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54. Write the values of VSWR for open circuit, short circuit &
matched load.
Open/closed circuit: VSWR = ∞
Matched load: VSWR = 1
P P SECONDARY
LINE
4 3
P P MAIN
1 2 LINE
3
1
76. How can you construct a 4 port circulator with magic tees
and a gyrator?
To arrange a four port circulator we need two
magic tees and a gyrator such that it provides a phase shift of
1800 in the direction of arrow only. A wave incident on port 1
splits equally into 2 in phase waves in arms b, d. They reach
ports a and c of magic tee 1, add up and appear as output at
port 2 (adder arms). A wave incident on port 2 splits into two
in phase equal amplitude waves at a and c. They arrive at b
and d of magic tee 2 with a phase difference of 1800 and
emerge out of the subtractor arm (port 3). Similar analysis
shows that wave incident on port 3 comes out of port 4 and
that incident on port 4 emerges out of port 1 only.
4
Magi 3
c
E
arm E
Tee
b arm
a 1 c d
H
H arm
2 arm Magi
c 1
GYRATO Tee
π 2
0 0 R
1 3 PORT 2
SOURC
CIRCULAT LOAD
E OR
MATCHED
TERMINATI
ON
ARM
ARM 1
2
H
ARM
ARM
3
Power fed to arm 3 (H arm) divides equally between arms
1 and 2. The electric field in the 2 arms will be in phase.
No coupling to arm 4. Similarly power fed to arm 4 is
not coupled to arm 3. It is divided equally between arms 1 & 2
but the electric fields in these differ in phase by 1800. Powers
fed in arms 1 & 2 are added in arm 3 (H arm) and
subtracted in arm 4 ( E arm).
MATCHED
DETECTO
R ANTENNA
4
4
REFER- 2 2
Z
ENCE ZR RX TX
1 X 1
3 3
SOURC MATCHE
E D LOAD
92. How are far and near fields identical for a horn antenna?
Near field is up to a distance 2D2/λ from the antenna.
Any point at a distance greater than this is considered
to be in the far field, where D – largest dimension
of horn mouth
93. What are the other names for the above fields?
Near field – Fresnel region Far field – Fraunhofer
region