ANNUAL REPORT

of the

Federal Civil Defense Administration

for

FISCAL YEAR 1958

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF CIVIL AND DEFENSE MOBILIZATION

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1959

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Woshington 25, D.C. w Price 20 cents

DE'rTER OF TRANSMJT'rAL

The Honorable, The Preeideni 0/ the ij'niterl States. The Honorable, The President of the Senate.

The H onorable, The Speaker of the H O'LlSe of Eepresenuuioes.

I have the honor of transmitting to you the eighth, and final, Annual Report of the Federal Civil Defense Administration. This report is submitted in conformity with section "106, Public Law 920, of the Slst Congress.

Respectfully,

LEO A. HOEGH, Director.

III

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Letter of 'I'rrmsmit.tul , _

Prcf'nce _

Cll. 1. Planning . _

The Natloual Plan . __ . _

State and Local Pla.ns __ . _

Tests and Exercises .___________ 3

CIl.2. Continuity of Govurruueu t ._______________ 4

Lines of Suceession . . .____________ 5

Preserving Essen tinl Rooords _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ 5

Emorgeucy Lo cnt.ions 1'01' COVelTllnen[, . 5

Using Govcrnmont. Personnel, 1"n.ciliLies . G

CIl.3. Radiological Defense 7

Planning___ 7

Shclter_____ 7

Instrumuututirn, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9

iVIonitoring__________ 10

Training, Iuf'ormn.tiou, and Rosearch , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10

Ch, 4. Emergency Systems and Equipment________ 13

"\Varning _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ la

Communicutlous ,... 15

Stockpiling________________________ 15

Federal Coutr-lbut.ious . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17

Surplus PropOlty_____________________ 18

Ch. i5. Training and Information _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20

Trnining ~_________ 20

Information _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21

Ch. G. Resen.rch , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24

Radiological Defense_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,1

Shelter Studies_______ 2()

Waruing and Commuuicntions , _ '; _ _ _ 27

HealLh and Medical Care Studies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28

Social and Economic Research , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29

Operations Research. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30

Ch.7. Civil Defense Participutiou by Special Groups and Orgnuizutious . , 31.

International Ccoperation . _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31

American National Red Cross _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32

Civil Defense Advisory Council , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32

Civil Defense Coordinating Bonrd , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33

National Advisory Council on Rural Civil Defense .... _ _ 33

Ii.eligious Groups .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34

Women's Organizations " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34-

Business and Industrial Groups___ 34

AFL--CIO Labor Advisory Committee__ __ 35

VII

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fi{/IU'CS

L Organization Chmt .; _

2. -rCDA Hegions .... _ V

3. Financial Stauus Report., .. .. .

4. High School H.acliologienJ Defense [1I81,J'UI1l8111, IGL ... .. _

i). Warning Points___ _. . .. IA

U. Harlio Backup Ne{; . __ . .. IG

7. Civil Defense Preparedness Card, ._ .. .. ._. 23

PREFACE

This report, which COVel'S the period 1'1'0111 .Iuly 1, 1!J57, (0 .lune ;>'0, 1958, is the final annual report of' the Federal Civil Defense Administruti on.

On July 1, 19158, FCDA and the Oflice 01' Defense Mobilizution were merged in a, new Agency, the Offiee 01' Defense and Civilian Mobilization, a, part 01' the Executive Office of the President, The title of the new A.genc,\' was later changed to Oflice 01' Civil and Defense Mobilization.

By Executive order, FCDA. coordinated Federal assistance in major disasters under the Federal Disaster Act; (Public Law 875, 81st Cong.). Agency activities in this program are reflected in it separate report to the Congress.

IX

,J!J14[)7-·59~ :2

In civil as in military defense all activities support the plan-the blueprint for action. In 1958, after seven years

which changes in weapons and defensive concepts hampered defense operational planning, the plans began to come off the boards.

A. N ational Plan was developed. Busic State and local plans were nearing completion. And because planning Is iiever actually tests to improve the plans continued.

PLANNING

rfHE NATIONAL PLAN

One of the first steps taken by Mr. Hoegh when he became Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Adrriinistration on July 19, 1957, was to start work 011 a National Plan for Civil Defense. After months of intensive work by rnany people, the basic Plan was completed the spring of 1958.

For the Plan to reach that stage required the advice and guiclanee of a number of groups, and coordination not only within the Federal Government but also with State and local governments. For example, the presidentially-appointed Civil Defense Advisory Council spent a great deal of time on a detailed review of the Plan. The Medical Advisory Comrnittee, Labor Advisory Committee, and the National Advisory Council on Rural Civil Defense all influenced the Plan's development. The Civil Defense Coordinating Board, which included representatives of all major Federal agencies, met five times for a word-by-word review of the Plan. The executive committees of the National Association of State and Locul Civil Defense Directors and the Governors' Conference were among the organizations consulted. Administrator Hoegh personally briefed the President and the Cabinet on the Plan.

All of these gl'OUpS, and others, were working toward H, single objective-a, simple but complete statement of the responsibilities and courses of action of the Federal Government, State and local governments, and the individual citizen for carrying out the civil defense mission in the United States. The mission: To protect life and

erty from the effects of attack by preparing for and by carrying out emergency functions to prevent, minimize, and repair injury damage.

1

the basic in the spring, it 'was

immediately. The pending merger of the Federal Administration and the OJlice of Defense Mobilization quired that the Plan be expanded to reflect resource mobilization nonmilitary defense.' A later draff of the Plun entitled "The N Plan for Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization" was scheduled for distribution early in FY -lD:)D.

FrOTn its inception the National Plan was keyed to the principle that the Federal GovCl'nlnent is responsible for the overall direction and coordination of civil defense action. Yet, the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1D50 specifically stated that the "responsibi lity fot: civil defense shall be vested primarily jn the several States and their political subdivisions." A elul.nge in the basic law was needed to make the National Pla.n effective,

The ehmlge carne in the form of II. R 7:176, inti'oduced in :May 1D57 by Representative Carl T. Durham (Sixth District, Nort.h Carolina,). His bill resulted from hearings OTl Administration-sponsored Iegisln.tioi: which was transmitted to the Congress in February 1%6, and introduced as H. R 'IDIO and H. H. LIDll, S5tIl Congress. IT. It 7i57fi proposed that "the responsibility for civil defense: shall be vested jointly in the Federal Government and the several States and their political subdivisions." Also under the terms of' the bill the Federal Government, for the first time, would be allowed-to help pay essential personnel and administrutive costs of State and local civil defense organizations.

Supporters of the bill saw it. as n muj 01' factor in promoting LU.I.LLI.vLL civil defense planning and action."

Srl'A'l'E AND LOCAL PLANS

,Yhi]e the Federal Government worked on a N ational Plan, States and localities continued to develop operational plans under the federally financed Survival Projects Program, which was started in 1D55 with an initial appropriation of $10 111i11 ion.

Under the program, 45 States, 3 Territories, and 113 metropolitan areas were conducting studies leading to the development of detailed operational plans.

At the end of the fiscal year, 26 States and one Territory had basie operational plans which were approved by FCDA. They were Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,

merger of ll'CDA. and OIHff into a new Agency, the Ofllce of Defense and Civilian II part: of the Iilxecu tl ve Office of UIC Prustden t:, took cll'cct on :lui,\' 1, ID5S. I:U:1e wu s luter clumgcd to Otllce of Civil and Defense Molrll lzu tf o n (L'ulil ic August 20, 105.8).

Public Lnw 85-GOO, sigued b~7 the President: on August 8, 1958,

]y:mDli.iHATJ

Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massnchusotts, bruska, Now Hu.rupshire, North Cn.rol.iun., NOI'UIDako(a, homa, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakotn, TTt.nJI, V crmont, and ,Vest Virginia,

Most of' the plans are expected to be completed (Juring the year, hut operutiounl planning at the State and locnl level Linne long a.fter thebasic plans are developed,

One important offshoot of the Survival Projects Progrum was development of small but competent stn.fl's for State and local defense operationa.Lplnnning. Throughout the Nation 11101'e 1,000 persons have been working on State and local civil defense tionu.l plans under the pl'ograrn,

rl'ESTS AND EXERCISES

Arllong the lesCs and exercises held dnring tj1(', yen I' was Sentinel II, u "comma.nd post" exercise at FCDA. .Headquartersin December 1857, Civil defense directors 01' 7 States, 7 cities, and representatives of' 20 Federal ngencies worked on a simulated problem of formulating actions to insure an adequate food supply for the Nation following a nuclear attack,

Opemtion Alert 1857 and Phase I (the "attack" phase) 01' Operation Alert IDD8 were conducted during the fiscal year, Many States and cities used the exercises to test and improve civil defense plans developed under the Survival Project,

The exercises showed that:

1. More State and local governments are accepting to prepa,l'e :1'01' the emergency of nuclear attack, 2, More Federal ageneyfie1d offices understand their role in

gency operations,

n, An urgent need exists for effective defense against fa.llout,

One important result 01' the exercises was a plan to expand Agency's medical stockpile system by the development of a, medical stockpile program, In addition, a, growing concern serious health and medical care problems that would result nuclear attack led to the recommendation that the developing civil defense health and medical care plans be <v,,".".","'~"'. the Department of Health, Education, and Welfm-e.

The exercises also showed the need :1'01' accelerated source mobilization planning in other fields-manpower', food, transportation, to name a, few, It was probably this factor any other that most clearly demonstrated the need for the FODA and ODM into an Ageney within the Executive Office President.

CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMEN1'

One of the top priority programs in the Ageney during the year 'was aimed at preserving and strengthening civil Iendership in the event of nuclear attack.

The program was entitled Continuity of Government. Potential audience: more than 100,000 govel'umen{nJ units in the United Statcs=-units that form the keystone 01' civil defense.

The progranl was based on the premise that civil defense is the inherent responsibility of Federal, State, and local gov(\l']unents, and that civil defense planning should increase the allility 01' govel'mnent.s to carry out their emergency responsihilities,

Developed with the assistance and advice of hundreds of State and local officials and governmental organizutions, the program was first aunounced by the Administrator at the annual meeting of the United States Civil Defense Council in Detroit on September 5, 1957.1 The major objectives:

1. Establish emergency lines of succession 1'01' top executives,

legislators, the judiciary, and other key personnel.

2. Preserve essential records.

3. Establish emergency locations :1'01' government operutions.

Lb. Make full use of all govenunental personnel, facil ities, and equipment for emergency operations.

A Continuity 0:1' Government Office was established in the Agency on November 1, 1957, to administer and promote the program.

Agency officials personally discussed the program 'with 32 governors during the year, particularly emphasizing the need to establish emergency lines 0:1' succession 'within government. Special briefings stressing the need for Iines 01' succession were given the executive secretaries of the governors in Hegions 2, 3,4, and5. By the end 0:[ the ymtl' high officials 0:[ nearly every State had become familiar with the program, and it had received the support 01' such orgn.nizations as the Governors' Conference, National Association of County Officials, United States Conference 01' Mayors, American Municipal Association, United States Civil Defense Council, National Association 01' State and Territorial Civil Defense Directors, and the Americnn Legion.

1 'I'ho progrrun was outlined in FCD.A Advisory Bulletin No. 216, Conti'nullv of State and Locul. Gouerrnnen.t, September .19, 1957.

When surveys showed tlint State legislation, and constitutional amendments, would be required to establish lines of succession at the State and local level, FCDA State to set up a, legislative commi ttee or other appropriate draft; the necessary legislation. To assist these committees the worked OIl sample or "model" legislation and constitutional ments,

By June 19:"\8, FCDA had completed sample legis]aLiOil covell'Lng lines of succession f'or the executive and judicial branches of ment, and Columbia University had completed, under contract FCDA, sample constitutional amendments for all three branches of government," This material was scheduled to be submitted to the Committee on Suggested SLate Legislation of [J](\ Council of State Governments early in fiscal year IfJ5fJ. If approved by the Committee and the Council, it will be included in the Council's "Recommenclec1 State Legislation."

By the end of the year official studies on establishing emergency lines of succession were under way in more than 30 States.

LINES OF'

PRESERVING ESSEN'l'IAL RECORDS

A preliminary draft of a manual OIl preserving essential State and local governnlent records was written :1'01' FCDA by an archivist 0:[ the National Archives and Records Services. The draft, developed in consultation with State and local govemmen t officials, was under review at the end of the year.

EMERGENCY LOCATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT

The Agency obligated more than $2.5 million in Federal funds during the fiscal year for the construction of control (emergency operations centers) in California, Massachusetts, and nois. However, relatively few State and local governnients have control centers that could withstand the probable effects of a HLl'u.l.v,.,~ attack. Construction cost is a major factor. To help alleviate situation, the Agenc~y, at the close of the fiscal year, was revising criteria for approving Federal matching funds for control construction. For example, immediate costs to State and local ments were to be reduced by permitting construction to be phased several fiscal periods, and by permitting a maximum calculated

"Columbia University (Columbia University Legislative Drafting Resea rch Fuud ) was under contract wi th tile Agency to provide early in II'Y-1959 sample Iegf sln tlo n Iluos of successtou for State and Iocul Ieglslutures.

nmpORT) 1 f) i5 8

In the design of the protective construction required. In addition, the _f\gency encouraged States and localities to incorporate control centers ill new oity Jiulls, State office buildings, and other similar buildings.

USING GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL, FACILITIES

The Agency 1I1'gecl State and local governments to make full use of government personnel, facilities, and equipment in mnel'genc,Y operations, and to enroll and train volunteers as auxiliaries to existing government departments. Survival phnslvel'e being evaluated OIl I,he basis of the application 01' this principle.

At the Federallevel, the delegation of civil defense responsibilities to other Federal agencies is n part of the plan to make full use of government personnel and facilities. No funds were appropriated by the Congress :1'01' the delegations program in FY-1958, but prior 1:0 that time [) delegations had been made to 7 Federul ageneles.

RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE

Fallout, a silent weapon thar. would endanger every part of the country after a nuclear attack, received jucreased attention by the A_geney in another priority progl'am-Hadiological Defense. The program was made up of a number of parts-operational plm1ning, shelter, instrumentation, monitoring, training, public inforrnation, and research.

PLANNING

_i\_ 'radiologicn] defense plan was developed as an annex to the National Plan for Civil Defense.' The plan assigned l'adiologieal defense responsibilities to Federal, State, and local goverlllnents, and provided the guidelines for the development of State and local radiological defense plans. Additional guidelines were developed thl'ough a New England study for the Agency by Technical Operations, Lncor-' porated, 0:[ Burlington, Mass. The study resulted in it draf't manual, Radiological Defense Planning (hdde,lyhieh was under review by the Agency at the end of the year.

SHELTER

A 5-point National Policy on Shelters was announced by the Administrator on Ma.y7, 1958. The policy, which directly supported the Radiological Defense Program, placed joint responsibility for fallout protection on the Federal Government and the American people. The policy was based 011 the recognition that, in the event of nuclear attack, "fallout shelters offer the best single nonmilitary defense measure for the protection of the greatest number of our people."

The text of the policy statement follows:

The Adrninistrn tion has conducted exha ustive studies and tests wl til respect to protective measures to safeguard our citizens against the effects of nuclear weapons. 'I'Iiese several analyses have indicated that there is a great potential for the saving of life by fallout shelters. In the event of nuclear attack on this country, fallout shelters offer the best siugle nouniil ltn rv defense measure for the protection of the greatest number of our people.

Furthermore, a nu t.iun with adequate fallout protection Is a nation which would be more dlttteult to successfully attack. 'I'h is fact alone would substantially lessen the temptation of an aggressor to launch an attack.

1 Later title: Tile N'a.tl onu]. Plan for Civil Iref ense anll Defense J[ouili,zation (see eh. 1,

Planning) ..

j'

401497-50--3

the movement of people from target time permits, wlll now also include

use of shelters to provide protection from radioactive fallout.

implement this established policy, the Administration will undertake the action:

1. The Administration will bring <to every American all of the facts as (;0 the possible effects of nuclear attack, and inform him of the steps which he and his State and local governments can take to minimize such effects.

The present civil defense prugrums for information and education will therefore be substantially expanded in order to acquaint the people with the fallout hazard and how to effectively overcome it. The public education progrnm will include information on:

(a) Nuclear weapons effects on people, plants, and animals;

(b) ~l'he provision of effective fallout ]JrotectiOll, how to construct II

fallout shelter, and how to improvise effective shelter: (c) Necessa ry ineastu-es for the protection of food and water; (d) How to carry out radiological decontarnination; aud

(e) 'Vhat governments-Federal, State, and local-are themselves doing about fallout protection.

2. The Administration will initiate a survey of existing structures on a sampling basis, in order to assemble definite information on the capabilities of existing structures to provide fallout shelter, par tieularly in larger cities.

Many facilities such as existing butldings. uunes, subways, tunnels, cyclone cellars, etc., alrcadv afford some fallout protection. Action will be taken to accurately determine the protection afforded by all such facilities in order to make maxlnnuu use of them.

3. The Administration will accelerate research in order to show how fallout shelters may be incorporated in existing, as well as in new, buildingswhether in homes, other private butld ings, or governmental structures. Designs of shelters will be perfected to assure the most economic and effective types.

,1. The Administration will construct a limited number of prototype of various kinds, suitable to different geographical and climatic These will be tested by actual occupancy by differing numbers of ,for realistic periods of time. They will also have practical uses. Some of the prototype structures will be incorporn ted in: (a) Underground parking garages.

(b) Understreet. shelters.

(c) Subways.

(d) 'l'he Federal highway program-patrol and maintenance facilities. (e) Additions to existing schools and ne\\'8chools, including such

facilities as cafeterias, assembly space and classrooms. (f) Additions to existing hospitals and new hospitals, including facilities as cafeterias, visitors' and convalescent rooms, reserve areas.

(g) Industrial plants.

(h) Commercial buildings.

(i) F'aurllv residences and apartments, including such facilities as bathrooms. ga rages, basements, and recreation rooms.

It will provide Ie and ~~<"".IH"

fallout shelters in appropriate new Federal buildings for civilianuse,

Federnl example is au indispensable element to stimulate government, and prtvate Iuvesnuent for fallout shellers. use of shelters ill these new Irul ldings is contemplated.

There will be no iunssl ve f'edcru Hy-tlnauced shelter constructlou program.

With reference to blast shelters there are still dlfflcul.t questions, having to do with the amount of thne that would be available to cntcr the shelters, the uncertainty of missile accuracy aud the etf'ectt veness of our act! ve defense. 'I'here is no assurance that even the deepest shelter would give protecrion to a suthclent llUIUIJel' of people to justify the cost. In addition, there mav not be sntflclent wn rulug timo in view of the development of missile capabilities to permit the el'fecti ve use of blast shelters.

Our chief (letel'l'eut to war will continue to be our active 111iliUu'Y capability.

Our nctlve iull lta ry defense iunv eventually have the capability or effectively prcveuttng an eueuiy f'rom striking' intended targets. Highest priority is to be glven to the developurent of th ls cu pubtlltv.

Conuuou prudence requires that the Federal Government take steps to assist each American to prepare himself-as he would through insurance---against any disaster to meet a possible-although unwunted-c-evcntua.lltv. 'I'Iie national shel tel' policy is founded upon this prtnetple.

'l'llis approuch will provtde the stimulation necessary for the American people to uinke preparations for fallout protection. 'l'ile li'eclel'lll Government will also work with Stn te and local govermnents and with private industries to expedite and facilitate the provision of fallout shelter.

'I'he Admtnistru tion believes that when the American people full~7 uuderstaud the problem that confronts them, they will rise to llleet the challenge, as they have invariably clone in the past. 'I'h is is particularly true now that the national policy has been declared, backed up with Federal example, Federal leadership, and T'ederul guidance. 'I'he President has directed me to put this policy into effect.

Protection of our people is not new ill the United States. 'Wllen a free America was being built by our forebears, every log cabin and every dwelllug had a dual purpose-c uninelv, a horne and a fortress.'l'oday, the citizen should be called upon to make the same contribution all our foteben rs-i-not for building' a free Americn. but for sustaining a free America.

INSTRUMENTATION

TheA.geney more than doubled the number of radiological instruments distributed to States and Territories for training and ationnl preparedness. By the end of the year more than 76,000 ments had been distributed to States and Territories as eomp with B:3,OOO at the end of :FY-l%T. The total included l1101'e <10,000 survey meters, 24,000 dosimeters, audll,OOO dosimeter

In addition, more than 800,000 instruments were stored in ' warehouses for rapid distribution in the event of a national geney, and the Agel\cy loaned or transferred nearly 50,000 i

men f:s to lei, othei' Federl1 1 agencies toi mprove the opel'a tiona 1 readiness of the Federal Govel'nment.

A gl'owing pl'oblem in instrument maintenance was eased with the st-art of fL new maintenance pl'ogram, and the assignment 0:1' rriaintenance techn icians to 11 warehouses used by the Agency :for instrument storage.

MONITORING

A prog'l'!lm was started to establish a Federal network of radio, logicnllnonitol'ing stations which could pl'ovide h011rly reports 011 the level of fallout radiation across the Nation after a nuclear attack. The network will be composed of existing Fedel'al personnel and facilities. Initial aim of the program is to establish l'aelio]ogical monitoring stations a.tiOO fixed field facilities of the United States ,Yeathel' Burenn and the Civil Aeronautics Administration. DUling FY-1D58 those two agencies began equipping their field facilities with rndiologica] slu'veyinstl'umenLs, and training field: pel'sonnel to use the instruments.

The Agency plans to expand this network by using the personnel H,)lc1:f'acilities 0:E other Federal agencies. The aim is to have at least one Federal monitoring station in each of the more than 8,000 counties in the United States.

In addition, the Agency expanded its radiological instrument (see above) and training programs (see below, and ch. ;3, Training n.nd Information) to assist States and localities in preparing :EOI' radiological monitoring.

TRAINING, INFORMATION, AND RESEARCH

As the result of Agency training programs some 2,600 instructors in radiological monitoring and 75,000 radiological meter readers ha(l been trained by the end of the year.

In addition, a radiological defense high school program was developed in cooperation with the Office 0:[ Education, departments of education in the States, and State civil defense directors to:

1. Help high schools incorporate radiological ddense ednca tioit , into their science courses, and

2. Improve the geogl'aphical distribution 0:1' radiation detection instrumen ts, 2

Sclleduled to start early in FY -lD6D, the pl'ogl'am will include the distribution 0:E a epecially xlesigned radiological instrument kit to 16,000 high schools thl'oughout the United States. The kit consists

:l 'l'Iie hijrh school progvnm is not an attempt to train tccll-nge,l'ndiologicallllOlIito1'8 1'01' dutv during n national emergency.

ANNUAl., Rl£POR'l" 1 9 5 8

of"'= survey meters, 4: dosimeters, 1 dosimeter charger, 2 coutainers of a 10\\T-intensiLy radiation source, batteries, and an instruction manna] on using the instruments.

The .Agency carried out expanded public information anclrese.al'ch programs in radiological defense. Additional information on radiological training and public information activities may be founel in Chapte.r 5, Training and Information. For information 0],1 radiological research see Chapter 6, Research.

EMERGENCY SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

Adequate ciyil d efense prepnrH tions cannot be made wi III money [l,]ld hardware alone, Dedicated people are needed, lint those who do the job must have tools-good tools,

In FY -1D:'58 I1101'e tools were made available to them, No one would nrgue that the amount was sufficient, but significant pi'ogress was made.

This "hardware" section of the Annual Report describes progress in the warning, conununications, stockpiling, Federalcontributions, and surplus propertv programs,

WARNING

Seventy-six warning points were added to the N atioual ,~T arning System during the yea.l', raising the total number of warning points aCTOSS the N ation to '276, Plans were being made to expand this network to 500 warning points as part of the groundwork for faster and more direct warning of enemy attack.

At the end 0:1' the year the network consisted 0:1' "= FCDA "Taruing Centers at major Ail' Force installations,' LtD State ,Yarning Points (including VlTashington, D, C,), and 227 other warning points. The network was capable of sending a warning to all 276 warning points in about 15 seconds,"

This network is tied to the many outdoor warning systems (usually siren systems) installed by municipalities to warn the public 0:1: an enemy attack." A total 0:1' 134 cities are considered to have virtually complete coverage with their outdoor warning systems. However, there is still a problem 0:1' warning people in their homes or other buildings where the outdoor devices may not be heard. Research was continued during the year to develop internal warning systems by making use of existing pmyer lines or telephone f'acil ities.

1 FCDA National Warning Center at North American Ail' Defense Command Hcadqunrtel's, Colorado Springs! Colo.; FCDA Eastern Warui ng Center at Hendquurters, Eastern NOr-LAD HegioIl, stewart Air Force Base, N. Y.; FCDA Central 'Yarning Center at Headquarters, Central NORAD Region, Richa rds-Gebuur Air Force Base, lIlo,; FCDA "resterll SVnl.'ning Center at Heudquarters, Western NOHAD Region, Hamilton .Air Force Base, Calif.

a Tbe Federal Onvernmeut pays all counnuntcutions costs of the network, but states and locnl ltles supplv the personnel for the 276 warning points,

a -The F'ed ernl Government pays half the cost of installing and maintaining muri lclpnl

outdoor wn rn i ng systems.

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,Vork continued 011 the installation of a special warning in the ,~Tashington, D. C., metropolitan area. A system of scheduled to be completely installed in fiscal year 1960, will be of covering an area within a 20-1nile radius of the center of the trice Alternate facilities will permit control of the sirens by each p~litieal subdivision within the area, or from a classified location outside the area.

COMMUNICA1'IONS

The primary system 01' operational communications for the j\._geney is N ational Communications System No.1 (NACO:M 1). It consists of about 20,000 miles of leased wire beilities-private line telephone and teletypewriter services-cconnecting the Agency's Battle Creek office (Lowpoint) with a classified location outside of Washington, with the Agency's RegiCillal Offices, and State civil defense offices.

The circuits of NACOM 1 can be used for both telephone (voice) or teletypewriter communication. The principal purpose of the system, however, is to provide a, record communications media. Therefore the circuits are used primarily for teletypewriter communication.

During the fiscal year the circuits were improved between Lowpoint and the classified location. The speed of transmission was increased. front 60 words a minute to 75 words tI minute, In addition, special equipment was installed at the }i,egional Offices for handling classified messages. The equipment is similar to that previously installed at Lowpoint and the classified location.

Preliminary design work was completed on a, system of radio backup to N ACOM L This radio network, scheduled for installation in FY- 1959, will be called NACOM 2, and will provide for 2-way radio communication between the Agency's Battle Creek office, Regional Offices, and the classified location. Extension of N ACOM to the State level is planned for fiscal years 1960 and 196L

At the State and local level, the Radio Amateur Elnergency Services (RACES) program continued to expand. About 1,000 State, area, county, and city RACES operational plans were approved .. by the end of the year. Only two States did not have RACES plans, but several localities in each of these States did have accepted plans. An Regional Headquarters of the Agency had radio equipment in use at the start of the year for contact with State RACES networks, and additional equipment was authorized during the year to improve this system.

STOCKPILING

The Agency collected and analyzed a considerable amount of data to determine the feasibility, amount, and cost of stockpiling essential

---

emergency items in the major categories of H."AU"·"'supplies, fooel, and engineering supplies for clitYerent conditions. The e'fYect that the Nation's transportation ",~,,",L.', _ _._c

have on the location of emel'gency supplies was one of the segments of the study 'which will provide the basic information .,u",vU'G'l for n. long-range expansion of the Agency's stockpiling TW'A"""n

Although no money was appropr-iated to purchase additional 'Jl,lJvi~pile items in FY -1958, a Iittle over $3 million was appropria store and maintain existing stocks.

As part of the maintenance program certain antibiotics and

cines that were about to become outdated were replaced from facturers' stocks at a fr-action of their original cost. In addi 32,807 units of outdated plasma were reworked by various contractors into serum albumin at about 25 percent of the original cost.

The j\gency established LO stockpile maintenance service shops and 11 radiological maintenance service shops at its wa,rehouses to maintain emergency hospital equipment and radiological defense instruments.

At the end of the yeal' the l\gency had stockpiled medical and radiological defense items valued at about $200 minion, and engineering items (including generators, chlorinators, water purifiers, pumps, and pipe) valued at about $7 million;

The breakdown for major medical and radiological defense items was as follows: 9a2 emergency civil defense hospital units; ·1 10,311,500 bU1'll dressings; 3,181,000 blood recipient sets; 1,580,000 units of blood derivatives (plasma and serum albumin) ; 4,550,000 units of plasma expanders; 32,500 gas masks; 6,188,000 doses of atropine; 57,571,000 closes of vaccines and antitoxins (part in manufacturers' storage) ; 1,684,000 paper blankets; 308,000 litters ;238,000 radiological dosimeters, and 159,000 radiological survey meters,"

FEDERAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Federalmatching funds contributed to States, Territories, and possessions for civil defense programs amounted to 46¢ pel' capita FY -1958 as compared with 38v~ pel' capita in 1%1 -an increase more than 20 percent.

From the start of the program in FY-1952 through BY~1958 than $80 million in matching funds has been contributed by the F eral Government. At least an equal amount has been spent by and localities .

.• Stored in l"CDA, State, and local sites. In addition, about 95 percent of the m

1'01' u n additional 1,000 emergcncv hospital units had been cleJil'erecl and assembly G Includes instruments 011 loan or grant to states.

958

In the early 0:[ the prograul Federal conu-ibutioiis used

primarily for health and speeinl weapons defense j (ems. Recently, however, States and loca.lities have used most of the Inoney to buy comruunioations equipment. The trend was continued in 1958 with about 54: percent of the contributions money being nsed to 1my cominunications equipment.

From the start of the progl'mll through FY -1958, about '(0 percent of: the conn-ibutions went to States in the east and west-Regions, 1, 2, and 7.

FIHlIDilAL C(L'{'J.'HIBUTlONS PIlOGIU],[ SUn[MAltY

Region and State

I'Y-HI58

Dollal' l'alllc oj Pedera; PI/nils Olili{j((,/'c(/.]

Region and Stnte

F1"--1052~ FY-IH58

FY-]g,58

](coion

lit 095, S07

COllnecticnL_____ 1, H21, {)53 27fl,433

i\'Iaine_______________ u47 ,180 1(;4,4M

lVlassachuscLts_______ 5,181: S3!1 2, .533, 120

New IImnpsilil'c____ _ 2'15, {j{j7 60,301

New Jcrscy__________ 2,033,835 15l,210

New York___________ 15, :J5(;, oei 1,830, 30G

RhodeIslnnd________ 807,281 2!),271

Vermont____________ 210,729 47,771

I~--==

ReUion2 17,070,999 1,973,507

Delawarc____________ 821,857 75'1

Dlstrtct ofColumbtu. 195,312 982

Kontncky___________ 43n,824 513,67H

~Ilflrylnnd----~·------ 1,1l55,u80 236,321

011io________________ 4, 71n, 527 Gl15,814

PennsylvaniH________ 8,202,475 795, (j20

Vil'ginia_____________ S1(i,881 53 308

'West Vtrgtnla r==~1_7=7"',_'=1_4=3~i'===g=S=: 0=2=9

1,293,909

Reqicn. 3 _

Alabnmn _

Flol'icla _

Georgta 4 _

Mlssisstppi, .:._

North Oarolina _

South Carolina _

'I'ennessee _

5,610,503 770,83'[ 1,055,950 I, ,j38, 481i 222,939 S97,051 147, G79

1,077,5G4

IGD,377 g~'l, Z~5

.DO, ,),9

11,588 272,765 43 15ti IGO: NO

Region 4----------------- 9,441,757 S, 260, 831

1---------1-------

111inois______________ 2,131,019 537,137

Illdiana_____________ __ 918,332 320,790

:l\1ichigau:..___________ '1, Hi3, 088 2,047,854

MissonrL___________ 1,111,823 JAS,793

1,YisconshL__________ I, nn, 295 20G,257

= 1===

Arkuusns _

Louislanu _

Now Mextco _

Oklahoma _

'Tuxus _

488 278 H44: 121 15,420 !121 , 388 2,438,190

)75,8Sl 284,820 8, U!l:l 287,4<17 nOD, 112

410,4li8 218, ,loa 50G, G3G

1,3013,191

2H8,510 li5,203 87,044 7n,475

Colorndo _

Iowu _

Kansas _

Mtnnesotn _

Nebraska _

North Dnkutn _

South Dakota _

,VYOllling _

=====~~=I==

~)5, 3'.\5 n3,OGO 130, UIG :384, G40

~~: ~§~

17,352 30,311S

Rellion 7_________________ 12,700,882

2,133,220

Arlzoun _ _ 2SU,42()

Californin___________ 9,071,128

Ic1aho_______________ 153,907

j\'[on!;unu____________ 108 904

Ncvudu______________ 54: 977

Oregol1______________ 1, O(}2, 089

Utuh________________ Hi5,279

Washtngton I=~_1"",_"='_\"'IS~,_0~b='2_~I====""=

'Territories and Posses-

sions________________ __ _ 1,572,872

-------1·-----'--

Alasku______________ :14S, 230

American Samou _

Oanal Zonc__________ 77,007

Gumu_______________ 14,233

Hall'ai'-_____________ 414,282

Puerto Hico_________ 70(i,li89

Virgin Isluuds ~_ _ 12,371

1 Adjusted for finn contracts, cancellations, and amendments as of .Tune 30,1958.

SURPLUS PROPERTY

Since 195'7, when Congress authorized making Federal surplus property available to States :[01' civil defense purposes, surplus ment originally costing more than $35.6 million has been this purpose. Most of' the total ($31 million) was donated in

Motor vehicles and trailers, rescue equipment, construction and excavatirig eq cations equipment, tractors, engines, and hand tools than 70 percent 0:1' tilt) surplus equipment donated to the progl'fl']n.

BURPI.!)S ]'HOPBH'I'Y l{,I'lCBIVBD IlY S'L'A'l'BS

As of .TII,ne .']0, 1958

Region and Sl.al.e

Number of transnet.ions

'I'otal value (ucqutsltion cost)

:--·rllmber of transactions

Rcglon and Stntc

Rc(}ion l : _

Cnnuuotleut.. _

Maine ' _

Massachusetts _

New Ham pshtrc _

Now Jersey _

New York .. _

[thode Island _

Vcrmcnt. _

Region 1,- Continned

Iud luua, '_____ 235

:f\nc!ligal1_______________ 1. 5g3

:r..~UssouI'L______________ 277

"riseollsin_____________ l~in

___ '=====0=_=

Illinois , _

710 I, 5g0, 551

Reqion. " .. 1.81,7 3, 19,?, SI,O

,A,rk"',ls,'1S I-~jgG --(105, 40~,1

LouisiallH______________ 174 U7{\,2()O

New ~Irexico_____ _._ 2 n,Ol.l

Ok lahrnnac., , __ ~__ HiS 484, i:17

'I'cxns 1 (i07 1,124,429

Rl:Oi,O,'n O ~ -----------I 1 ~ 28, ': ;?, .'J5S, 920

Colorado. -1\5 D47,2(lH

\2~~;~;lS::::::::::::::::: I 1'\~ 3?'~: M§

Mtnuesota 1 400 0I)O,2IG

Nebrnskn_______________ HO 180,2f)2

NOI'~;h Dnkota__________ 7 5, fHl:!

SOlltl,l Dakota 1 G 10(1,4(15

\Vyol11ing______________ H10 14(j,5ti3

====-=

RCflion 7 --------------------!~_.L 853 8,401,485

Al'i7.ona________________ 02 139,387

Oalifornin '_____ 3, (140 5,830, (i3S

Idaho _ lOG 181i, liOg

rvlontana_______________ 14 an, 218

Nevada __ ~_____________ 33 52,228

Oregon L. , ~~_______ :1:19 250,7l0

Utah 1 121 87(;,208

Wushingtoru., , .. 514 (144, \143

Hawaii. ~ 1 15 72,428

Ref/ion 2 .

----1------

Delaware _

Kentucky _

Maryland _

0hi0 _

Peunsvlvnntu

Virginia _

West Vlrgiula _

1='='=1'===

Ref/ion 8 -- _

I--~---I----

Alabatua _

Inorida _

Georgia _

Mlsslssippt, ~ __

North Cnrolina _

South Caroliua _

'I'eunessee _

Puerto H ico __ ' ~ _

====1-===

RC(fion 4,------------------

"'Started participation June 1958.

TRAINING AND INFORMATION

The best planning, research, and operational equipment vwil l ful] short of providing an adequate civil defense unless people understand 'what has to be done, and are trained to do their part of the job. The Agency's training and public information programs during the year were aimed at strengthening this vital link in civil defense preparedness,

T'RAINING

Agency instructors conducted "b3 training courses during the year which were attended by 1,163 persons. This raised to 15,550 the total number of persons 'who have received instruction in Agency tr-aining schools.

Four schools were operated: the Staff College, oldest school of the Agency; the Radiological Defense School; Rescue Instructor Center/ and a newly established Eastern Instructor Training Center at Brooklyn, N. Y.

Emphasis was given to radiological defense training. More than 400 persons attended Hi courses presented by the Radiological Defense Battle Creek, in each.Agency Region, and at the new Enstern Training Center. The school's most frequently given "lladiological Monitoring for Instructors," which was given to a total of 37'7 persons. The course is designed to train State, and local instructors who will train others in 'radio~~.,,".'nv~ defense monitoring. Other courses given by the school were Defense Officer" course, "Radiological Aspects of Defense," and "Radiological Instrument Operation.' College gave 8 courses to a total of 263 persons. The

were "Elements of Nonmilitary Defense for State and Local " given three times; "State and Local Action in N atural Distwice; and "Emergency niann,gement and Operations and Local Officials," "Emergency Management and OperaCounty Officials," and "Federal Action in Major Disasters," once.

most Staff College instruction is done at some courses nrc given by a traveling team.

Mich.,

Battle Creek, In 1958, tiro

1 '!'lle Rescue Instructor 'I'ru in iug School at Olney, jUd., was closed at the end of the fiscal year; hu t Yescue training' was scheduled as part of the eurriculum at Hie EasterIl Instructor '1~l'ainillg Center.

20

courses, "Elemen ts of N onmilitary Defense for State [mel cials," and "Local Action in N atural Disasters," were given of :'55 persons in Arkansas, In addition, 9 States gave 16 civil courses to a total of '7'72 persons as a result of contracts made wi Staff College.

The new Eastern Instructor Training Center was opened on

D, 1D:'58.2 The cen ter will be used to train instructors who will home and train others in the procedures and skills required for Live emergency operations. Plans were made during the year to a similar center in the west.

The Nation's school systems are a major resource ava.ilable to vance the concepts of civil defense, and the Agency worked wi th the United States Of lice of Education and recognized national education organizations to make use of this resource. For example, as the result of a Civil Defense Education Project in the United States Oflice of Education, lectures on aspects of radiological defense were given at :'55 seminars attended by some 3,000 high school science teachers cluriIlg fiscal years 1D57 and 19:'58.3 Also, the Office of Education prepared a manual for the Agency, LV1lCZea'l' Science Teaching Aids and Acti'uities, which was scheduled for publication in FY -19:'59 and distribution to high school science teachers, particularly those participating in the Agency's new radiological defense high school program (see ch. 3, Radiological Defense). Cooperating with the Agency, the Adult Education Association and the National School Boards Association prepared civil defense publications, making a total of five publications developed to describe the civil defense responsibilities of specificeducational groups. Some 150,000 copies of the new publications, Oivil Defen8e for Achtlt Americans and School Boards Plan /,0'1' DiulStl3'l' Problems, were distributed. In addition, a contract was made with the American Association of School Administrators to have that organization prepare a civil defense support publication in FY -1959. Another contract was negotiated with the George Peabody College for Teachers, N ashville, Tenri., to develop civil defense curriculum materials for use by teacher training institutions throughout the Nation.

INFORMA'l'ION

The Agency produced 30 new publications, 3 motion pictures, 11 television and radio station break announcements, 69 magazine articles, and D1 news releases as part of its public information program.

a The first course, "Rndlologlcn l Moultnrtng for Ius'truc to ts," was attended by 29 persons. :1 The seminars are sponsored annually by the National Science Fouudn tio n, and 11l'~~ held during the summer months.

a walletwhich describes the attack actions families should take to prepare

themselves enemy attack.

As fl direct result of a brief mention of this card by the Administrator on the Dave Garroway television SllO\1' in March 19:18, thousands of requests were made :1'01' it. By the end of the fiscal year more than 26 million cards had been distributed throughout the Nation.

Thesvallet card and 4 other publications accounted :1'01' more than JG million copies or publications distributed by the .L~genc'y during the year. The others: Operation S'IlTvival, an illustrated booklet .. for school children (LI: million copies distributed), Facts About Fallout Protection, n, public leaflet (more than 8.7 million copies), Family ;_c.,'heZtel'sAgai'llst Radioactive Fallout; a technical bulletin (rnore than J.8 million eo pies ), and Ii orne Protection Exercises, a public booklet (1110re than 1.7 million copies).

In addition, the Ageney developed a Handbook [or Emergencies, scheduled to be distributed by the Boy Scouts 0:1' America 11, 1958, to more than 4:0 million homes.

than 8.5 .nrilfion persons saw civil defense exhibits prepared by The exhibits were displayed 94 different times at N aand local civil defense meetings; industrial conferences'; of educational organizations; and State and county Jail'S. end of the year the Agency's public information program toward implementing the National Policy on Shelters

3, Radiological Defense), and the self-help aspects of the National Plan :1'01' Civil Defense and Defense Mobilization 1, Planning).

e CIVIL DEFENSE PREPAREDNESS. 6) PREPARE:

Your family shelter and equip with two-week supply of food and water, first aid kit, battery radio.

Evacuation kit for your automobile with food, water, first aid kit, battery or car radio, blankets.

LEARN:

1. Warning signals and what they mean.

2. Your community plan for emergency action. 3.Protection from radioactive fallout.

4. First aid and home emergency preparedness.

5. Use of CONELRAD-640 or 1240 for official directions.

WHEN THE WARNING SOUNDS

A STEADY BLAST OF 3 TO 5 MINUTES

//

This means: ATTACK ALERT~TAKE ACTION AS DIRECTED BY

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. .

Tune your AM radio to a Conelrad frequency (640 or 1240) for official directions. Proceed according to your community's emergency action plan. Don't use the telephone.

WAILING TONE OR SHORT BLASTS FOR 3 MINUTES This means: ATTACK-TAKE COVER IMMEDIATELY IN BEST AVAILABLE SHELTER.

In a butldtng : If there is no prepared shelter, go Into a basement or to an interior first floor room. Stay In shelter unt!! you get word you can leave.

Outdoors or in a car: Go to nearest shelter. If you cannot reach prepared shelter lie fiat on. the ground face down, or crouch on floor of car.

FrC+UUE 'I.-Civil Defense Preparedness Oard.

Chapter

RESEARCH

Agency research is primarily applied resenrch directed toward the practical application of science to the problems 0:1' civil defense. The Agency obligated nearly $8.5 million for research in FY-1958-nll inerease 0:1' more than 20 percent over the previous fiscal year.

Highlights 0:1' the research program in the major eategories 0:1' radiologicul defense, shelter studies, warning and communications, health and medical care studies, social and economic research, and operations research, follow :

RADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE

1. Radiation Physics.-The National Bureau of Standards made good progress during the year on basic studies of the characteristics of radiation produced by nuclear weapons, the penetrability of radiation in various construction materials and buildings, and methods of protecting the population from penetrating radiation. The results of these studies are used by the J\._gency and its contractors in developing radiological defense plans.

2. Shielding Eval1wtion.-A study was started by Technical Operations, Inc., of Burlington, Mass., to evaluate rudiation shielding provided by large structures. There are five major goals in the study: (a) to obtain, by direct measurement, radiation attenuation provided by one or more large buildings; (b) to compare these measurements with the results of theoretical computations 0:1' attenuation; (c) to determine significant geometrical parameters of a building which must be measured to calculate its shielding potential; ((1) to identify factors in building construction which could most easily be changed to effect a significant improvement in shielding; and (e) to summarize and develop a detailed procedure for use by engineering contractors in fallout shelter surveys.

Tests at the Nevada Test Site were conducted jointly by the Agency, the Bureau 0:1' Standards, University of California, and the Atomic Energy Commission on the radiation shielding provided by residential structures. Radioactive sources, distributed at 2-:I'oot intervals around and on the roofs of houses that had withstood actual atomic explosions several years n.go, were used in conducting the tests. The effectiveness 0:1' certain improvised Iallout protective measures also was in vestigated,

24

FITIDKRAIJ CIVII, DEFENSE]

8. Radiological RecZa/IJwtion.-jl,_ study was undertaken {'or Agency by the Nu val B,aeliolugical Defense Laboratory to information and criteria as a base for planning and iJnpImnenting large-scale radiological reclamation operations. One immediate object of the study is determining the feasibility of various Jarge-scale reclamation procedures, including the "cost" in terms of radiation exposure, financial, and logistic factors.

NRDL also started work on the development of a radiological recIamation mnnual [01' the Agency which win be comparable to the NHDL manual entitled RadiologicaZ Rccovm'y of Fixed lJlilita1'Y Installations. The manual will contain information on operational procedures in radiological decontamination and other reclnmation actions applicable to industrial, residential, and rural areas.

il:. Inst1'lIments.-A prototype of an aerial radiological survey instrument was tested at the AIDC Nevada Test Site, and tests of production models 01' the prototype were scheduled [01' early in FY -ID59.

A transistorized model of the low-rangesurvey meter (CD V-'(00) was developed during the year, substantially reducing the problem of supplying batteries [or survey meters.

Prototypes of a remote monitoring fixed station instrument were developed. Such an instrument will permit a person to read the outside radiation level while remaining in a protected location.

The Jordan Electronics Division of the Victoreen Instrument Co. started work on a transistorized loudspeaker [or a Geiger surveJ' meter. The speaker attachment will be used as a teaching aid for classroom instruction.

5. OpemtionaZ PZanning.-A continuing research program with the University of California, aimed at providing techniques for use in radiological defense planning, covered the following studies during the year:

(a) Shieleling.-The project includes studies 0:[ the shielding afforded by large buildings and basements. Initial results indicate that it will be possible to evaluate radiation shielding provided in large, complex buildings by making only a few physical measurements.

(b) Iiadioaotioe FalZmd Contour illaps.-A method was developed for computing and preparing maps showing contour lines 01' fallout radiation intensities and doses estimated for various locations on the basis of probable wind patterns and characteristics. Maps were prepared for summer and winter conditions in the San Francisco Bay area, and computations were completed for 11 ,Vest ern States.

26

(e) Voriation» in Fallout Dish'ilndion.-TheinJlnenC'e 01' topography, surfuce winds, eddies, and ail' currents nre Lwillg studied to determine the drifting characteristics of fallout around buildings in urban communities. Initial results indicate that certain trends can be established. Local deeisions on locations :1'01' fallout; shelters and how to f11 ter existing buildings to provide more fallout protection will be influenced by these studies.

(d) Effects J!/ Mass Fire on Ji'aZZmtt.-Nuelen.l' bursts on metropolitan areas are likely to start mass fires resul Ling in strbng ascending columns 0:1' air. These columns of air may be sufficient to disperse substantial amounts of' fallout awa.)' from the area of burst. Hese.al'eh on a Iaboratory scnlo is heing undertaken jointly with the California Forest IIllClH.ange Experiment Station to evaluate the deposition of fallout particles in the presence 0:1' fire-induced convection columus.

(e) Effects 0/ Fallmlt on lVatc?' Rosm/,Tces.-A study is being made of the probable effects 0:1' fallout on water resources and supplies. The purpose is to provide information :EOI' the radiological decontamination of 'water supplies. This inforination will be published in a handbook :1'01' water supply personnel.

The United States 'Weather Bureau expanded on its earlier upper wind data to provide the basis for fallout probahility charts. The results 01' the projectwill be incorporated in rudiological studies at the University 0:E California.

study aimed at the development 01' model State and Iocal radiological defense plans was conducted :1'01' the Agency by Technical Operations, Tnc., 01' Burlington, Mass, The study, carr-ied out in the States of New York and New Jersey, resulted in drafts of model plans to minimize the number of radiological casu ulti es from a nuelear. attack by making the best possible use 0:1' existing resources. A dnd't manual, Radiological Defense Pla!nning Onide, containing the model plans and the data and analyses 011 which they were based, was being reviewed by the Ageney at the end of the fiscal year.

SHELTER STUDIES

1. lVevada Tests.-Engil1eeringfield tests 01' structures and equipment were conducted during the first quarter of the fiscnl year at the N evadaTest Site. These included tests on reinforced concrete dome structures, du al-purpose concrete mass shelters, family shel tel's, Fren ell and German shelters, protective vaults, thermal activated air-zero 10ea(,01's, pressure-senaitive valves and ventilation equipment, and the

of certain shelter doors being prepared at the end of the fiscal year. additional tests to cleterlIline the elIed of shock in ground tunnels.

2. Prototype Design and 8pecifications.-A contractwas Eberle M. Smith Associates, Lnc., 01' Detroit, 1'01' the design 01' dual-purpose fallout shelters f'or elementary schools.

TIle Armour Research Foundation of Chicago started a study the vulnerahility of a system of deep rock shelters. (A previous

by another contractor resulted in a. preliminary design for a system of: deep rock sheltm's-800 Jeet belowground-c-Ior tile daytime POI)llIution of tho Borough of Manhattan.) III the Armour study, n. technical review of geological formations and an analysis of the shock effects of surface-burst nuclear weaponswill be made to determine the vulnerability 01' the Manhattan design 1'01' deep rock shelters. Other sites, such as Chicago, :PittsiJurgh, Detroit, Kansas City, Cleveland, and boroughs adjacent to Manhattan, will be investigated to determine the influence that local geology has on the degree 01' protection offered by deep rock: shelters.

3. Shelte1' ll'([uipmen.t.-Eleven valves, designed by Arthur D.

Little, Lnc., of Cambridge, Mass., :1'01' opelling and closing ventilating intake and exhaust systems inshelters. were tested at the Nevada, Test determine their ability to close quickly and to wi thstand the shock load from a. nuclear blast: The Bureau O[ Reclamation Iaboratories in Denver conducted addi tional tests on the valves to determine the airpressure drop associ noted with v[tl'ying rates 0:1' airflow through the valves. TIle aim is to develop valves for shelter ventilating systems that. are strong enough to withstand nuclear blast and yet flexible enough 1'01' rapid operation.

WARNING AND COMMUNICATIONS

1. Telephone TVaTJiin.g Syste·ln.-A research project was completed on methods [or transmitting a warning from a telephone exchange to all subscribers. The system as demonstrated by field tests was not considered economically feasible.

2. PO'1oeTline TVarning .8!fslem .. -The Midwest. Research Institute of Kansas City, Mo. is developing a National Emergency Alarm Repeater powerline warning system which can transmit a nationwide warning to users of electric power who have a special warning receiver. At the end 01' the fiscal year [1 field test was under way on a large power network to determine the best methods :1'01' genel'tLting the warning signnJ. Several prototype ,Yaruing receivers will be tested

receiver that may be CUITent outlet.

and preliminnry studies were communications specialists on various types

LLU.l\jil",JVJIL;:' equipment, including; a mobile communications systems.vcontrol center communications systems, television broadcast coverage analysis, and communications for shelters.

HEALTH AND MBDICAL CARB SrrUDIBS

lJiolo.q'ical Effects 0/ Nuolear TVa/fare.-Studies of the biologicul of blast were conducted by the Lovelace Foundation :1'01' Medical and Research of Albuquerque, N. Mex., with support by FCDA and AEC.

A continuing study by the United States N aval Radiological DeLaboratory on biological aspects of nuclear radiation produced reports but no basic conclusions, Ai'eas of study include the and treatment of radiation injury, internal radiation hazbiological eA'eets of deeply penetrating radiation, metabolic and pathologic changes produced by determination of individual and species differences in to radiation. In addition, NRDL began studies for of the relationship between acute and late effects of ionizing and the evaluation and application of therapeutic measures. 2. Ohemical "VaT/aTe De/ense.-The Engineering Research and Laboratories of the Corps of Engineers started a study procedures :1'01' removing nerve gas from water by using and chemicals available in conventional municipal water plants.

"'V>l.LVJlU,'" were reached with the Army Chemical Corps for tests and completion of procurement documents designed civilian protective mask (CD V -805), and protector,

ResectT'ch.-The i\.geney participated in a continuing program of the Army Medical Corps. The program includes on plnsmu volume expanders and other research relating to and shock therapy. One immediate object of the Agency in is the development of additional expanders which can for whole lminan blood and plasma.

continuing project is being directed by the N ationul Academy of Sciences to find ways of processing whole blood plasma whicli will eliminate the danger of infecting a plasma recipient with

FEDERAL

hepatitis virus. Several commercial laboratories' are the National Academy of Sciences on this proj ect.

4:. Tnr:ining.-The National League for Nursing started for the Agency aimed at integrating civil defense and disaster methods in the training programs :[01' registered and practical

5. jllecUcal Care Opendio'll.s.-The American Medical is directing a study for the Agency to develop the planning, and operational organization needed as a basis for a N ational gency Medical Care Plan. The Al'ltfA Commission on National gency Medical Clue has appointed three task forces, medicine, surgery, dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, and health, to complete the study.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH

1. Huanam. BehctviO'l' Unuier St'l'ess.-Three studies were uV"HI,U.V''''-' nrlaJyzing human behavior during natural disasters. Dr. Harry E. Moore, professor of sociology at the University 0:[ Texas, produced a report entitled Tornadoes Over Texcts-A St1ldy of lVaco and Angelo in Disaster in which he analyzed the social and the recovery of the two Texas cities following large-scale asters. The. Disaster Research Group of the National Academy Sciences directed a project :1'01' the Agency entitled A Shldy 0/ O?'ganizcdions in I11w'1'icc{116 A~td1'ey, which evaluated the manner which formal organizations of Government, the American Red Cross, and other groups and individuals dealt with conditions. The. Disaster Research Group also directed Agency a study of the human, social, management, and other

and problems involved in the stranding of 800 persons in a vania Turnpike Restaurant during a March 1958 blizzard.

The Agency and the Disaster Research Group jointly series of major sociopsychological findings on human behavior disaster mid war conditions, and described their conditions of nuclear warfare.

2. Pubiic Attit'ltdes.-The Survey Research Center of of Michigan in the latter part. of 1957 conducted a survey of the

of the "Sputnik" launching on public attitudes toward imminence 0:1' war, and the need for protective measures such as

The findings were correlated with earlier public opinion and

surveys conducted by the Center to produce data on public attitude change.

3. 8,lt'I'vi'ual 81lpplies fOT Oi'Ul:Ziun,s.-TlJe Business Services Administration 0:1' the Department or Commerce project in March 1958 which has as its purpose improving the

958

of the Federal Government to estimate the requirements for anrl the availability' of cel'tn,in essential civilian supply items in a. national emergency. Various exercises, such as the annual Operation _Alert, have demonstrated the inadequacy of this type of inf'orination, This project is to correct this inadequacy by surveying the availability of essential survival items, supplyingtapes f'or inclusion in the resources file of the National Damage Assessment Center, and developing techniques for quickly determining the location and quantity of survival items,

4:. (}oTitin!ldty of C/(FIH3J'IL'lIWnt.-j_\_ contract was signed with Coluinbia Univel'sity for the development of a model State constitutional amendment which, if adopted, would enable State legisla.tures to pass laws 011 lines of succession for essential positions in the executive, legisla,tive, and judicial branches of government.

15. Tnlinin.p,-Applied Psychological Services of Villanova, University, in a continuing program, evaluated the effectiveness of various Agency training courses and techniques.

OPERA'l'IONS RESEARCH

1. Da'lJwge Assess'/nent,-The Agency's Dn,nlage Assessment System for rapidly estimating damage to people and essential resources lowing a nuclear attack was improved during the year, and V"_'"V'''UvU to include United States Territories. In addition, the search Institute, contractors 1'01' the Agency's system, worked on vising the computing progrmn of the system so that it can be in the high-speed electronic computers at the National Damage -'-_'-'0,0"""'ment Center. Also, the Bureau of the Census started work to update the resources file used in the system.

2 .. 8tmtegic F1'Cl17W1Dodc 8tucly.-The Stanford Research Institute conducted a. study of the offensive and defensive capabilities of Russia and the United States so that the civil defense job of this Nation could be seen within an overall offense-defense framework. The study is usedby the Agency to develop estimates of how certain civil defense actions could influence the total defensive fwd retaliatory power of the Nation. All outgrowth of this research project was an analysis, devdoped for the Federal Governnient, of the survival of the populutionafter a massive attack in 1965.

CIVIL DEFENSE PARTICIPATION BY GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS

The Agency worked with a number of groups and organizations this country and with other friendly countries to improve civil during the year. For example, the American Legion developed, under j\_gency guidrulce, a light duty rescue training program aimed at training rescue units in each 01' the more than 1'1,000 Legion posts and 1'1:,000 Legion auxiliary units. The rescue units will be incorporated as uuxiliaries to local fire, police, 01' public works departments.

This chapter is intended to show the scope of Agency activities with various groups and organizations rather than a detailed report 01' these activities.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

,VHh the advice and guidance of the Department of State, the Agency took part in five international conferences, exchanged public and technical information with other countries, cooperated ill :1 continuing program of exchange visits of civil defense authorities, and arranged 1'01' the participation by other govel'1lments in the civil effects test program at the Atomic Energy Commission Nevada Test Site.

1. North Atiomiio T1'eaty 01'_qa111:zation.-The Administrator took part in the fourth conference of the NATO Senior Civil Emergency Planning Committee, which was established in 1955 to advise the North Atlantic Council on all phases 01' civil emergency planning.

The Agency represented the United States at the 11th and 12tll meetings of the Civil Defense Committee, which was created in 19i'52 to promote the development of national civil defense prognmls and the exchange of information among member nations.

2. Oooperation. lVith OanacZct.-Cool'dination 01' civil defense tions between Canada and the United States was facilitated by agreement entered into by the two countries in 1951, and the mont of the Joint United States-Canada Civil Defense At its sixth meeting held in Ottawa in May, the Joint ,-,,'HUH.U. ag'I'eed to set up an arrangement for day-to-day liaison between

nical representatives of the two countries :1'01' such programs as ing and education, communications, warning, survival planning, fare, health, engineering and shelter design, research and emergency Ieginlation, industrial survival, radiological

31

1\J:i

continuity of govm'lllTlent, resources and requirements, information,

3. EC(Jchange Pl'og'l'imt,.-In July 1D57, 30 civil defense officials from 10 European countries took part in the Agency's foreign observer program at the AEC Nevada Test Site. In addition, shelters designed and financed by the French and West German governments were tested. Following the test series, technicians from those governments visited the Nevada Test Site in December :1'01' a postshot inspection of the shelters.

In addition to the foreign officials who attended the test serjes jn Nevada, the Agency arranged for staff briefings and consultation 1'01' 10 civil defense officials visiting the United States frolTlAustralin" Deniuark, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden. Severt Canadians and one Australian attended Agency training courses (luring the yeaI',

As part of thcprogmrn to exeImnge civil defense equipment for testing and evaluation purposes, the Agency loaned radiologica.l into the POl'tugese Government, and protective masks to the of Switzerland, Norway, and Sweden.

Approximately 330 requests for technical and public information and the loan of films, "were received f'rom nationn.l or dip-

representatives 01' other Governments, including Austria, Burma, India, Iran, Israel, Ireland, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Pakistan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the NATO

AMERICAN NNl'IONAL RED CROSS

part of its program of training groups and individuals to be to meet emergencies, the Red Cross trained D75,000 persons

[lid, 24:0,000 persons in home care of the side and injured, and in emergency mass feeding techniques.'

Red Cross also worked with FCDA and other Federal agencies development of a nationwide blood-procurement system. ANRC maintained a full-time liaison representative at FCDA

'OU"'VLL'H Headquarters and at two 01' the Agelley's regional headquarpart-time liaison service at the other FCDA regional offices,

CIVIL DEFENSE ADVISORY COUNCIL

Civil Defense Advisory Council met three times during the of the meetings (September 1D:'57 and .Ianuary 1D58) were to detailed reviews of drafts of the National Civil Defense

on the exact I1UI11Uer of graduates of the "Busl« Course in Emergonej' Mass Feeding" which was developed [o ln tlv by IreDA and ANne, were not n vn.ilnblo at: the end or the fiscal year.

the third meeting (.June 1D58) the 01' HCDA and ODM, civil defense Hlllll·olll·in.tioll requests 1'01' year 1DfJD, the National Policyon Shelters, and the status of the National Civil Defense Plan.

The President appointed 3 new members to the Council, replncing members whose terms had expired, n.nd reappointed :3 members. At the close of the year the following were Council rnembers :

Hon. Leo .A. Hoegh, Chairman.

Hon . .T. Caleb Boggs, Governor of Delaware (reappointed). Hon, Luther H. Hodges, Governor of North Carolina (new

member}.

Mrs. Hiram Cole Houghton, Red Oak, Iowa (new member). Hon, John 13. Hynes, Mayor 01' Boston (reappointed).

Hon. Goodwin .T. Knight, Governor 01' California (reappointed). J\faj. Gen. Otto L. Nelson, .Jr., Vice President, Nmv York Life

Insurance Co.

Hon. Olmy L. Patteson,[ornwr Governor 01' West Virginia .. HOIl. P. Kenneth Peterson, Mayor 0:1' Minneapolis (new member). Mr. George J. Richardson, Special Assistant to the President,

AFL-CIO.

Hon. Clifford E. Rishell, Mayor 01' Oakland. Mr. Robert E. Snlith, Houston, Tex.

Mrs. Charles I~T. IYeis, Jr., Rochester, N. Y.

CIVIL DEFENSE COORDINATING BOARD

The Civil Defense Coordinating Board, composed 01' the representatives of 17 Federal agencies,3 met 7 times during the year. Five 0:1' the seven meetings were devoted entirely to a, careful study and discussion of the National Civil Defense Plan." Other important agenda items included discussions on the coordination of passive research activities in the Federal Government, and the emergency functions of the Federal Government.

NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL ON RURAL CIVIL DEFENSE

The National Advisory Council on Rural Civil Defense, established 1955 to assist in the development of civil defense programs in the nonurhan areas of the Nation, met twice (luring the year for discussions on radiological defense, mass feeding problems, stockpiling

.2 Spp ch. it Planning.

:1 rrllP Bon rrl was estnhl i sherl 011 lHny 11, 11155, h~' Executive Order 10011. ,I See ch. 1, Pln nn i ng.

34

legislation, National Civil Defense Plan,

of State and local govel'nrnentprogl'nm,fi and [1, public information program for' nonurban areas.

RELIGIOUS GROUPS

Information and guic1n.nce on the Agency's plans and progranl.s were made available to churches arid clergymen through personal conferences, group meetings, and printed material. More than 2,000 religious leaders attended 19 major civil defense meetings during the year.

The National Religious Advisory Committee, ofchul'ch executi yes representing all of the ma] or )1](\(; twice to discuss various aspects of' the role of' the clergy

defense. Seventy-five national church executives, dcnomiuations, met. in Washington in May and adopted in support; of' civil defense. Other meetings with religious Were held in Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Tennessee, Rhode Island.

The Agency assisted Canada in the development 01' its first college course in civil defense 1'01' clergymen.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS

The N ational \~T omen's Advisory Oommittee, composed of dents 01' 7:'5 national women's organizations and 26 held its annual meeting in October. The Committee approved new N ational Policy on Shelters," and was active in urging the passage of the Durham Bill.'

In addition, such organizations as the American Legion Dorcas Societies 01' the Seventh-day Adventist Church; 01' "T omen's Clubs, Home Demonstration Clubs, an~l the the Veterans 01' Foreign Wars, and many others made 01' the Agency's H ome Preparedness TY orlcs hop [(it 1'0.1' group and organized courses in first aid and home nursing.

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL GROUPS

A number of business and industrial groups included civil planning. in tlheir yearly activities. For example, the Los Charnbef of Commerce sponsored [\, Western Industrial Ocm:fereTlce at which prominent industrial representatives

-I See cll.1, Planning.

1) See eli. 2, Continuity of GOVCl'nUH!llt. H Sec ell. 3, Il.rirl lol og icnl Defense.

7 See ch, 1, Plunn lng.

States discussed industrial planning. In

civil defense topics were discussed at the annual meetings organizations as the Aircraf't Industry Association, the Society for Industrial Security, State manufacturers' associations, State and l'egimu\,[ safety organizationsafflliatcd with the National Safety Council, and Chambers of Commerce.

APL-CIO LABOR ADVISORY COMMI'l'TEE

The AFL-CIO Labor Advisory Commi ttee met three times during the year to review and make recommcndntions on the N ational Civil . Defense Plan, and the Ageney's Skilled Manpower Cataloging Project at Grand Rapids, Mich.

The Grand Rapids project, aimed at finding skills in the local Iabor force that would be neededin immediate postdisastcr operations, was completed. Among the findings were the Jollowing: (a) about '7 [Jercent of the normal working force has emergency assignments (e. g., police, fire, and other govel'unwntal employees) ; (b) about '1:.:5 percent of the normal work force is composed of members of the building and construction trades who could be assigned to postdisaster jobs similar to the work they normally do ; (c) about 7.4 percent of the working force ill manufacturing, public utility, and similar services has skills that would be needed inimmediate postdisaster periods.

Thecommittee recommended that similar skills cataloging projects be carried out in at least two other cities.

o