DISASTER RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION PRACTICESMAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS IN TAMIL NADU Cyclone Earthquake The Aftermath ® Loss of human and animal lives * Economic loses in terms of damages to crops and infrastructure Loss of livelinood Damage to housing and habitat Unsafe buildings kill people during disaster Improper location Faulty design, use of poor quality materials and substandard construction practices Lack of awareness of: 1. Safe construction practices 2. Disaster resistant practices Non-compliance to building codes Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 1VULNERABLE PARTS OF A BUILDING The minimum distance between openings} Walls with too many openings should be 600mm Openings are too Use of cut lintels close to. comers = CTT A a TT iil SS}) Walls too high and too long ) Differential settlement due to soft soil Foundation failure due to inadequate depth and width Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 2LOCATION OF A BUILDING Avoid construction on filled land Construct buildings on firm soil Avoid low lying areas Build on raised land Construct away from the water channels to avoid flooding Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 3SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Settlement with row houses with Clustered pattern with zig zag roads leading to sea get affected —_ planning avoid wind tunnel effects during disaster and reduces susceptibility to disaster Length < 2 Width Simple square / rectangular and symmetrical plan is more suitable ©) O Bad Mig) had “ts ‘Separation of wings into different rectangles in plan is preferable — — TTT ‘Shorter wall facing direction of the wind Longer walll facing the direction of the is preferable wind should be avoided Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 4DISASTER-RESISTANT FEATURES IN FOUNDATION Vertical reinforcement at corners and jambs should start from P.C.C. Provide horizontal beam or bands at ground and/or plinth level ‘Use cement concrete of minimum 1:4:8 mix rc —__. Details of Foundation Lee PLINTH LEVEL PLINTH BEAM GROUND LEVEL 230X75 MM. 600 mm GROUND BEAM 230X200 MM ‘TIE WITH 10MM, DIA BAR FOUNDATION ANCHORAGE 200x200x100mm PCC 100MM EACH ‘SAND FILLING Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 5DISASTER-RESISTANT WALLS m Fm | One vertical bar should emanate from P.C.C 250mm | some | Vertical rod should be placed at 350 mm from each face where continuous hole is present. |__475mm_| Vertical rod should be placed at continuous vertical hole in the joint. Disaster Resistant Construction PracticesDISASTER-RESISTANT WALLS Disaster- resistant Bands and Beams in Wall RCC lintel hand Plinth Beam, Grade Beam 6mm dia < Stirrups ye stinips 4 rm da \ @6" ce 210mm SER Aa ae a | ’ f) By 400 = — Ej 9" [225MM] S* (225M gS 2eMn] | gS 1225Nin) GRADE BEAM PLINTH BEAM LINTEL BAND. R.C.C. band details at L and T junction Disaster Resistant Construction PracticesSTONE MASONRY 600 mm oS aS 200 mm $305 mam Through stone should be placed horizontally at @ minimum spacing of 1200 mm centre to centre Through stone should be Placed vertically at a minimum spacing of 600mm Openings in Stone Walls L Notes: b1+b2<0.3L — b4 2 0.5h2 but ¢ 600mm b5 2 0.25 ht but ¢ 600mm Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 8MAKING APPROPRIATE OPENINGS IN THE WALL. ‘Min. 600mm i Min, 600mm ‘Min. 600mm: ‘600mm + Openings to be located away from the comers by a clear distance equal to at least one fourth of the height of opening or 60cm whichever is more. The horizontal distance (pier width) between two openings should not less than 50% the height of the shorter oper 1g but not less than 60cm. The vertical distance from an opening to another opening directly above should not be less than 60cm and also half the width of smaller opening. Reinforcement detail at Jambs SRL, Protect window openings with reinforced band around Disaster Resistant Construction PracticesVertical The om Anchor the timber joist into RCC band using Anchor bolts Cast-in-situ RCC slab at the Support should be reinforced at both top and bottom Roof band should be provided within the roof slab — Pressed Tile — Weathering Course Provide proper weathering course with pressed tile layer to protect the RCC slab Anchor the vertical tie into the roof slab Tie beamR.C.C. BEAM AND BEAM - COLUMN JOINTS Reinforcement detail of beam TOP LAPPING POSITION rH sort 2 TIMES DEPTH POSITION CLOSELY SPACED STIRRUPS 2 TIMES DEPTH CLOSELY SPACED; STIRRUPS. Reinforcement detail of beam Reinforcement detail of beam column joint at floor level column joint at roof level FLOOR SLAB DEPTH ‘DEV. LENGTE S5DIA OFBAR Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 1Closely spaced laterals, Closely spaced v oo =I iBaE DETAILS OF R.C.C. FRAME Reinforcement details of column and beam joints Beam Spanning in one direction Closely spaced laterals The lapping should be placed at the mid-height Beam Spanning in both direction Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 12DETAILS OF FOUNDATION Cross section of Foundation Closely placed laterals Laterals in the column tied to main bar with 135° hook Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 13FIELD TESTS | cement The date, month and year of manufacture on the bag reveals the freshness. of cement. Silky when rubbed between fingers. * When hand is pushed into a cement bag, chillness should be felt. Warmth L indicates hydration has started. Brick * Colour should be reddish brown and uniform. * Edges should be sharp, straight and at right angles to the faces. * Water absorption should be less than 20% by weight after soaking for 24 hours. When two bricks are struck, a metallic sound should be heard. The breakage should not exceed 5% of the lot, The brick should not break when dropped on their flat face from a height of about 60 cm The quality / quantity of Water Never add water without measuring. A marked bucket is a simplest measuring tool, Never use salty water. Water should be potable (drinkable). PH value should be approximately 7.0 Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 14STORING OF MATERIALS AT SITE Cement Store cement in a closed room, Keep the bags 150mm above the floor level on a water proof platform, ‘A maximum of 6 bags can be kept one above the other. First in and first out method should be followed for cement use. Avoid dampness by proper water proof cover Reinforcement * Should not be placed directly on the ground to avoid contamination with mud “Should be placed on a raised wooden platform. Should be tied and kept neatly. Should be protected by a cement wash if stored in the open for more than a month. Before use it should be cleaned to remove mill scales and other impurities, Aggregates Stored in a heap having basic dimensions of a trapezoidal section and not haphazardly. Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 15DO’S AND DON'TS Excavation and Foundation x Avoid straight cut Avoid sand compaction less than 150mm thick Avoid PCC less than 75mm thick Slightly slanting cut ‘Sand compaction thickness more than 150mm PCC thickness more than 75mm Avoid the foundation on loose or soft soil Provide foundation on hard soil — wntenieven ts mone —> Width and depth inadequate Provide Adequate width and depth of foundation Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 16DO’S AND DON’TS Height of building &) eae) ® Avoid high walls The height should be 2700mm to 3000mm Size of openings (io) | ® Avoid large openings © Total opening width should be kept less than half the wall width Length of walls ® Avoid long wall without intermediate support. + Provide Intermediate walls, columns or buttress, to protect long walls Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 17DO’S AND DON’TS Details of stirrups in bands and beams =O0D v = Avoid inadequate stirrup detail Bend stirrup through 135° Avoid insufficient lap length Provide adequate lap in the middle of the column with a Gk slope of 4:6 ©) Do not cast the slab without Proper cover Use proper cover blocks during casting of roof slab Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 18Technology Demonstration Unit at Kanathur, Technology Demonstration Unit at Bommayapalayam, Kancheepuram Dist.by Florida Construction ~ UNDP Villiupuram Dist. by Auroville Earth Institute ~ UNDP Technology Demonstration Unit at Sirkali, Nagapattinam Dist. by COSTFORD ~ UNDP This handbook has been prepared for the benefit of technical supervisors and masons as a part of Information Education and Communication campaign in the post-tsunami shelter reconstruction. This is a joint initiative of Government of Tamil Nadu and UNDP. This Handbook-1 is prepared with technical assistance from Orissa Development Technocrat Forum under the guidance of Prof A.R.Santhakumar. For further information please contact: Prof RSanthakumar, Advisor, UNDP santhaar@yahoo.com Er.dlok Patnaik, Programme Associate, Shelter UNDP. alok patnaikgundp.org For more information please contact UNDP, United Nations Team for Recovery Support, Apex Towers, 54,284 Main Road, ‘R.A.Puram, Chennai — 600 028, Tel: + 91 44 42 303 551 July 2006