Sampling and Sampling Methods 2

p
9 An investigation of the relative merits of two kinds of flash light

batteries showed that a random sample 100 batteries of brand A
lasted on the average 36.5 hrs with standard deviation of 1.8 hrs,
while a random sample of 80 batteries of brand B lasted on the
average 36.8 hrs with a standard deviation of 1.5 hrs. Use a Level of
significance of 0.05 to test whether the observed difference between
the average life time is significant.
V
£^
º

,i.e.,
^Ô there is no
significant difference between the average life of two
brands
£ ^ ^ Ô
?

|
p

ñ
Ô ñ Ô

ñ ñ

~ ~ ~ ~
Vince |Z| =1.2195 is less than the tabular value, i.e., 1.96 ( 5%
level of significance). Hence the null hypothesis is accepted
and we conclude that there is no significant difference
between the average life times of the two brands A and B of
the flashlight batteries. 9
p
a he mean height of 50 male students who showed above average
participation in college athletics was 68.2 inches with a standard
deviation of 2.5 inches; while 50 male students who showed no
interest in such participation had a mean height of 67.5 inches with
a standard deviation of 2.8 inches. Use a Level of significance of
0.05 test the hypothesis that male students who participate in
college athletics are taller than other male students.
V
£^
º

,i.e.,
^Ô there is no
significant difference between the mean heights of the male
students who participate and who do not participate.
£ ^ ^ Ô
?

a
p

ñ
Ô
ñÔ

ñ ñ

~ ~ ~ ~
and we conclude that there is no significant difference
between the average height of two groups of students.
å
p
å he mean yield of wheat from a district A was 200 lbs. With V.D
= 10 lbs per acre from a sample of 100 plots. In other district B, the
mean yield was 220 lbs with V.D = 12 lbs from a sample of 150
plots. Assuming that the standard deviation of the yield in the
entire state was 11 lbs. est whether there is any significant
difference between the mean yield of crops in the two districts. Use
a Level of significance of 0.01.
V
£^
º

,i.e.,
^Ô the mean
yield of crops in two districts do not differ significantly.
£ ^ ^ Ô
?

p

ñ
Ô ñÔ
ñ ñÔ ·

· · · ·
~ ~ ~ ~
Vince |Z| =7.05 is greater than the tabular value, i.e., 2.58 ( 1%
level of significance). Hence the null hypothesis is rejected
and we conclude that the mean yields of crop in two districts
differ significantly. x
p
iven the following information relating to two places, A and B,
test whether there is any significant difference between their mean
wages: A A
6ean Wages (Rs.) 47 49
Vtandard Deviation (Rs.) 28 40
Number of workers 1000 1500
V
£^
º

,i.e.,
^Ô the mean
yield of crops in two districts do not differ significantly.
£ ^ ^ Ô
?

X
p

ñ
Ô ñÔ

· · ñ ñ

~ ~ ~ ~
and we conclude that there is no significant difference in the
mean wages at places A and B. ¦

Î

§
´

´

´
§ |
§ ´ !
" |# $Î
|

§ %

´
P
P
P
´
PPP

´ 3

´
~ ~
"
||
&'(
)&"

ë́
´ ´

´
~
|9
p p

´ ñ ´

È

´ m
~
×
´

|a
p
| A die was thrown 9000 times and of these 3220 yielded a 3 or 4.
Can the die be regarded as unbiased?
V we are given that n = 9000. he observed proportion
of successes (getting 3 or 4) in 9000 throws of a die is given by
´ = 3220/9000 = 0.3578
P = population proportion of success
= getting 3 or 4 in throw of an unbiased die = 2/6 = 1/3 =0.333
£ ë
º

,i.e., the die is
unbiased.
£ ë
?

|å
p

´ ´

´
~
Vince |Z| =4.94 is greater than 3, it is significant (at all levels

of significance) . Hence the null hypothesis is rejected and we
conclude that the die is certainly biased.
|
p
9 In a random sample of 400 persons from a large population, 120
are females. Can it be said that males and females are in the ratio 5 :
3 in the population? Use a 1% level of significance?
V we are given that n = 9000 and X = No. of females in
the sample = 120. he observed proportion of females in the
sample is given by
´ = 120/400 = 0.3
P = Proportion of females in the population = 3/8 = 0.375
£ ë

º

,i.e., the males and
females in the population are in the ratio 5 : 3.
£ ë

?

|x
p

´ ´

´

~
Vince |Z| =3.125 is greater than the tabular value, i.e., 2.58 (
1% level of significance). Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected and we conclude that the males and females in the
population are not in the ration 5 : 3.
|X
p
a A manufacturer claimed that at least 95% of the equipments
which he supplied to a factory conformed to specifications. An
examination of a sample of 200 pieces of equipment revealed that
18 were faulty. est this claim at a significance level of 5%.
V We are given that n = 200 and X = No. of pieces
conforming to specifications in the sample = 200-18 = 182.
Proportion of pieces conforming to specifications in the sample
´ = 182/200 = 0.91
P = Proportion of pieces conforming to specifications in the
population = 0.95
º

,i.e., Proportion of
£ ë Ñ
pieces conforming to specifications in the sample is at least
|¦
95%.
p

£ ë
?

´ ´

´
~
Vince |Z| =2.6 is greater than the tabular value, i.e., 1.645 (
5% level of significance). Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected and we conclude that the manufacturer claim is
rejected.
|Î
p
å In a big city 325 men out of 600 men were found to be smokers.
Does this information support the conclusion that the majority of
men in the city are smokers. est this claim at a significance level of
5%.
V We are given that n = 600 and X = No. of smokers =
325.
Vample proportion of smokers is given by
´ = 325/600 = 0.5417
P = Population proportion of smokers is given by
= 0.5 (No. of smokers and non smokers are equal in population)
£ë
º

,i.e., no. of smokers
and non-smokers are equal in the city. 9
p

£ ë
?

´ ´

´
~
level of significance for single tail). Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected and we conclude that the the majority of men in the
city are smokers.
9|
p
In sample 400 parts manufactured by a factory, the number of
defective parts was found to be 30. he company, however,
claimed that at most 5% of their product is defective. Is the claim
tenable?
V We are given that n = 400 and X = No. of defectives in
the sample = 30.
Proportion of defectives in the sample is given by
´ = 30/400 = 0.075
£ ë Ú
º

,i.e., proportion of
defectives is at most 5%.
99
p

?

£ ë

´ ´

´
~
level of significance for single tailed). Hence the null hypothesis
is rejected and we conclude that the the company's claim of P =
0.05 is not tenable.
9a
p
x A random sample of 700 units from a large consignment showed
that 200 were damaged. Find (i) 95% and (ii) 99% confidence limits
for the proportion of damaged units in the consignment.
V We are given n = 700.

´ = proportion of damaged units in the sample
= 200/700 = 0.286

´ ,i.e., proportion of damaged
units in the consignment are given by:

´ m
~
9å
p

ñ ñ

´ ,i.e., proportion of damaged
units in the consignment are given by:

´ ñ
~

ñ ñ

9

Let us consider two independent samples of size n1 and
n2 from the two populations A and B and let X1and X2
be the observed no. of successes (no. of units
possessing the given attribute) in these samples
respectively. hen
´ = Observed proportion of successes in the sample
from population A = X1/ n1
´ = Observed proportion of successes in the sample
from population B = X2/ n2
9x

Null Hypothesis: H0 : ´ ´ ,i.e., the population
proportion are same. In other words H0 is that the
sample proportions ´and ´ do not differ significantly.
Hence H0 : ´ ´ , the test statistic (Z-value) for
difference of proportions becomes:
´ ´

ë ë

9X

M In general P, the common population
M :
proportion is not known and we used its unbiased
estimate provided by both the samples taken together
which is given by
~ ~ ´
´

~ ~
9¦

´ ´ m
~ ~
9Î
p
| A Company has the head office at Kolkata and a branch at
6umbai. he personnel director wanted to know if the workers at
the two places would like the introduction of a new plan of work
and a survey was conducted for this purpose. Out of a sample of
500 workers at Kolkata, 62% favored the new plan. At 6umbai, out
of a sample of 400 workers, 415 were against the new plan. Is there
any significant difference between the two groups in their attitude
towards the new plan at 5% level?
V Let ´ and ´ denote the sample proportion of workers
favoring the new plan at
Kolkata and 6umbai. We are given
´
´ a
p

º

We set the null hypothesis that the population
proportion of workers favoring the new plan in Kolkata and
6umbai is same, i.e.,
´ ´
´ ´ -
?

|

´ ´

ë ë

a|
p

!
" "
~ ´ ~ ´

~ ~

level of significance for two tailed). Hence the null hypothesis is
accepted and we conclude that the there is no significant
difference in the two groups in their attitude. a9
p
9 A machine puts out 16 imperfect articles in a sample of 500. After
the machine is overhauled, it puts out 3 imperfect articles in a batch
of 100. Has the machine improved? (5% level)
V We are given | and 9 |.

´= proportion of defective in the first sample = |x a9
´= proportion of defective in the second sample = a| a
º

´ ´ , i.e., there is no significant
difference in the machine before overhauling and after
overhauling.
´ ´
?

|

aa
p

!
" "
~ ´ ~ ´

~ ~
´ ´

ë ë

aå
p

V # #| å

! " "| xå

a
p
a Before an increase in excise duty on tea, 400 people out of a
sample of 500 persons were found to be tea drinkers. After an
increase in duty, 400 people were tea drinkers in sample of 600
people. Using standard error of proportion, state whether there is a
significant decrease in the consumption of tea. est at 5% and 1%
level of significance.
V We are given | and 9 x.
´ = Vample proportion of tea drinkers before increase in excise duty
=å
´ = Vample proportion of tea drinkers after increase in excise duty
=åx x
ax
p

º

difference in the consumption of tea before and after the increase
in excise duty.
´ ´

?

|
´ ´

ë ë

!
" "
aX
p

~ ´ ~ ´

~ ~
´ ´

ë ë

a¦
p

V # #å |
! " "| xå

9 aa|

$

%

aÎ
p
å he subject under investigation is the measure of dependence of amil
on words of Vanskrit origin. One newspaper article reporting the
proceedings of the constituent assembly contained 2,025 words of which
729 words were declared by literary critic to be Vanskrit origin. A second
article by the same author describing atomic research contained 1,600
words of which 640 words were declared by the same critic to be Vanskrit
origin. Examine whether there is any significant difference in the
dependence of this writer on words of Vanskrit origin in writing the two
articles (5%).
V We are given | 99 and 9 |x.

´ = Vample proportion of Vanskrit origin words in first article
=999 ax
´ = Vample proportion of Vanskrit origin words in second article
=xå|x å å
p

º

difference in the proportion of Vanskrit words in the writers
vocabulary in the two articles. In other words, amil does not
depend on the words of Vanskrit origin.
-
´ ´
?

|

´ ´

ë ë

!
" "
å|
p

~ ´ ~ ´

~ ~
´ ´

ë ë

å9
p

V # #9 åx
! " "| x

$
V

&

åa
V V
§ V )
)
! *!
&' +, "
"
'
-". /+
åå
V

V | 90 )
^
"

·

·
È

~ ~
~
where
and

~
å
V

^

V
m
~
åx
p
| en cartoons are taken at random from an automatic filling
machine. he mean net weight of the ten cartoons is 11.8 kg. and
standard deviation is 0.15 kg. Does this sample mean differ
significantly from the intended weight of 12 kg? You are given that v
= 9, t0.05 = 2.26
V We are given that |" [ || , ñ = |
^ î , i.e., the sample mean [=11.8

º

kg does not differ significantly from population mean ^ î
^ î
?

|
åX
p

!

~ ~

V ##å
! " "9 9x

$

^ î . å¦
p
9 A machine is designed to produce insulating washers for electrical
devices of average thickness of 0.025 cm. A random sample of 10
washers was found to have an average thickness of 0.024 cm with a
standard deviation of 0.002 cm. est the significance of the
deviation. (Value of t for 9 degree of freedom at 5% level is 2.26)
V We are given that |" [ 9å,ñ = 9
º

^ cm , i.e., there is no significant
deviation between sample mean [ = 0.024 and population
mean ^ cm
^ cm
?

|
åÎ
p

!

~ ~

V ##|

! " "| x

.
p
a he mean weekly sales of the chocolate bar in candy stores was
146.3 bars per store. After an advertising campaign the mean weekly
sales in 22 stores for a typical week increased to 153.7 and showed a
standard deviation of 17.2. Was the advertising campaign successful
est the significance of the deviation. (Value of t for 21 degree of
freedom at 5% level for single tailed test is 1.721)
V We are given that 99" [ |a , = | ñ9
º

^ , i.e., there is no significant
deviation between sample mean [ = 153.7 and population
mean ^
^
?

|
|
p

!

~ ~

V ##|
! " "
| 9|9|

$

9

.
p
å A soap manufacturing company was distributing a particular
brand of soap through a large number of retail shops. Before a heavy
advertisement campaign, the mean sales per week per shop was 140
dozens. After the campaign, a sample of 26 shops was taken and the
mean sales was found to be 147 dozens with a standard deviation
16. Can you consider the advertisement effective. (Value of t for 25
degree of freedom at 5% level for single tailed testis 1.721)
V We are given that 9x" [|å' , ñ = |x'
º

^ dozen , i.e., there is no
significant deviation between sample mean [ = 147 and
population mean ^
?

|
^ a
p

!

~ ~

V ##9 |
! " "|
9|

$

. å
p
Certain pesticides is packed into bags by a machine. A random
sample of 10 bags is drawn and their contents are found to weigh (in
kg.) as follows:
50, 49, 52, 44, 45, 48, 46, 45, 49, 45,
est if the average packing can be taken to be 50 kg. (Value of t for 9
degree of freedom at 5% level for two tailed testis 2.262)
V
º

^ î , i.e., the average packing is
50 kg.
^
?

|

p

~

~

~

~

x
p

!

~

V ##a |9
! " "9 9x9

$
! ! X
p
x A sample of size 9from a normal population gave
and V . Find a 99% interval for population mean.
V We are given:
V

99% confidence limits for the population mean ^ are:
V
ñ
~
V

"
! |
V
ñ
~ ¦
p

ñ

ñ

ñ

Î

1"/"

V

§ /'
! !
"*

! +
§ " "
*"
-
+ ·
x|

!

"
Let x1, x2, «, xn1 and y1, y2, «, yn2 be two independent
random samples from the given normal populations. We
^ ^
set the º

,i.e., the samples
have been drawn from the normal populations with the
same means. In other words, the sample means do not
differ significantly.

ñ

V
Where ë is the pooled sample estimator for the two
populations and it can be calculated as follows. x9

!

"
ñ ñ ñ ñ

ñ

~ ~
ñ
ñ

~ ~
~ ~

~ ~
º (

|) 9* 9
xa
V

( +
^ ^

ñ ñ

xå
p
1. he nicotine content in milligrams of two samples of tobacco
were found to be as follows:
Vample A: 24 27 26 21 25
Vample B: 27 30 28 31 22 36
Can it be said that two samples come from normal populations
having the same mean? (5%)
^ ^ , i.e., the two samples have been

º

drawn from the normal populations with the same mean.
^ - ^
?

|
x
p

~

~

~

~

xx
p

~
ñ

~

~
ñ

~

xX
p

ñ ñ ñ ñ

ñ

ñ

V ##| 9

! " "9 9x9

x¦
p
2. A group of 5 patients treated with medicine ¶A· weigh 42, 39, 48,
60 and 41 kgs.: Vecond group of 7 patients from the same hospital
treated with medicine ¶B· weigh 38, 42, 56, 64, 68, 69 and 62 kgs.
Do you agree with the claim that medicine ¶B· increases the
weight significantly? (he value of t at 5% level of significance for
10 degrees of freedom is 1.81 for one tail)
º

^ ^ , i.e., there is no significant
difference between the medicines A and B as regards their effect
on increase in weight.
?

|
^ ^
xÎ
p

~

~

~

~

X
p

~
ñ

~

~
ñ

~

X|
p

ñ ñ ñ ñ

ñ

ñ

V ##|

! " "| ||

?
,

X9

p
3. A random sample of 20 daily workers of Vtate A was found to
have average daily earnings of Rs. 44 with sample variance 900.
Another sample of 20 daily workers from Vtate B was found to
earn on an average Rs. 30 per day with sample variance 400. est
whether the workers in Vtate A are earning more than those in
Vtate B. (5% level of significance)
V We are given that
ñ A Ô Ô ñ Ô A
^ ^ Ô, i.e., there is no significant

º

difference in the average daily earnings of the workers in Vtates
A and B.
^ ^ Ô
?

| Xa
p

ñ Ô ñ Ô ñ Ô ñ Ô
ñ
Ô Ô

ñ

V ##| a
! " "| xå
a

$

V ?
V ,
Xå
p
4. he means of two random samples of size 9 and 7 are 196.42 and
198.82 respectively. he sum of the squares of the deviations
from the mean are 26.94 and 18.73 respectively. Can the samples
be considered to have been drawn from the same normal
population? (5% level of significance)
V We are given that

A

º

^ ^ , i.e., both the samples have
been drawn from the same normal population.
^ - ^
?

| X
p

~
ñ

~

~
ñ

~

Xx
p

ñ ñ ñ ñ

ñ

ñ

V ##9 xå
! " "9 |
|å

$

!

XX
p
5. he average number of articles produced by two machines per
day are 200 and 250 with standard deviations 20 and 25
respectively on the basis of records of 25 days· production. Can
you regard both the machines equally efficient at 15 level of
significance?
V We are given that

ñ A ñ A
^
º

^ , i.e., both the machines are
equally efficient
^ - ^
?

| X¦
p

ñ ñ ñ ñ

ñ

ñ

V ##
! " "9
å |

$ !

- |

XÎ
3
V % !

m a ¦+
42| X V

429 ¦ ¦+
5 2a Î
++2a !
,a ~ # |a# |9
9 ! !

¦

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p

9 An investigation of the relative merits of two kinds of flash light

§ %    

  ) & " 

Vince |Z| =4.94 is greater than 3, it is significant (at all levels

V   We are given n = 700.

 ´  ´

V    We are given |  and 9 |.

  !   " "| xå

    

V    We are given | 99 and 9 |x.

V    We are given that |" [ || , ñ =  |

^ î , i.e., the sample mean [=11.8

V    We are given that |" [  9å,ñ =  9

  !   " "| x

ñ  ñ ñ  ñ

^ ^ , i.e., the two samples have been

ñ ñ ñ ñ

  !   " "9 9x9 

ñ ñ ñ ñ

  !   " "| | |

^ ^ Ô, i.e., there is no significant

V    We are given that

ñ ñ ñ ñ

V    We are given that

ñ ñ ñ ñ

42| X V  

You might also like

§ %

)&"

V We are given n = 700.

´ ´

V We are given | and 9 |.

! " "| xå

V We are given | 99 and 9 |x.

V We are given that |" [ || , ñ = |

V We are given that |" [ 9å,ñ = 9

! " "| x

ñ ñ ñ ñ

! " "9 9x9

! " "| ||

V We are given that

V We are given that

42| X V