Assemblies 62.1 The method and sequence of assembly and the jigs and fixtures shall correrpond to thore previously approved, and shal permit welding according tothe approved procedure. 622 The fieup, gaps, orientation and welding postion should corres: pond to thoseon the approved welding procedure’ ° 6.2.3 Due precautions t9 minimise distortion and ensure dimensional accuracy of ‘the finished fabrication shall have been taken without imposing undue stresses on the welds. 6.24 Tack welds shail be of adequate size, 'ength and pitch and carried ‘out using the correct welding procedures and by. qualified welders (ste ISI Handbook on Manual Metal Are Welding for Welders). 62.5 Temporary fittings, clamps, fixtu es, silfeners, etc, where used, shall not interfere with the welding, and shall conform to accepted practices for the particular class of work. 63 Welding Consumables 63.1 Electrodes and other welding consumables shall be of types previously approved, and shall be in good condition In particular it ‘hall be ensured that these are clean, and have been dried according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. 63.2 If during fabrication it is found necessary or desirable to alter, amend or make additions to the list of consumables previously approved, the new consumables proposed shall be duly approved. Whereas strict ‘equivalents or identical types of alternative brands may be approved ‘without further tests, change of :ype of category of consumable will in general require further tests to >osure that these will produce acceptable Fesults when used wish the approved procedures. 6.33 If during fabrication there is an incidence of defects which may ‘be attribured to the consumables, the defective consumables should be replaced by snother batch of consumables or by another brand of identical type, subject to the approval of the inspector 6A Operators and Welders hall be persons who GA. All operators and welders used on the job ‘or qualification have been previously approved by virtue of certifie tess 918:822-1970 64.2 If axty addition to the list of approved operators and welders for various eategories is to be avade, such additions shall be approved on the same basis as for initial approval. This will apply to inclusion of more tors and welders for a given class of work, to transfers from one las to another and to the approval of welders for class im addition to those for which they have been previously approved. 64.3 If at any time during the job there is any reason to question the Gapebily of an operator or welder, for example, duc tothe incidence of defects in welds made by him, the inspector may, at his discretion, withdraw approval previously granted ‘to him and demand teste for re-approval. ‘Such operators shail not be used on the job until they are requalified. 6.5 Welding Procedure 6.5.1 The welding procedures followed shall conform to these laid down and duly approved in respect of all the relevant details, 65.2 Where it becomes desirable or necessary, 10 amend, alte or deviate from the approved procedures, the revised procedures fully laid down and approved on the same basis as for initial approval. Where the changes are of such a nature that they are not likely to affect the quality adversely, the tests for qualification may be waived provided that it is demonstrated that welds of satisfactory quality can be produced after incorporating the changes. 653 If it is found that despite conformity to approved welding procedures, welds of acceptable quality are not produced, such approval Hay be withdrawn, “The same’ procedure may be submitted for tex approval, however, if it could be demonstrated that the procedure was not responsible for the defective weld. 6.5.4 Particular attention shall be paid to the observance of special requirements such as sequence of welding, preheating, pening, heat treatment, ete G55 It shall be enured that test coupons, extension pieces, etc, are fded as required by the job or as specified in the relevant Indian dard, Additional test coupons shall be provided if demanded by the inspector. 66 Inspection during Welding 6.6.1 Besides ensuring that the approved welding procedures are being followed, it sould be seen that the techniques conform to good welding practice. For example, the thorough removal of slag from an arc weld, or the dressing of spot welding electrodes, although implied in the procedure will fall in the category of good practi 1018:822-1970 66.2 Welds which would become inaccessible or more difficult to inspect at a later stage shall be inspected completely at this stage. 6.6.3 For important welds, inspection during the welding process; and in between runs, is essential, With careful inspection during welding it is possible to identify potential sources of defects and eliminate them at the early stage. 6.7 Deviations 6.7.1 If any deviations from approved procedures or from ay of consumables, processes or operators are detected, the welding shall be stopped pending an appraisal of the consequences of such deviations. 6.7.2 It is essential that the fabricator be made to understand the importance of approvals and the dangers of unauthorised deviation. 6.7.3 If such deviations are detected after completion of’ a part or the whole ofa job, suitable rectifications should be made or remedial measures are taken at the discretion of the inspector. 6.7.4 Where such deviations have produced welds of doubtful quality, the fabrication would not be deemed as acceptable unless adequate teats show that the quality achieved is satisfactory, ot unless necessary rectifications are carried out subsequently to achieve this quality. 7. INSPECTION AFTER WELDING 2.0 Inspection after welding is done with a view 10 assessing: 1) the quality of the weld by tests on extension pieces or the aciual fabritaied component and. D) the coecue fhe whale, weldnent (hat iy he ete component) by visual and. dimensional inspection, and fad enson he actual stated component 7.4 Visual Inspection ‘711 The completed weld and the welded fabrication as a whole should be examined visally, preferably with the assistance of a magnifying lens ‘or a magnilying torch, 7.1.2 Visual inspection should cover all the visible aspects of the weld and the weldment.. 7.1.3 The following types of weld defects may be detected during visual examinations: a) Weld defects occurring at the surface such as blowholes, pipes, exposed porosity, exposed inclusions, unfilled crate, unfused welds, etc; u1S: 422-1970 b) Surface cracks in te weld metal or in the parent metal adjacent tot; ©) Damages to the parent metal such as undercut, burning, over- heating, ete; 4) Profile defects such as excessive convexity or concavity, overlap, unequal leg lengths, excessive reinforcement, incompletely filled [grooves, excessive "peneiration bead, root’ grooves, shrinkage ‘grooves, etc; and fe) Incorrect finish, for example ripple marks, weaving faults, chip- ping and peening marks, spatter, under-fushing (excessive ‘grinding ), excessive indentation of spot welds, uneven welds etc. ‘714 The following types of faulis on the weldment may also be detected by visual examination: ‘a) Distortion due to welding, that is, local shrinkage, camber, bowing, twisting, rotation, buckling, waviness, etc b) Linear, eccentric, angular and rotational misalignment of parts; ‘¢) Incorrect location of components; and 4) Visible dimensional errors. 7.2 Inspection of Weld Dimensions 7.24 Inspection for the correct dimensions shall be cartied out in the ‘case of fillet welds, spot welds, seam welds, etc, where the size is specified. ‘They shall be inspected using suitable gauges and taking into considera- tion the permissible tolerances. 722 Dimensional inspection of the completed weldment shall be carried out using tools and measuring instruments appropriate to the type of fabrication and the dimensional accuracy required 7.3 Mechanical Testing 730 Mechanical tests (offen described as destructive tests because thelr application will destroy the weldment) can be performed on: 1a) prototype or sample welds, and bb) extension pieces or test coupons 73.0.1 Mechanical tess may comprise of all or some of the following: a) Tests for determining strength and ductility — Tensile test, bend test, impact test, load test, etc b) Tests for determining continuity, fusion and soundness —Bend teat, slug test for spot welds, ete; 1218:622-1970 €) Tests for determining penetration and internal weld configuration — Macrosecton, etching, ete; and - 4) Tests for determining metallurgical properties and local variations in the weld and the heat affected zone— Microscopic examination, hardness surveys, chemical analysis of borings from the cross sections, ete 7.31 Prowotsper 7.34.1 For small weldments a prototype is welded and tested to destruction, This test may comprise an ovetload of the type of load to which the weldment is subjected in sevice or some form of fatigue text 7.9.1.2 For larger weldments in repetitive work a prototype is welded and sectioned at various places Such sections would be supfected tothe required mechanical teste 7.3.2 Sample Welds 7921 Sample welds are normally tequited only for establishing the correct welding procedure and would be part of the inspection before fabeicasion 7.32.2 In ceriain types of welds additional sample welds are made con test pieces using the same machine settings, operators ard other condi- tions that would be obtained on the job. ‘These test pieces are subjected to various tests, and may be deemed to be equivalent to testing the actual weldment. 73.3 Extension Pieces and Test Coupons 73.3.1 Many specifications specify extension pieces or test coupons which would be welded as part of the main weld and subsequently detach- ed for testing. In fusion welds such extension pieces would serve the additional function of run-on and run-off pieces required to ensure the soundness of the full length of the weld. 7.3.3.2 Extension pieces and coupons should be of the same composi- tion and with the same weld preparation as the parent material of the main weld, It would be ideal if they are off-cuts from the parent material and attached so that the direction of rolling is the same as that on the parent material 7.3.43 Extension pieces are subjected to mechanical tests and the results of such tests shall be deemed to indicate the properties of the main weld, 118:822-1970 43d Tests for Determining Sirength and Ductiliy BAA Tensile tests: a) Transverse tensile tet, b) Reduced section transverse tensile test (with a reduced section at the weld to cause tensile failure in the weld), ©) Longitudinal tensile tet, 4) All weld metal tensile test, ) Tensile (shear) test for spot welds, £) Cruciform tensile test for fillet welds, and ) Tensile tests on lap welds (shear on longitudinal and transverse fillet welds). 73A2 Berd tris: a) Free transverse bend test, ) Guided transverse bend tert, ¢) Longitudinal bend test, d) Side bend test, and ) Fillet weld bend test, TBA Impact ests: a) Charpy V-notch impact test, and 1b) Explosive impact test, 713.44 Load tets—Loads may be applied on the weldment by jack ecign a ey blocka, oe unveil teleng: machines unel niure takes 7308 Tests for Determining Continuity, Fusion and Scundness of Welds FBSA Bend tests a) Free transverse bend test, b) Guided transverse bend test, ) Longitudinal bend test, 4) Side bend test, and ©) Fillet weld bend test. 7352 Nick break tests for butt and fillet welds, 7.3.5.3 Slug tests for spot welds. “18:822- 1970 1.36 Tests for Determining Prnetration and Iternal Weld Configuration 786.1 Macro-examination. 7.3.62 Etching of macrosection with proper etching solution, td Tat fer Pacing Melia Properis and Lc Variations in TIA Microscopic examination: ‘a) Examination of microstructure, 1b) Number and size of inchisions, and ¢) Grain size measurements. TSI2 Hardness suroops: 1) Hardnou survey of weld and hett affected zane on macroection, 1b) Measurement of microhardness, 13.73 Chamical analysis: ‘&) Chemical analysis of borings taken from the macrosection or the surface of the weld, and 'b) Chemical analysis by spectrographic method. ‘1A Newdestructive Testing ‘TAA General —Non-destructive testing covers the examination of welds bby all the processes which do not require destruction of weldment. by sectioning or cause damage tn it or render it unusable, While this ‘includes methods such as visual and dimensional inspection non-destructive ‘eating will normally cover the use of the following methods: ‘&) Radiographic examination, b) Ultrasonic testing, 1c) Magnetic particle flaw detection, ) Liquid penetrant flaw detection, and ©) Edy current testing. ‘The general application of the methods, their advantages and limitations are given in Table 1. TAA Before selecting the method of non-destructive testing, it is necessary to consider the following factore: ‘&) Portions of the weldment to be inspected; 18181872-1970 bb) End use of the weldment and the functional significance of discontinuities or flaws in the weld; c) Material, thickness, shape and surface condi 4) possible or expected defects, their type, size and location €) Acceptable standards. TAA All the methods of non-destructive examination are compara- tively expensive and would increase the cox of impecton, Their use should, therefore, be limited to the extent actually requited in order to ‘Assess with reasonable confidence the absence of unacceptable flaws TAAS Used judiciously, non-destructive methods given in 741 are the most significant and useful among the various methods of inspection available. 1A. Radiographic Inspection —In radiography the ability of short waver length radiations, such as X-rays and gamma rays, to pénctrate objects opaque to ordinary light is utilised to produce a shadow of any internal defect on the image. ‘The defects are recorded on a film sensitive to the radiation or may be viewed on a fluorescent screen 74.21 Radiography may be performed, wing Xerays generated from Xray tubes, gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes or electron ‘beams emitted by betatrons and linear accelerators 74.22 Radiography may be employed for the inspection of welds of all types and thickness ranging from minute welds in electronic compo- nents to welds upto half metre thick employed in heavy labrications. ‘The maximum thickness of material (in terms of steel thickness) which ‘can be inspected with various industrial X-ray generators are given in Table 2. In Table are given the optimum range of thickness which may be texted with commonly used radioactive isotopes. 74.23 Yor material other than steel, the ‘obtained by dividing those shown in Tables 2 ‘equivalent factors given in Table 4. 7424 Thickness above the range given in Tables 2 and 3 may be penetsated by electron beams emitted by betatron (25 Mev ) upto 300 fm And by the electron beams emitted by Linear acceleiator (12 Mev) upto 650 mm, TAS Selection of Source —Selection of source for radiography depends upon 2) availability of sources, D) thickness range to be examined, ©) shape of weldment and its accessibility, 4) availability of power supply, and €) use of panoramic exposures, 16 n of the welds sand“cnmunuoonp seouy “soe ee yore shsusnsapuose sour sun 0} sop Aen ag 12 NOQq WOUNDS poo qi sUSIEC! wt SPPM, pov “ip per ta Se yn een sjoyworg pee moe etre stMoU-ooN Mm pre MEN ENEKE (© soyne ae wane “uo mgep aoemg moue|-uom pu Mmouy ch spo IY sompns 28 of eo 20 78 NEN eure apoudeuroi9) mg (2 suoomp pow roowntser tdnwosed eypeap, ye ur (eppem deity Aieynoued ) Se tEsoom “eorny oO sraideweoes Be pq ‘momen, seem ope tou ‘gjoand “npens ee ome Happ [eUSUE poe opTeeu ur yao popfom Jo HdK TY ‘uotyensaed syerdeaoem ‘aot, 2 “Sepa jo_ yon ‘euownjoot “Kiwoiod “Susie, digs “auompere qeamonsie “eood ‘epouD TON eM [REI Jo adn WY PAE MoeDA ameaad "eOIRING “TOME ‘woneneead sraydoooct ‘abies 2y0 “ned staonse “eponeaod ‘e9H10q Jo ze “roownpony “Ajamiod uidid poe mown osteesd“Burpyng Ee (© Hoera ne qane suey fraser o mdi Ty “om oreTemonay “anIoTINe YOY ozsvorany sutavg 40 exazt, smotroreay (re em) SOTAM 40 NOLLYSINVXA SALLONULSHO-NON JO SCOHLEW INTWHIAIG ZO FSA UOS SANFTIGING 1 TTEVE pussme-dppa (A rumnausepmbry (a soumd-onoatere (eH puoremin her raaeg (4 iene (© xcopy ( on om OS OL6t- zea! styurlg yor] Ajpeuonueyyy st o8eg sty) ‘prepueyg jeursuO oy wi sy18:822-1970 TABLE 2 (CONVENTIONAL INDUSTRIAL X-RAY GENERATORS ‘AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (Glawe 742.2) eux ‘Tree ov Soaems Max _u Taionress or Marana Kupvounsex THA cas am ixsreores (Azraox) ao a o KV (Peak) mm Ey - ‘Micro radiography, wood and plastics 10 - 50 (aluninium ), 75 ( magnesiues) 180 Nooe or tad foil 25 (steel or equivalent Fruorescent 40 (steel or equivalent) 20 Lead foil 40 (steel or equivalent) Fhuorescent 60 ( steel or equivalent) 250 Lead foil 50 (ree wr equivalent ) Fluorescent 75 (steal or equivalent ) 300 Land foil 185 (stl or equivalent ) Fluorescent 90 (steel or equivatent ) 400 Lead foil 75 (steel or equivalent) Fluorescent 100 (steel or equivalent) 1000 Lead foit 125 (teak or equivalent) Fluorescent 17S (steel or equivalent) 2000 Lead foil 225 (ste or equivalent) ‘TABLES APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL GAMMA RAY SOURCES (Glaus 742.2 Sc Rimes = sIaotorn = Hats © Emameror | Ormnrow No, Mam Gio Tulcrmmes oF Tay Lae ‘Som o @ ® 0 ® © Mev am 8) Thalia tm 170 130 days 0004,0082 5.15 3) Iridiom Ie 92 7S days 081,047,067 5.20 i) Caesiuee a 38 years 085, 0 iv) Cobalt co 6 59 years 193,197 30.180 ¥) Corkum Ge mt M0 days 13 $01018+822-1970 ‘TABLE 4 APPROXIMATE RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIVALENCE FACTORS OF SEVERAL METALS (Glaue 7428) Si. Meru on Ator 150 210 1099 No ave We ie o ® ® “ ° ) Atuniotum ow ons - - 1) Magnesia - - 7 es fi) 2487 Alloy ons on - 7 iy Sted v0 10 10 10 ) 18-0 Stans Stel 40 10 - a vi) Copper 15 Mt - a vi) Zine M 13 - = itl) Beant te 1s 1 1 i) Led 180 no 30 23 ‘in or lead in the beats will increase here factors TABA In general, X-ray sources will give more sensitive radiographs of higher contrast and better definition in a shorter time. Isotopes ( gamma ray sources) are more advantageous for work at site, for pipework and ‘where heavy thicknesses are to be inspected. Their’initial cost is also lower. 743.2 The source selected for the radiography of a particular weld con the basis of the factors mentioned above shall be able to produce radio- graphs of the requisite quality (density and sensitivity ). TAA, Indication of Defects on « Radiograph — The indication of defects on the radiographs depends upon their nature and orientation with respect to the beam of radiation, Table 5 shows-the types of faults in fusion welds and their radiographic images (sce Part VI of IS: 312-1957" }. 7A. Interpretvion of Radiographs and Assessment of Defects — Radiographs should be interpreted by viewing with adequate illumination in a darkened oom, Before msterpretation it should be ensured that the radiograph has, adequate density and sensitivity as indicated by a suitable image quality indicator “Glomary of terns relating to welding and cutting of tae 201S:822-1970 — TABLE 5 RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF DEFECTS IN FUSION WELDS (lane 7538) Drvscr Dstomrstos Ison Porosity (Gas pockets or voids Rounded shadows of various tet and densities coartag Sing, is lave or eae Shag inclusions Slag entrapped during welding Elongated or icegulal shaped thadows “RAY Lack of fetion Lack of side agin, rootfusion A dark shadow — ynully ‘or tnterrun fusion ongated Ineomplete penetration Unpenetrated cavities at the A linest indication straight, root of between rat dark ‘and usually ‘ae the entre ofthe weld Crate ‘Nartow discontnvityprodueed Fine dark linc, straight or by tearing ofthe metal wandering et swheg ia 8 plas cold Capitlary pipe A fine pipe atthe fusion face A. straight dark. but rather ‘anally cowed due to lamic "diffe shadow sation in the parent material Pipe (wormhole) _—-longated or tubular gat. Elongated or very dark round pocket ‘shadow {depending “upon the urlentation ofthe pipe) 7.4.5. Correct interpretation of radiographs requires experience and thould be done only by thote inspectors who are properly trained and who possess adequate experience. 7.4.52 In the interpretation of radiograph and deciding the degre of faults, guidance may be derived from the reference radiographs published by International Institute of Welding. But these radiography should not be used as acceptance standards. 74.6 Ultrasonic Teuing — Yn. ultrasonic testing a high frequency saund wave is propagated into the metal under test. Any discontinuity in the ‘metal will result in the reflection of the wave thus indicating the presence of faults ‘The inital signal andthe reflected signals. are vsuily indicated on & cathode-ray tube and appear as vertical indications (commonly called ‘pips’). ‘The equipment uses an electronic pulse generator to generate an electrical wave which is converted into a ound wave by using piezo- lest crystals mounted inthe ‘probes which also pick up the reflected sound waves and convert it into electrical waves to be fed back into the cathgde-ray tube au18:822-1970 Ultrasonic testing may be done with straight probes which generate a longitudinal wave perpendicular to the muuface of” contact, angle prober which give out dear waves at the apecied angle or special wre wave prol ‘Testing may be done using a single probe as transmitter and receiver or by. doubleprobe method with one probe functioning asthe tant mitter and the other receiving the echoes, ‘The method can be used successfully on welds in steel from about 10 mm in thickness to over 5 metres. TAG Salient features of ultrasonic testing a) Indications —In most of the equipment now in use, the wavy line fon the screen has to be interpreted for the presence of echoes indicating discontinuities. It it necessary to scan the weld in different directs before the size and the location can be iter- ted, Although new types of equipment are being developed to Inte he ze of fas, such refinements are in he deopnent stage and at present the operator has to assess the indications in the form of ‘pips’ to determine the fault. ) Senrticily —Minute faults if oriented normal to the ultrasonic beam will give distinct ‘pips’ which could be mistaken for echoes from gross faults. Even a slight increase in the cross-section of the part under examination will register on the screen, Normal discontinuities such as grain boundaries or microporoity may genet sch a degen of background ‘noite! chat a signal fom 4 ww is indistinct. This extreme sensitivity of the ultrasonic ipedance is the chief cause method to variations in the acoustic of misinterpretation of readings. ) Operators — In view of the difficulties in interpreting the indications ‘on the screen and identifying the type and size of discontinuity, ultrasonic (esting can only be done by experienced and highly skilled operators. ‘The success of the method depends almost entirely upon the skill of the operator in making the correct settings, eliminating sources of spurious indications and in corvectly interpreting the indications. d) Recording — Usual types of ultrasonic testers do not have any methods of recording the results of the tests apart from photo- ‘graphing the screen, but such photographs only indicate the screen Image at a particular setting but not the results of scanning. Otter ype of recording equipment are being developed, but ms of these can only be uted on fully automatic set-ups. 215:822-1970 ©) Spurious Indications — Theve may arise out of variations. in acoustic impedance, grain boundaries, couplant, surface condition or elect onic faults in the equipment. Use of test blocks can identify some of them, but it is dependent on the skill of the operator to detect and eliminate spurious indications. 7.4.6.2 Interpretation and asesoent —In view of the features of the process enumerated in 7.8641, the interpretation and avessment of type, Hite of flaw and location should be left tothe operator. ‘The Inspector will only be expected to assess the functional accept. abilcy of the weldment based on the Baw detection report ofthe ulteasaic operator. In cate the indications of discontinuity by the ultrasonic testing method are doubted, it ir preferable to corroborate’this by using radice iaphy, "Where such an alternative is not posible, the area ‘which Shapected to contain the defect shod be agai scanned at other postions find with other probes to confirm the presence ofthe defect. is hand on fe pepe tate stomngne abe i amped he ‘on the principle that if a ic object is magnetised, t discontinuities the mse such as cris and icin ngs an angle to the magnetic lines of force. cause an a ange in the. pat lo he mage vs office cman strat hang ih ath Henke athe eviace ovr the dorm. If ag this nage, ne partie moaterial, either dry oF ‘a liquid, are appli Seer tae mabe some of thee particle stl be nraced tarde the Take ‘age field and pile up and the discontinuity setting up a magnetic pattern outlining the discontinuity, TATA Methods —The folio available: “Magnetic flow methd — "The jot (part to be tested) is placed be- © Bia its ofa permanant magnet or an slectomagnet 1b) Gument flow method Longitudinal magnetization : Where the ‘panage of electric current through a coll of several turns around {he part to be tested produces a longitudinal magnetic field within it, methods of magnetization are <¢) Current flow method — circular magnetization—Where the passage of clectrig curent through the part or through straight conductor enclosed by the part creates a circular magnetic field around it. Gurrent is passed through the part by placing. it Between the ypachine contact plates ofa current fw type teting machine or by using prod type contacts to produce local circular magneti- zation, 2318:822-1970 7.2 The magnetic: particles may be applied while the current is flowing (costinsous method | or after the current has ceased to. ow (residual method) The use of the latter depends up the strength of the ‘magnetising force and the capacity of the material to retain the magneti- zation ‘The magnetic particles may either be applied in the form of dry powder (dry method) or asa suspension in ' suitable liquid medium Covet method). The magnetic particles may be red or black to provide adequate contrast and should be visible under normal white light, Fe increased visibility when working with the wet method, the m particles which are coated with a fluorescent dye are rendered visible by ‘lack light’ (near ultraviolet light ) ‘TALIS The following are the salient features of magnetic particle law detection: a) Indications —- Discontinuities are indicated by the pattern in which the magnetic powder is collected around the leakage fields. Fine elongated discontinuities which are parallel to the field are not Sndicated, and should be detected by using a field at ri to them.” Deep discontinuities are indicated by the the magnetic powder at the lines of the flaws Subsurface discontinuities show fizzy or indstinet which may easily remain undetected. Change of may imeablity; abrupt change of section and over magnetized welds may ead to false indications. b) Application —The method may be applied only if both the weld metal and the parent mecal are ferromagnetic, For satisfactory results, the surface should be clean, dry and reasonably smooth. ©) Demagnetization — For some applications it is necessary to demag- netize the weldinent before the test. This may be done either by some form of heat treatment or by using an alternating current reducing the magnitude of the current gradually to zero. A) Recording of indications — Defects may either be recorded by photo» ‘graphy or by lifting off the pattern with transparent adhesive tape ‘Or a piece of adhesive coated tracing cloth TALIA Interpretation and assessment ~ Defects in thé fusion welds generally indicated by magictic particle flaw detection method, and the powder patterns formed are as follows: Defects Powder Pattern Surface cracks ‘Sharp piled-uo patterns Subsurface cracks Diffused powder patterns py18: 822-1970 Incomplete penetration Diffused indication similar to that for subsurface eracks Subsurface porosity and Diffused indications slag inclusions Incomplete fusion Pronounced accumulation of powder along the edges of the weld * : sist guid Pectrant Flaw Deetion — In this method of esting a stable liquid penetrant is applied to the surface tion under examination and remains there fora sufficient time to allow the liquid to penetrate into any defects open at the surface, After the penetrant time, the excess ‘panetrant which remains on the surface is removed. Then a light coloured Powder absorbent called the developer is applied ‘to the surface. This developer acting as a blotter draws out a portion of the penetrant which had previously seeped into the surface openings. As the penetrant ia drawn out, it diffuses into the coating of the developer, forming indication of the surface discontinuities of flaws ( sve also 1S: 9658-1966¢ }. TAB. The following types of penetrants are used: a) Thin ofl when chalk powder is used as the developer; ) Dye penetrants which form indications visible in the normal light ©) Fluorescent penetants which make the defects visible in ultraviolet ight. 74.8.2 ‘The components under test may be dipped into the penetrant ‘or, where only a local area of a component is to be tested, the penetrant may be applied by brush. It is necessary that the component to be tested is clean, free from all contaminants and dry. 7483 Alter necmary penetration, dine, the surface fn of the penetrant on the component is removed by appropriate means, Where ‘the penetrant contains an emulsifier or where the penetrant is treated with an emulsifier after penetration, a water spray is ued to remove the excess Penetrant, Great care should be excercised to ensure that while the Surface is clean, the penetrant from the defect is not removed. TASA On applying the developers the defects appear as amber coloured lines whiza the cil and chalk process is used, and as red (or the colour of the dye) when dye penetrant has been used. Where fluorescent Penetrant is used the components should be inspected in a dark room Under black light. Defects appear as bright green outlines against a dark purple background “Code of practice for liquid penetrant aw detection 25TABS Ito end etsment- The indications generally ake ihe shape of the discontinuity and its definition depends upon the depth and Sev ofthe defect Ef Because of the inherent human factors involved in applying and removing penetrants, faulty indication, and when the cracks are choked ‘with corrosion products, liquid penetrant method of flaw detection should bbe used with some caution, 749 Eddy Current Testing —This process depends upon eddy currents set up in the material under test when a suitable probe is brought close to the material, ‘The process is dificult to use and interpret, and is seldom used for weld testing. It has however the advantage of being able to detect fine rocks wit touching the weldment.” New ‘per of ths equipment are fetag developed to eliminate tome of the dificulties in adjusting # ‘ment and reducing the spurious indications. eae 4.3 Leake Tests — For certain types of enclosed weldments such as in _yeaels, tanks, pipe lines, penstocks, etc, itis essential that the weld is leak- free under the working pressure. Leak tests are usually carried out at a pressure higher than the working préssure using some suitable liquid or a 7.5.1 While selecting the fluid for leak test, the end use of the compo= nent and the substance it has to store ox airy should be kept in view. For example, use of « highly sensitive liquid of low viscosity may be more nlogent than needed fof containers of viscous liquids 7.51.1 Water is very commonly used for leak tests because of its cheapness and moderate viscosity. But if the vessel or pipe has to carry a fiuid of lower viscosity, the absence of leak at a certain test pressure with ‘water does not indicate the absence of leak at the same pressure with the Jess viscous uid. Leak tests with water are therefore normaily carried out ‘at pressures higher than the working pressures. 1.51.2 The oils which are to be contained in the vessel or pipe may themselves be used at an increased pressure, Leaks may be detected by ‘coating the welds in the suspected zones with chalk or the developer used in liquid penetrant tests, 75.1.3 Liquid penetrants may also be used to detect leaks with or ithout the application of pressure. The liquid penetrant coated on one side of the weld may be examined for leakage by applying the developer ‘on the other side of the weld. 261818221970 7.5.14 Compressed air or other gutes at prestire are sometimes used for leak tent, Leakage may be desecied by the msing noive of the roses ing iron gan or by te Stop inthe Use of ait or gas is not recommended since failure of the ves! or pipe may be dsastross 75.15 Corin gates like ammonia and sulphur heauoride (able gas) may be used even at normal working prestres since thelr presanee Even fo the extent ofa few parts per million ean be detected wing’concese, trated hydrochloric acids which forms white fumer with the gas 1.5.2 Assessment of Test — In the majority of the cases any leakage would normally be treated as a rejection and would need the rectifestion (see 7.5.1). It is advisable to tap with a light hammer approximately 15 {atthe viciniey ofthe weld during leak tet to dulodge the parce whic may be blocking the path of leakage. 7.5.2.4 Before attempting the repair of a leakage it is necessary to examine the whole region of the leak to determine the cause for the leakage. Serious faults on the inside of welds are often detected by small leakages through a crevice of an otherwise sound outside weld. 7.52.2 Any weldment which is to be subjected to a leak test and on which a leak has been detected and repaired should always be retested to ‘ensure that the repair has eliminated the leak and has not initiated other Jeakage paths ‘16 Load Test, Proof Test and Overload Test 7.6.0 In view of the complexity of the stress pattern in welded compo- nents cially when residual stresses are locked in these tests give 2 Frecal and conrce ppraal of thw corein of dng ‘selon, Proof stress canue local yielding to.a certain extenc and thus resulta n'a degree of stress relief. 2.61 Proof et, lon at and overload tx ae caved out on wed rents by applying a load greater than or equal to the design load, but not treat ough o Shwe dasiage to accepale products Load may be applied by pressure, weights, jacks, ropes, chains, filling with iquids, or in testing machines During testing, it may be adequate to inspect for local damage of the wweldment and for permanent set of yielding, or it may be necessary to ure strain gauges a18:822-1970 76.2 The overload and proof tests are usually carried out_at 50 percent overload, that is, at pressures ot loads 30 percent. higher than that encountered in service." Alternatively these are coue at 50 percent higher than the design Toad or minimum allowable pressure 7.8.3 The following types of overload tests are performed: a) Pressure tests for vessels, tanks and pipe lines; ) Static overload tests for welded structural members and compo- «) Impact, knocking and hammer tests for completed weldments such ) Ioan noc, 4) Proof test for welded chains, ropes, ete; and @) Load and overload tests of small weldments on universal tensile teating machines o¢ special purpese machines 7.64. Assesment — During and after load, overload or proof tests some of the fallowing would be determined: a) Strain at important locations; b) Local deformation or deflection under load; ©) Permanent st, yielding, etc, after the load is released; 4) Cracking or rupture of the welds; 6) Leakage (i Teak tésts are combined with these tests); and 1) Evidence of cold working, hardening or embritvement of the weld ‘The nature and permissible limits ofthe above factors would depend upon the requirements of the specifications applicable to the class of weld ment and its end use 8, EVALUATION OF WELD QUALITY 8.0 The purpose of inspection before, during and after fabricat Melding ft nes th Poay ana totaerce contol over The wed and the weldment shall conform to the required standards of quality. ‘The inspector should therefore be able to evaluate the quality of the welding and determine with a reasonable degree of certainty whether the weld or the weldment contains any faults which would render it ‘unacceptable 8.0.1. The process of evaluation of weld quality consists of the following steps: fa) Determining the standard of quality, the range of permissibl: ) Fefees,thefnish and the dimensional tolerances required jn th weld and the weldment. 2818:822-1970 ) Laying down specifications, where needed, for the procedures Be adopted to achiove the necemary quay, ns Poseet ©) Specifying the methods and the extent of testing required to ames TEetgualy scully achteved io cones oF the eben eaty 4) Ensuring that adequate precautions have been observed in the process and sufficient tests have actually been carried out. ©) Interpreting the results of the tests and the inspection carried and faferring from these rents whether the requized. level. of ‘quality has been achieved in the welds and the weldment, 8.1 Required Quality 8.14 The requisite quality standaids should be specified in the contract specifications either by reference to the provisions of one or more standard specications ot by moutal agreement between the purchuvs and the supplier, 8.1.2 The requisite quality is dependent upon the end use of the weld- ment. In savewing the required quality the following factors the service condition of the weldment should be taken into account: 8) Sires — Maximum stress, wature of the stress whether stati, dj » Mr rpentl or ahernalag: se dymae ) Pressure and temperature in service — High pressure or vacuum, high temperature and creeprettan applications or low temperature and eryogentc applications, fluctuations in pressure and temperature, sre eeealy of teeratare desibutsns ee ©) Eifel of faitere of @ weld in secice — Risk to human life and property, ? rail of explosive or catanrophic lure, pmblelou ciprendgs will, probable financial compensation, ather hazards such as ivity. €) Special properties repared — Ductility, resistance to corrosion, imper- ‘meability, electrical or magnetic properties, etc. ©) Surface finish and appearance — Smoothness, straightness, conformity » sorta geomet, shape, igetengce’ of deviate for ake appearance in terms of function and in relation to aesthetic valties, ete, £) Especied life — Useful life, permanence, obsollasence, expend- ability ete. 48) Customer satisfaction — Goodwill, prestige, sleability, dependability, ‘export worthiness, competitiveness, ete, 1.3 The required quality should be realistic in terms of the quali tnat can be achieved at reasonable expense, Tho specication of the best possible standard or a ‘nibdefect’ standard may be idealistic and commer- 2918:822-1970 cially impractical for most applications, It may only be justifiable in ‘ceptions applications whee ei necesary to achieve defect free welde to the disproportionate cost of other components whose satisfactory jee may be impaired by the presence of even mizor defects in the weldment. 4.2 Quality Control 8.2.1 In order to ensure that the required quality will be achieved it is necessary to ensure that the welding technique adopted is capable of Tehieving the required quality ‘conaitently. ‘The faites, , processes, consumables, operators, welding procedure should all be such that welds of the required quality are produced. a B22 J. cuually necumary to tacerinn that dup care as been taken uri ‘to ensure that the techniques and equipment have been, dS thobex advantage and thatthe provedres and precautions speck fied have been followed. No factor which might affect the quality adversely should be overlooked. 8.2.8 Carrying out adequate tests to detect faults after they occur is no aubsitute for taking steps to prevent faults, With good quality contrat Before and during a proces, lester, and therefore less expensive, degree of testing is required. 83 Testing 2.3.1 The list of tets normally applicable to the inspection of welds and weldments is given in'7.. For 4 particular application, the choice ofthe Teas and the degree of assensment should. be ascerined afer a realatic ‘ppraial of requirement, based on the following factors: 1) Required quality (0 8.1) and the provisions in regard, to tes » Sethe conte! specincaions or ehher sppicete Nardard peck fications, b) Extent of quality control (st 8.2); ©) Types and degrees of defects that can be expected to occur, their » ibatie requaney and location; eee 4) Significance of defects in relation to location and service conditions ) Facilities available for testing, and the ability of the available methods to detect the significant defects that can occur; 1) Degree of confidence required in the evaluation of the qualit ) Oat y achieves aad fee £) Cost of such testing 3013:628+1970 8.3.2 The methods anid extent of testing shall be chosen judiciously, and should. normally be Iaid down clearly prior to the commencement of fabrication. has the advantage of exerting a cautionary influence. on the manufacturer and his operators and will result in better quality being aimed at and achieved, Excessive testing will however have a negative ‘effect since quality control measures may be neglected owing to the tise confidence that any defects would be detected during subsequent testing and would not pass unnoticed, 8.3.3 Visual inspection being a vital part of the testing, and should be first to be carried out and the results be given due weightage. 8.34 It shall be ensured that the required ets are being carried out correctly and honestly and that their results are being recorded clearly and compredtensively 84 Interpretation of Tests and Evaluation of Weld Quality BA. Compilation of Test Records —The records ofthe various teat results and inspection procedures adopted on the, weldment should be ealeeted and arranged to that they may be correlated and related! tothe apecde portions of the weldment. 8.4.2 Interpretation of Tet Results — Indications shown by the various text methods should be interpreted in terms of weld defeet, their siaes and fextents Ducattenton should be paid to ibe particular features of cach ethod of testing, especially in regard to iis setivity or insenalielgy it ‘erecting specific types of defects. 84.3 Evaluation of Weld Quality ~The evaluation of the quality of the weld ‘depends upon the interpretation of the results of the varus teas ferried out, and upon the all of the inspector in assessing the results of the interpretation. 84.3.1 Weld quality achieved should always be related to the required ually (ste Oc1) ad shall be evaluated as superior to the requireneat if ‘weld isto be accepted. Where defects occur they should be assessed clther a8 acceptable or unacceptable 25 Repaice S.A Wherever the weld defects ae vaunted to be goon the acon lity Ts the particular weld, it is necessary either to repair delive portion or touches the wel aceonding so te unre ottie aeracs tod the weldiment 85.2 Whore repairs ate to be carried out, the proposed method of recation sale sroved po fo commence! ofthe rp Fr Critical applications it may be necessary to perform a test on a separate tax piece demonotrate thar the proposed Fetieation procedures apd Of ehing acceptable results, an1816221970 4.35 It is ewential that the area to be repaiced is inspected after the defect has been cut out or otherwise removed In order to ensure that the defect has been completely removed, and the weld preparation thus formed is conducive to a defect-ree repair. 8.5.4 All repairs shall be carried out by qualified welders. ‘They should sormilly be done by adopting same process and using the same consum- ‘bles as for the otiginal weld. A deviation may be permitted if the adequate quality is ensured 8.55 ‘The repaired weld shouldbe subjected to adequats fs o evaluate ‘quality. ‘The repaired portion should be subjected to as many of the tests made on the original welds as considered reasonable _In general, all the nondestructive ents carried out onthe original wed should be repeated con the repaired weld, 8.5.6 After evaluation of the quality of the repaired postion, the overall quality of the weldment should be assessed and used as the basis of acceptance of the weldment. 9, ACCEPTANCE 81 Acceptance of the fnthed weldment will be the culmination owe entire process of inspection before, during and after fabrication and of the valuation of the quality of the weldment in terme of the required quality 9.2 Such acceptance should be final and unambiguous and should imply that the weldment is of the required quality as far as it was posible to assess on the basis of the inspection carried out 8.8 Acceptance should in general be documented by the issue of sukable certificate of acceptance, Where necessary suitable permanent markings ‘nich as the inspector’s personal hardstamp may be used to indicate accepi- ‘ance of the specific weldment. Similar steps would be required also in the event of the weldment being totally rejected, where in addition to a document indicating rejection and the reasons for rejection, permanent identification of rejected weldments should be made. 9.4 Whereas the inspection report would contain full details of the inspece tion catried out, and the findings at each stage of inspection, acceptance ceri wrl gerry ot canta foh det bt wl be cond diving that afver carrying out the inspection ta all respects, the welde senting been found to be of acceptable quality 32.18:822-1970 APPENDIX A ( Clause 0.3 ) LIST OF INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES OF PRACTICE RELEVANT TO THE INSPECTION OF WELDING AcL, Standards listed below pertain to or may requise to be consulted in connection with the inspection of welding. This lit is only indicative and does not cover very unusual applications. a) Materials 1) Rolled Steet TS: 22601969 Structural steel (standard quality) (fourth revision) 4510081964 Rolled see! beam, channel and angle sections AS:961-1962 Struciural steel (high tensile) (recited ) 1S: 10791968 Hot rolled carbon wel sheet and stip (sand 18: 1173-1967 Hot rolled and slit steel, tee bars (firs revision) 1S: 1259-1958 Rolled steel sections bulb angler IS: 1730-1961 Dimensions for steel plate, sheet and strip for structural and general engineering purposes 418:1731-1961 Dimensions for steel flats and for structural and ‘general engineering purposes #15 :1732-1961 Dimension for round and square steel bars for structural and general engineering puspotes, IS: 1762-1961 Code for designation of steet IS: 1052-1967 Rolling and cutting tolerances for hot-rolled ‘steel products IS: 1863-1961 Dimensions for rolled stee! bulb plates 1S: 1977-1969 Structural steel (ordinary quality ) 18:2002-1962 Steel plates for boilers 18:2049-1963 Colour code for the identification of wrought steels for general engineering purposes 4:2062-1969 Structural steel (fusion welding quality) (fist revision) 15:3039-1965 Seructural steel (shipbuilding quality ) 15:3503-1966 Steel for marine boilers, pressure vessels and welded machinery structures 18:3747-1966 Steel for flanging and pressing Sines revised, 3318:622-1970 2) Steel Castings 15 :2856-1964 Carbon steel castings suitable for high ‘temperature sexvice (fusion welding quality ) 3) Other Metals IS: 737-1945 Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, sheet ‘and strip (for general engineering purposes) (reaised) 18: 1550-1967 Copper sheet and strip for the manuficture of ‘utensils and for the general purposes ( first revision ) 4) Tuber 18:1161-1968 Steel tubes for structural purpose (second revision) 1239 (Part 1)-1968 Mild steel tubes, tubulars and other wepaghe sel ings Piae 1 Mild see saben (med 18: 19141961 Carbon steel boiler tubes and superheater tubes 18: 3569-1966 Blectrically welded steel pipes for water, gas and sewage (200 to 2000 tam nominal diameters) 18:9601-1966 Steel tubes for mechanical and general engineer ing purposes 18:4310-1967 Weldable steel pipe fittings for marine purposes 1§:4922-1968 Seamless, steel 4ubss (suitable for weldings) for aircraft purposes by Electrodes and Consumables 1) Welding Rods and Electrodes 18:814-1970 Covered electrodes for metal are welding of ‘structural steel (third revision) 15:015-1966 Classification and coding of covered electrodes for metal arc welding of mild steel and low alloy high tensile steel (revised) 38:1278-1967 Filer rods and wires for gas welding (first ‘evision) 1S: 1395-1964 Molybdenum and chromium molybdenum low ‘alloy steel electrodes for metal-arc welding (revised) ‘18:2680-1964 Filler rods and wires for inert gas tungiten are ‘welding 15128791967 Md tel for metal are welding electrode core ‘wire (frst revision ”18:822-1970 18:4972-1968 Resistance spot-welding electrodes 1S; 8206-1969 Corrosion-resisting chromium and chromium- nickel steel covered electrodes for manual metal are welding. 138:5911-1969 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of cast iron 2) Automatic Are Welding Wire and Flux 15:3613-1966 Acceptance tests for wire flax combination for submerged are welding, 8) Gas Welding 1S:5760-1969 Compressed argon ©) Welding Equipment and Accessories 1) Are Welding 1S: 1851-1966 Single operstor type are welding transformers 18:2635-1966 de electric welding generators (revised) 18:2641-1964 Electrical welding accessories 18: 4559-1968 Single operator rectifier type dé arc welder 2) Resislance Welding = 18: 4604 (Part 1)-1968 Resistance wel inglesphase iransformers 1S: 4804 (Part I1)-1968 Resistance welding equipment: Part IT ‘Single-phase rocker arm spot welding machines 1S:4804 (Part I1T)-1969 Resistance welding equipment: Part IIT Single-phase spot and projection welding machines 4) Terminology and Symbols 1) Terminology 1S:812-1957 Glossary of terms relating to welding and cutting of metals 18:813-1961 Scheme of symbols for welding ( amended ) 16 equipment: Part T ©) Training and Testing of Welders 1) 18:817-1966 Code of practice for traning and vein of metal ave welders (revised) 2) 18:1181-1967 Qualifying test for metal-are welders (engaged ere eee eee eee 3538:82 +1970 £) Codes of Procedure 18:819-1957 Code of practice for resistance spot welding for light assemblies in mild steel 1$:823-1964 Code of procedure for manual metal ate welding ‘of mild steel 1$:2011-1964 Recommendations for manval tungsten inertgas ‘are-welding of stainless steel 24944-1968 Code of procedure for welding at low ambient Temperatures g) Mechanical Testing 1) Tensile Testing JS: 1521-1960 Method for tensile testing of steel wire 15: 1608-1960 Method for tensile testing of steel products other ‘than sheet, strip, wire and tube 18: 1683 (Part I)-1960 Method for tensile testing of steel sheet and strip: Part I Steel sheet and strip of thickness 0°5 mm to3mm 18: 1663 (Part 11)-1962 Method for tensile testing of steel sheet ‘aid strip: Part II Steel sheet and strip of thickness above 3mm 1S: 18941962 Method for tensile testing of steel tubes 2) Impact Test 15: 14901959 Method for charpy impact text (Usnetch) fr 1S: 1598-1960 Method for izod impact test for stee! 3) Bend Test 18: 1403-1959 Method for reverse bend test for steel sheet and strip less than 3 mn thick 18: 1599-1960 Method for bend test for steel products other ‘than sheet, strip, wire and tube 15:2329-1963 Method for bend test on steel tubes 4) Herdness Tes *1$ :1500-1959 Method for Brinell hardness test for steel ‘*18 1801-1989 Method for Vickers hardness test for stee! #15 :1586-1960 Methods for Rockwell hardness test (B and scales) for steel "Since reveed. 618822-1970 1§:5072-1969 Method for Rockwell superficial hardness test (N and T scale) for steel 1h) Non-Destructive Testing 1) Radiography 18: 1182-1967 Recommended practice for radiographic exami rat of i el Ba tt a Go reision 18:2478-1963 Glossary of terms relating to industrial radiology 18: 2595-1963 Code of practice for radiographic testing ‘18:2598-1966 Safety code for intlustrial radiographic practice 57-1966 Radiographic image quality indicators 2) Ultrasonics 18:2417-1963 Glossary of terms relating to ultrasonic testing 1S: 36641966 Code of practice for ultrasonic testing by pulse ‘echo method (direct contact) 225-1967 Recommended practice for ultrasonic testing of steel plates 18;:4260-1957 Recommended practice for ultrasonic testing of welds in ferritic steel 3) Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection 1S:$415.1966. Glossary of terms used in magnetic particle flaw detection 1$:3703-1966 Code of practice for magnetic particle flaw detection 18:3658-1966 Code of practice for liquid penetrant flaw ‘detection 4) Testing of Welds 15:3600-1966 Code of procedure for testing of fusion welded joints and weld metal in steed J) Applications: Use and De 1) Structural Steel Work 1S:800-1962 Code of practice for use of structural steel in ‘general building construction (revised) a718:822-1970 18: 808-1952 Code of practice for design, fabrication and erection of vertical mild steel cylind:ical welded oil storage tanks 18: 805-1968 Code of practice for use of steel in gravity water ‘aks 1S: 1024-1968 Code of practice for use of welding in bridges ‘and structures subject to dynamic loading 15:2751-1966 Code of practice for welding of mild steel bars ‘wed for reinforced concrete constructionBUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS. 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