ANSYS Modal Analysis

Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Module 2
Modal Analysis
Module 2
Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
July 22, 2004Inventory #
Modal Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Natural frequencies
– Mode shapes
– Mode participation factors (how much a given mode participates
in a given direction)

Modal Analysis
… Definition & Purpose Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
–
 Recommendation: Because a structure’s vibration characteristics
determine how it responds to any type of dynamic load, always
perform a modal analysis first before trying any other dynamic
analysis.


Modal Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
•
[ M]{ u } + [ C]{ u } + [ K ]{ u} = { F( t )}
•
•
[ M ]{ u} + [ K ]{ u} = { 0}
u = U sin(ωt )
([ K ] − ω [ M] ){ u} = {0}
2

Modal Analysis
… Terminology & Concepts Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Modal Analysis
… Terminology & Concepts (cont.) Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Modal Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Mode Extraction Methods Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Block Lanczos (default)
– Subspace
– PowerDynamics
– Reduced
– Unsymmetric
– Damped (full)
– QR Damped

… Mode Extraction Methods - Block Lanczos Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Efficient extraction of large number of modes (40+) in most
models
– Typically used in complex models with mixture of
solids/shells/beams etc.
– Efficient extraction of modes in a frequency range
– Handles rigid-body modes well

… Mode Extraction Methods - Subspace Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Requires relatively less memory but large diskspace
– May have convergence problems when rigid body modes are
present.
– Not recommended when constraint equations are present.
– Generally superseded by Block Lanczos

… Mode Extraction Methods - PowerDynamics Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Requires large amount of memory.
– May not converge with poorly shaped elements or an ill-
conditioned matrix.
– May miss modes (No Sturm sequence check)
– Recommended only as a last resort for large models.
–

… Mode Extraction Methods - Reduced Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Memory and disk requirements are low.
– In general fastest eigen solver
– Employs matrix reduction, a technique to reduce the size of [K]
and [M] by selecting a subset of DOF called master DOF.
– Reduction of [K] is exact but [M] loses some accuracy
– Accuracy of [M] depends on number and location of master DOF.
– Generally not recommended due to
• Expertise required in picking master DOF
• Efficient alternatives such as Block Lanczos
• reduced cost of hardware

… Mode Extraction Methods - Unsymmetric Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
• Real part is the natural frequency.
• Imaginary part indicates stability - negative means stable,
positive means unstable.

… Mode Extraction Methods - Damped Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Typical application is rotor dynamics, where gyroscopic damping
effects are important.
– Two ANSYS elements, BEAM4 and PIPE16, allow gyroscopic
effects to be specified in the form of real constant SPIN
(rotational speed, radians/time).
– Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
• Imaginary part is the natural frequency.
• Real part indicates stability - negative means stable,
positive means unstable.

… Mode Extraction Methods - Q-R damped Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Faster and more stable than the existing Damped Solver
– Works with poorly conditioned models
– All forms of damping allowed including damper elements
– Combines the best features of the real eigensolution method
(Block Lanczos) and the Complex Hessenberg method (QR
Algorithm)
– Outputs complex eigenvalues ( frequency and stability) and
damping ratio of each mode
– Supports the use of a material dependent damping ratio
[MP,DMPR] in a subsequent mode superposition harmonic
analysis

DYNAMICS 8.1
MODOPT,QRDAMP,NMODE


DYNAMICS 8.1
Comparison Demonstrating the Superior Solution Performance
of the QR Damped Mode Extraction Method
FEA Model Characteristics:

111,129 active dofs
10 damped modes
Alpha, Beta and Element damping
160000
140000
120000
100000
CPU (sec)
80000 ELAPSE (sec)
60000
40000
20000
0
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Summary for symmetric, undamped solvers Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Extraction Linear Solver
Remarks
method Used
Block Lanczos Sparse Matrix Recommended for most applications; Most stable;
Stable but slow; Requires large disk space; Has
Subspace Frontal Solver difficulty with constraint equations / rigid body
modes
Same as subspace but with PCG solver; Can
handle very large models; Lumped mass only; May
Powerdynamics PCG solver
miss modes; Modes cannot be used in
subsequent spectrum and PSD analyses
In general fastest; Accuracy depends on Master
DOF selection; Limitations similar to Subspace;
Reduced Frontal Solver
Not recommended due to expertise required in
selecting Master DOF.

Modal Analysis
C. Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
•

Modal Analysis Procedure
Build the Model Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
•

Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
ü Build the model
•

*Discussed next


… Choose Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode extraction options

• Method: Block Lanczos recommended

for most applications.
• Number of modes: Must be specified

(except Reduced method).
• Frequency range: Defaults to entire

range, but can be limited to a
desired range (FREQB to FREQE).
Specification of a frequency range
requires additional factorizations
and it is typically faster to simply
request a number of modes which
will overlap the desired range.
• Normalization: Discussed next.
defaults to 1e8
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Normalization to mass matrix is the default, and is required for a
spectrum analysis or if a subsequent mode superposition
analysis is planned.
– Choose normalization to unity when you want to easily compare
relative values of displacements throughout the structure.
• Modes normalized to unity cannot be used in subsequent
mode superposition analyses (transient, harmonic,
spectrum or random vibration)

DYNAMICS 8.1
– Have element stresses calculated.
– Do a subsequent spectrum or mode superposition analysis.

DYNAMICS 8.1
DYNAMICS 8.1
– Mainly used for slender beams and thin shells, or for wave
propagation problems.
– Automatically chosen for PowerDynamics method.
– For Pre-stressed modal analysis (discussed later).
– Used only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen.

– Damping ratio, alpha damping, and beta damping are allowed.
– BEAM4 and PIPE16 also allow gyroscopic damping.
– All types of damping are allowed.

Apply BC’s and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
ü Build the model
ü Choose analysis type and options

… Apply BC’s and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
... Apply BC’s and Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Full Model
Symmetry BC Anti-Symmetry BC

DYNAMICS 8.1
 For the plate-with-hole model, the lowest non-zero mode for the full
and the quarter-symmetry case is shown below. The 53-Hz mode
was missed by the anti-symmetry case because ROTX is non-zero
along the symmetry boundaries.

DYNAMICS 8.1
Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
ü Build the model
ü Choose analysis type and options
ü Apply boundary conditions and solve

•

… Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
DYNAMICS 8.1
DYNAMICS 8.1
DYNAMICS 8.1
DYNAMICS 8.1
Modal stresses:

• Available if element stress calculation is activated when choosing analysis

options.
• Stress values have no real meaning, however these can be used to

highlight hot spots
• If mode shapes are normalized to unity, you can compare stresses at

different points for a given mode shape

DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode shapes
normalized to
unity

Modal Analysis
Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
D. Workshop - Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
– A step-by-step description of how to do the analysis.
– You may choose to run this problem yourself, or your instructor
may show it as a demonstration.
– Follow the instructions in your Dynamics Workshop supplement (
WS2: Modal Analysis - Plate with a Hole, Page WS-17 ).
– This is left as an exercise to you.

– Follow the instructions in your Dynamics Workshop supplement (
WS3: Modal Analysis - Model Airplane Wing, Page WS-23 ).



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Training Manual

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FEA Model Characteristics:

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• Method: Block Lanczos recommended

• Number of modes: Must be specified

• Frequency range: Defaults to entire

• Normalization: Discussed next.

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– For Pre-stressed modal analysis (discussed later).

– Used only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen.

– All types of damping are allowed.

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ü Choose analysis type and options

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ü Choose analysis type and options

ü Apply boundary conditions and solve

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• Available if element stress calculation is activated when choosing analysis

• Stress values have no real meaning, however these can be used to

• If mode shapes are normalized to unity, you can compare stresses at

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– This is left as an exercise to you.

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