A coil spring is a simple, helical spring that's made from a wire that's been curved.

Coil springs
are used in hundreds, if not thousands, of ways in our everyday lives. You can find small coil
springs in toys, flashlights and, even, automatic firearms. While the coil spring has fallen by the
wayside for certain applications, it's still a highly functional tool.

In 1956, the Nobel Prize in Physics went to three American Physicists, Walter Houser Brattain,
John Bardeen, and William Bradford Shockley. These physicists designed the first transistor in
1947, opening the doors to transistor radios, space flight, hearing aids, amplifiers, switches and
computers. According to the Nobel Prize website, today's transistors are smaller than a strand of
human hair. There are many uses of transistors and some are likely top secret.

Diodes are semiconductor devices that effectively block current in one direction while allowing
current flow in the other. An ideal diode, therefore, acts like a switch that is open in one
direction and closed in the other. Diodes are enclosed in cases such as glass or plastic that are
marked with a band to indicate the cathode side. Current flow from the anode to cathode means
the diode is forward-biased, while current flow from the cathode to anode means the diode is
reverse-biased.

Resistors are electrical components, usually conductors, that help control current flow in a
circuit. A high resistance means that there is less current available for a given voltage. Resistors
turn electrical energy into heat and this is caused by collisions between the electrons and ions
inside of them when they are carrying current.

Electrolytic capacitors are capacitors in which one or both of the "plates" is a non-metallic
conductive substance, an electrolyte. Electrolytes have lower conductivity than metals, so are
only used in capacitors when metallic plate is not practical, such as when the dielectric surface
is fragile or rough in shape or when ionic current is required to maintain the dielectric integrity.
The dielectric material of electrolytic capacitors is produced from the anode metal itself in what
is known as the forming (or anodizing process. During this process, current flows from the
anode metal – which must be a valve metal such as aluminum, niobium, tantalum, titanium, or
silicon – through a conductive bath of a special forming electrolyte to the bath cathode. The
flow of current causes an insulating metal oxide to grow out of and into the surface of the
anode. The thickness, structure and composition of this insulating layer determine its dielectric
strength. The applied potential between the anode metal and the bath cathode must be above the
oxide breakdown voltage before significant current will flow. As current flows, the breakdown
strength (formed voltage) and oxide thickness increase. See Figure 2 for a comparison of the
electrostatic (classical) and electrolytic capacitors. The "electrolytic capacitors" are quite
different from, and not to be confused with the "electrochemical capacitors" (also called
ultracapacitors) the operation of which is based on the electrical double layer capacitance.

Ceramic capacitors are used in high frequency applications such as semiconductor equipment, HV
power supplies, broadcast transmitters, antennas, induction and dielectric heating, X-ray, MRI,
diathermy, welding equipment and lasers. Voltages range from 5 to 40 KV and capacitance from 1 to
10,000 pF. High Energy is the premier manufacturer of ceramic capacitors in the United States. From
the raw powder, which we blend in the plant, throughout every step of the entire manufacturing
process, each lot of capacitors is carefully tested to exacting electrical, dimensional and appearance
standards.
In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse (from the Latin "fusus" meaning to
melt) is a type of sacrificial overcurrent protection device. Its essential component
is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the
circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overload or device failure is often the
reason for excessive current.

A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or

fire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for
particular circuits. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems
to limit threats to human life and property damage. Fuses are selected to allow
passage of normal current and of excessive current only for short periods.

A fuse was patented by Thomas Edison in 1890 [1] as part of his successful electric
distribution system.

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying
current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF)
or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

Capacitors are used in virtually every area of electronics, and they perform a
variety of different tasks. Some capacitors are used for coupling, others for
decoupling, while others may be used in filters, and some may be used for power
supply smoothing. Again some capacitors will be used in low frequency circuits,
and others in high frequency circuits.
Crystalline state of a matter has always caught man's imagination. Such type
of material finds many crystal uses not only in decorative and jewelery, but also
spiritually. Let us look at many more crystal uses in detail.

general-purpose, low-cost capacitors. Available in a wide range of values, designers

use Mylar capacitors in non-critical parts of circuits, such as for audio, radio, and
digital applications.

1. A capacitor is a sandwich consisting of an insulator positioned between two

metal foils. Since it's a decent, inexpensive insulator, Mylar is used in low-
cost capacitors. Their overall performance is good, but their temperature
stability is not as good as other types.

Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or chips. They are complex circuits
which have been etched onto tiny chips of semiconductor (silicon). The chip is
packaged in a plastic holder with pins spaced on a 0.1" (2.54mm) grid which will fit
the holes on stripboard and breadboards. Very fine wires inside the package link the
chip to the pins.