Digital Coding of

Analog Signal

Electronics Engineering Department,

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,
Surat-395007.

Prepared By:
Amit Degada
Teaching Assistant
Goal of Today’s lecture.
• Prediction Filter
• Delta Modulation
• Delta Modulation De-merits
• Solution of De-merits
• Adaptive delta Modulation
How Prediction Helps
• Correlation between two samples.
• We can exploit for our case.
• Fewer bits are required to encode.

Pq
How can we predict?
• Ideally predicted value must be close to
real value of message signal.

d ( k )  m( k )  m ( k ) ^

At the receiver we can generate message signal

m( k )  d ( k )  m ^ ( k )

Prediction filter at both side i.e. TX and RX, must be identical

Approach to signal Prediction
• Prediction of the future is mysterious stuff.
• We can summon Taylor, Maclaurin & Weiner to
help us
• A signal m(t) has all derivative of t then,

2 3
T s T s
m(t  Ts )  m(t )  Tsm (t )  m (t )  m (t )  ..........
2! 3!
………..(1)
If Ts is very small then,


m(t  Ts )  m(t )  Tsm (t ) ………..(2)

From the Knowledge of Derivative we can predict sample at t+Ts

instant
Approach to signal Prediction
But
m(t )  m(t  1)
m (t ) 
Ts

So equation 2 is simplifies to

m(t  Ts)  2m(t )  m(t  1) ………..(3)

In general

m ^ (k )  a1m(k  1)  a 2m(k  2)  ...........  aNm( k  N ) ………..(4)

The above equation is for Nth order.
Larger the N better is the Prediction
Approach to signal Prediction
The above equation reduces to

m ^ (k )  m(k  1)
For 1st Order
DPCM Transmitter and Receiver
Delta Modulation
• Its same as DPCM.

Signal Is sampled at 4 times the Nyquist Frequency.

Analysis of delta Modulation

mq (k )  mq (k  1)  dq (k ) ………..(5)

Hence

mq (k  1)  mq (k  2)  dq(k  1) ………..(6)

Above equation (5) becomes

mq (k )  mq (k  2)  dq (k )  dq (k  1)
Analysis of delta Modulation
• Finally we can say for mq(0)=0
(Assuming Zero Initial Condition)

k
mq (k )   dq (m)
m0
Why the Name Delta?
• It Transmits the Difference, hence
the name is Delta.
• If the Difference is Positive, A
Positive pulse is transmitted, Vice
Versa.
Analysis of delta Modulation
Practical Implementation

Transmitter
Practical Implementation
Delta Modulation Waveform
Delta Modulation Error
Thank You