tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyftvH
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfwHqdyf

ArmEkid if vH ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyo f nf wuúov dk ?f aumvdy?f odyrÜH sm;rS
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? tajccHynmausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm;vk;H \
tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfygonf/
ArmEkid if o H nf ppftmPm&Sipf epftarSmifacwfwiG f usa&mufaeonfh tcsed t f cgjzpf
aomaMumifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm;vk;H onf ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGUJ csKyf vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd pDpOfaqmif&u G af eMuaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ukd wku d ½f udk f
qufo, G af qmif&u G Ef idk &f ef tcuftcJrsm; &SEd idk yf gonf/ rnfoUdk yifjzpfap? rdrw d Udk tm;vk;H \
tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfaomaMumifh ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyrf S vIy&f mS ;aqmif
&Gurf rI sm;ukd rdrw d Ydk tqifajyovkd vku d yf gaqmif&u G Ef idk cf iG hf &SMd uygonf/ 'kdif;erkdufjzifhNzdKcGif;cH&aom &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftOD
xkdYaMumifh ,ckxkwfa0aom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ ESifh 1962ckESpf Zlvkdif(7)&ufta&;awmfykHwGif usqkH;oGm;cJhaom ajrmif;jrrS
tk;d a0*sme,fudk or*¾pw d "f gwf&adS om ausmif;olausmif;om;wkid ;f uk, d t f pDtpOfjzifh rdwLÅ yGm;í ausmif;om; ukdausmf0if;(0dZÆm-c-wef;)\ olUcE¨mudk,fuaoG;ESifh
BuKd uo f avmuf jzefcYf sEd idk yf gaMumif; today;tyfygonf/ / olukd,fwkdifa&;om;cJhaom rEÅav;aqmif eH&HrSaoG;pmwef;/
28
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
om"k o H
a'gif;ysKxd ;kd qGy?f b,fnmcGyí
vGwv f yf&av? wdw Yk awGonf?
td;k a0-aus;Zl;ygwum;/ /
td;k a0aus;Zl;? rwdrjf rL;bJ?
cg;OD;aumZm? þtcgwGi?f
om"kac:Muygukeaf vmh/ /
om"kow H iG ?f aomwqifí?
toifa'gif;i,f? jrefrrd ,fu?kd
oufE, S af pmifah ½SmufEikd af paom0f/
2 27
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJYcsKyfwGif
Ouú|wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholrsm;pm&if;
1/ 1936-37 Ouú| --- udk&m&Spf
2/ 1937-38 Ouú| --- udkatmifqef;
3/ 1938-39 Ouú| --- udkatmifqef;
--- udkA[def; (udkatmifqef;oufwrf;ukefatmif
raqmif&GufyJwkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkY 0ifoGm;
í ukdA[def;qufvuf aqmif&Gufonf/)
f ? 4/ 1939-40 Ouú| --- udkvSa&T
5/ 1945-46 Ouú| --- udkoef;
6/ 1946-47 Ouú| --- udkoef;xGef;
7/ 1946-47 Ouú| --- udkoef;armif
8/ 1947-48 Ouú| --- udkxGef;nGefY
9/ 1948 Ouú| --- ukdoef;MuG,f
10/ 1948-1949 Ouú| --- udkoef;
11/ 1949-50 Ouú| --- udkatmifoef;
12/ 1951-1952 Ouú| --- ukdvS0if;
13/ 1952-1953 Ouú| --- udkodef;atmif
14/ 1953-1954 Ouú| --- udkcifausmf
15/ 1954-1956 Ouú| --- udkcifarmiftkef;
/ 16/ 1956-1960 Ouú| --- udkaZmf0if;
17/ 1960-62 Ouú| --- ukdcifarmiftkef;
Ouú| --- ukdouf(awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tmPmodrf;rI
rif;ok0Pf aMunmcsufaMumifh ukdcifarmiftkef;ukd jzKwf
csNyD;? 'kOuú|ukdouf Ouú|jzpfvmcJhonf/)
18/ 1988-89 Ouú| --- ukdrif;ukdEkdif
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

a&;om;&rnf/
t,f'Dwmh t,f'Dwmh t,f ' D w mh t,f'Dwmh
(Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyw f q H yd rf mS urÇmah usmif;om;or*¾rsm; t,f ' D w mh

toH toH toH toH toH

tzGUJ csKyf - International Union of Students - IUS\

rl&if;wHqyd jf zpfNy;D ? cGijhf yKcsuf awmif;cHí1950-51ckEpS rf S
'kdif;
pwiftok;H jyKco hJ nf/)
1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdif? 7 &uf\ naecif;wcif;ukdomru jrefrmwjynfvkH;ukd t½kyfqkd;
(wHqyd ef rlemykpH mrsuEf mS -28- wGiaf z:jyxm;)
tusn;f wefomG ;apaomtoH/
Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyo
f cD si;f - ]]atmifyt JG qufqufcOH ;D rnf}}
&efukefwuúokdvfausmif;0if;twGif;? ppfajrjyifrSmyif rokH;&ao;aom topfpufpuf
(pmrsuEf mS -12-wGif az:jyxm;)
*so
D &D;armif;jyef½idk zf ,f\ yxrqk;H aoewfoo H nf jrefrmhajray:wiG f ppftmPm&Sipf epf usa&mufNyD
jzpfaMumif;? ppftmPm&Sifpepfjzifh ausmif;om;jynfoltaygif;wkdhukd q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zdESdyf
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdifausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHusif;ycJhaom
awmUrnfjzpfaMumif; ypfcwfaMunmvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf/
tBudrf? ae&mESifh aeY&ufrsm;/ xkad oewforH S pwifa&wGuv f Qif jrefrmjynfow l thdk ay: ppftmPm&Sipf epfq;dk Bu;D tkypf ;dk
aecJUonfrSm ESpfaygif;(46)ESpfwkdifcUJNyD/
ppftmPm&Sipf epfonf b,fbufuMunfMU unfU aumif;uGurf &S/d pD;yGm;a&;b0wGif wkid ;f jynf
1/ yxrtBurd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾nv D mcH?
onf uke;f aumufp&mr&Sad tmif cRwjf cKH usaecJNU y/D wnfNird af om 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH &;pepfwpfcu k m;
1936 arv (8)&uf? *sLAvDa[m/
,aehtxd t&dyt f a,mif rjrif&ao;/ vlraI &;? ynma&;? use;f rma&; tp&So d jzifU e,fy,ftoD;oD;
2/ 'kw,d tBurd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾nv D mcH? wGif urÇmukdrqkdxm;ESifU ta&SYawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;Mum;wGifyif aemufqkH;wef;ukd a&mufaeNyD/
1937 arv (9)&uf? A[kt d rsKd ;om;ausmif;0if;Bu;D ? rEÅav;NrKd U/ okahd omf ppftmPm&Siw f ohdk nf ypfvahdk umif;aeqJ/
3/ wwd,tBurd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾nv D mcH? ra0;aomumvtxd &[ef;&Sifvl? ausmif;om;? jynfolwkdhtay: ypfcwfaeqJ/
1938 {Nyv D (24)&uf rS (25) &uf xd? ykord Nf rKd U/ 2007 ckESpf? Mo*kwf-pufwifbm/
4/ pwkw¬tBurd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyn f vD mcH? rnfokdhyif ypfygap? ppftmPm½l;wkdh\ ,rf;aiGYrsm;Mum;rSyif ]ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m
1955 Zefe0g&Dv (13) &uf? &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf}qkad om ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tm;vk;H ESiq Uf idk o
f nfU ausmif;om;
wyfOD;tzGJhBuD;u cGyfa'gif;tvHukd jyefvnfvTifUxlvkdufjyefonf/
(25)ESpaf jrmufaiG&wkEiS t hf wl/
1988-89 umvu ausmif;om;&JabmfwOD;\pum;ukd jyefvnfyJUwifxyf&vQif
5/ yOörtBurd f ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyn f vD mcH?
]b,f r vJ a rmif ; jyef ? b,f r vJ a rmif ; jyef ?
1956 atmufwb dk m/ a'gif ; tvH e J h a wG Y r ,f ? a'gif ; tvH a wG Y r ,f }
6/ q|rtBurd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyn f vD mcH? ppftkyfpkESifU ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd tjrpfjywfacsrIef;NyD;onftxd ausmif;ol
1960 atmufwb kd m 20&uf rS 22 &ufx?d &efuek w f uúov dk f ausmif;om;rsm;u jynfov l xl ak &SrY S rm;rm;&yfwnfvsuf cGyaf 'gi;f tvHuv dk iT xUf ?l cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f gwf
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taqmuftOD/ jzifU qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifaeMuayvdrfUOD;rnf . . . / /

26 3
 tdk;a0 *sme,f
7 v 7 &uf rwdkifcifuAsm
tJ'D igrjzwfoef;cJhbl;aom
reufcif; wcktaMumif;
zGJUqdkbdkY&m jzpfvmwJhtcg
uAsmudk cifAsm;taeeJY
OD;aESmufeJYa&;ovm;
ESvHk;om;eJYa&;wmvm;vdkY ar;cH&zl;wm
owd&oGm;rdao;/
oli,fcsif;a&
wdkY'DaeYzwfaewJh
tckuAsmuawmh
a&SUuoGm;ESifhMuolrsm;
aoG;eJYa&;oGm;cJhMuwJh
ausmufom;xufu uAsm/
4 25
ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyfqo
dk nfrmS . . .
ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyu
pwifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ pwifzGJUpnf;pOfu trnfrSm ArmEkid if v
or*¾ jzpfonf/
f kd 1936 ckEpS ?f arv (8)&ufaeYwiG f
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;
1951 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (15)&ufaeYwiG f ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGUJ csKyf trnfjzifh jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid f &mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGUJ csKyftaMumif; tusOf;csKyfrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf/
rlvtrnf - ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
twkad umuf - A.u.o
t*Fvyd b f momjzifh - All Burma Students Union
twkad umuf - A.B.S.U
pwifzUJG pnf;onfEh pS f - 1936 ckEpS ?f arv(8)&uf
,cktrnf - ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf
twkad umuf - Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf
t*Fvyd b f momjzifh - All Burma Federation of Student Unions
twkad umuf - A.B.F.S.U
jyefvnfzUJG pnf;onfEh pS f - 1951 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (15)&uf
Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyt f vH - teDa&mifatmufcw H iG f a&T0ga&mifcyG af 'gif;onf a&T0g
a&mifpuf0idk ;f twGi;f wGif uk, d yf idk ;f usa&mufvsuyf g&Sad p
&rnf/ tvH\t&G,yf rmPrSm tvsm;(9)ay? teH(5)ay
jzpfonf/ tvHBu;D i,fuv dk u dk íf þtcsKd ;tpm;twkid ;f
jzpfap&rnf/(tvHerlemykH pmrsuEf mS -28wGiaf z:jyxm;)
Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyw f q H yd f - urÇmvk;H yko H P²mefaemufcpH uf0idk ;f twGi;f wGif pmtkyzf iG hf
/ vsuyf yHk g&Sad pí pmtkyyf \ Hk vuf0b J ufeaH b;wGif rD;wkwu f dk
vufjzifu h idk af qmifxm;aomykH uyfvsuyf g&Sad p&rnf/
ppf E k d i f O D ; puf0idk ;f tem;wavsmufwiG f ywfvnf0ef;&Hvsuf ]]ArmEkid if H
vk;H qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKy}f } t*Fvyd b f mom
jzifh "All Burma Federation of Student Unions"[k
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ nDvmcHukd
pwifzGJUpnf;cJhonfh 1936 ckESpfuwnf;u usif;ycJh&m 1960
Zlvidk f
ckEpS w
f iG f qXrtBurd tf xd a&muf&cdS yhJ gonf/ acwftqufquf
usif;ycJhonhf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcHrsm;rS a&muf&Sdaeonfh 12 v&moD
acwfumvtajctaeESihf avQmn f pD mG jynfov l x l t
k usKd ;? ausmif; tvSukd,fpD &SdMuayr,fh
om;xktusdK;ukd &nfoefí rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;ukd csrSwfNrJ jzpfyg
onf/ ,ck 2007ckEpS f Mo*kwv f (28)&ufaeYwiG f jyefvnfzUJG pnf;
tmPm&Sipf epfq;dk tmPm½l;vlwpkaMumifh
cJhaom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wkid ;f jynf&UJ tvSq;Hk tm;
vnf; 1960ckEpS f q|rtBurd n f v D mcH csrwS cf ahJ om rl0g'rsm;ay: jynfo&Yl wemrsm;
wG i f tajccH u m 1988 ck E S p f Mo*k w f v (28)&uf a eUwG i f
ukdrif;ukdEkdif OD;aqmifzGJUpnf;cJhonfh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif; wkaYd usmif;om;awG toufq;Hk
om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ukdifpGJcJhaom tajccHrlrsm;ukd qufvuf b0awGtarSmifzkH;cJh ...
ukdifpGJí jynfolvlxktusdK;? ausmif;om;xktusdK;twGuf quf tvSEIdif;p&mr&Sdayr,fh
vuf wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
b0orkid ;f uAsm&Sw
d hJ v
ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyf\tajccHrrl sm; wESpfajymif;ayr,fh
tjzpfra[mif;wJh v
1/ trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;(0g)ppftmPm&SifpepfqefUusifa&;/
2/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ ta0;qD usefayr,fh
3/ 'Drkdua&pDynma&;/ aoG;nSD eHaeao;wJh v
4/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;/ arhvkdYr&
5/ ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;/
þv .../ /
ckdifrmol

24 5
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

]]1920 ausmif;om;uvnf; 'D tMurf;rzufwJhenf;aygh? Nidrf;csrf;wJhenf;eJY

Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHk vIy&f mS ;wJh vIy&f mS ;rIy?J tJ'rD mS tusK;d oufa&mufru I awmh trsK;d om;ausmif;awG
ay:vmwm? wcg 1935-36u usaemf rDNy/D usaemfwYdk 10 wef;aygh tJ'aD cwfu/
tJ'Duawmh usaemfwkdY ausmif;om;&JU tiftm;pkaygh/
(1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdif 7 &uf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH 46 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf pwifNyD;awmh pnf;&k;H wmyJ/ 1935-36rSm ArmEdik if v H ;Hk
tjzpf ukdatmifxGef; a&;om;jyKpkaom ]]jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;om; vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif; }} qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ay:vmwm 'g olU&JUtusK;d
pmtkyfrS ppftmPm&Sifpepf\bDvl;qkdif;ESifh Zlvkdif 7 &ufta&;awmfykHtjzpfrSefukd yJ/ 1938–39? 1300jynht f a&;awmfyv Hk Udk ac:wJh taxG
,aeYacwf ausmif;om;wkdY trSeftwkdif;odap&ef jyefvnful;,laz:jyygonf/) axGoydwf tJ'guawmh wuúov kd o
f r*¾acgif;aqmifwhJ
ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIeYJ tBuKH ;0ifvmNy?D tJ'rD mS uawmh
Zlvdkifv (7) &uf? aeYv,f (1) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om; ausmif;om;awGruawmhb;l ? tvkyo f rm;? v,form;
rsm;or*¾rS BuD;rSL;í ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf; ½kyo f rd ;f ay;a&; qE´jyyGu
J sif;y&m vlwef;pm;awG&JU vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIeJY qufoGm;NyD/ tm;
obmywdtjzpf wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾Ouú| udAk aqGav;u aqmif tifrwef BuD;rm;wJh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD; jzpfvmNyD/ tJ'DrSmwkef;u a'gufwm
½GuNf y;D ? tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udo k m'd;k u aqmif½u
G of nf/ ausmif;om; (2000) barmftpd;k &aygh? ol jyKwu f somG ;wmyJ/ tJ'guvnf; Nird ;f csr;f wJeh nf;eJY tMurf;
cefY wufa&mufMuonf/ xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm; zsuf rzufwehJ nf;eJY 'Dru kd a&pD vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIvUdk ac:&r,fh vIy&f mS ;rIygyJ? tJ't
D iftm;
odr;f a&;? ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwiG f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f yg0ifciG ahf y;&ef? eJY usaemfwYdk ausmif;om;awGeYJ 'DEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGeYJ aygif;rdNy;D awmh zufqpf
ausmif;aqmifvdkolwdkif; ausmif;aqmif&a&;twGuf ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; awmffvSefa&;txd yg0ifEdkifwJh tajctaexda&mufvmw,f/}}
aqmufvyk af y;&ef? zdEydS cf sKycf s,o
f nfh ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk ½kyo f rd ;f a&; '*k e f w m&m
twGuf uefYuGufyGJrsm;usif;yí qE´jyvSnfhvnf&ef qHk;jzwfonf/ xdkYaemuf
wuotaqmuftODa½SUwGif pk½;kH um rEÅav;ausmif;aqmif? awmifial usmif;
aqmif? '*Hak usmif;aqmif? a½Tbakd usmif;aqmif? t"dywdvrf;rS bGUJ ESi;f obifukd
t"dywdvrf;twdkif; pDwef;vSnfhvnfí wuoa½SUü vlpkcGJvdkufMuonf/

pDwef;vSnfhvnf&mwGif-
]rw&m;pnf;urf;awG tvdkr½Sd}
]rw&m;csKyfcs,frIawG tvdkr½dS}
]ausmif;aqmifawGudk tusOf;aqmifrvkyfeJY}
]csKyfcs,frIawG tvdkr½Sd} Zlvkdif(8)&ufaeY reuf (6)
]rw&m;pnf;urf;awG zsufodrf;} em&DwGif ausmif;om;or*¾
taqmuftODukd 'kdif;erkduf
]ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfMu}
jzifhcGJNyD; tysuftqD;ykHukd
xdkodkY a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzifh wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhavonf/ &Sif;vif;aeMupOf/
6 23
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

ausmif;0ifciG Ehf iS hf taqmif&a&;udk vHjk cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyrf aI umfrwDrsm;\ axmuf
Zlvkdif 7 &uf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHrS cHrIjzifh avQmufcJh&onf/
EkdifiHa&;xif[yfcsuf xkaYd emuf rdbtkyx f ed ;f ol\ 0efccH suu
f wduv kd nf; wifc&hJ onf/ ,cktcg
tusO;f axmifEiS rhf jcm; tcsKycf aH e&jyefonf/ n (8) em&Dx;kd vQif taqmifwcH g;
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odr;f yku d , f cl o hJ nf/ Akv d af e0if;onf ppftmPm&Siyf yD D ppfrmeftjynfh &So d jl zpfNy;D ? trSew f &m;ukd (odkYr[kwf) vufaxmuftaqmifrSL;u ppfaq;vQif rdrdtcef;ü ½Sdae&rnf/
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&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh tmPmodr;f Ny;D (2)vtwGi;f rSmyif ausmif;om;xktm; zdEydS af &;ajcvSr;f rsm;ukd
reuf (7)em&DrS (10)em&D naepmudrk l nae (6)em&DrS auR;rnf/ eHeufxrif;
pwifvmawmhonf/
1962 ckEpS ?f arv 10 &ufaeYwiG f wuúov dk af umifpu D dk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;? tmPmodr;f
ESifh naexrif;tMum; aumfzD (2) Budrfwkdufrnf ponfrsm;tjyif pnf;urf;
awmfveS af &;aumifprD S ppfAv dk rf sm;jzifh wuúov dk af umifpt D opfudk zGUJ pnf;jcif;? rvkt d yfyJ ausmif;ol azmufzsufvQif ausmif;aqmifrS xkwfypfrnf[k pnf;urf;wydk'fqHk;wdkif; Ncdrf;
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;pnf;urf;? taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; wif;Muyfjcif;wkUd ukd qufwu dk f ajcmufxm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;pnf;urf;rsm;udk nDnDñGwfñGwfeJY
jyKvyk v f mcJah yonf/ wduk &f if b,forl S rcHEikd b f ;l / or*¾oabmxm;rsm;udk xkwaf 0í o[m,ESihf
xko d Ydk ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;wif;MuyfrEI iS hf ywfoufNy;D ? 1962 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f 7 pmzwftoif;rsm; tjrefzUJG &ef pnf;½H;k cJo h nf/ o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;tm;vH;k
&ufaeY aeYvnf 1 em&DwiG f &efuek w f uúovdk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS Bu;D rSL;vsuf ausmif;aqmif yl;aygif;NyD; or*¾acgif;aqmifrIESifh wdkuf,l&ef jzpfonf/ odkYaomf o[m,ESifh
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jym;ap&ef? vufuikd w f w
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tMurf;zuf ESrd ef if;cJah omenf;onf ppftmPm&Siw f Ydk ,aeYwikd f qufvufusio hf ;Hk aeaomenf;em
ausmif;om;trsm;pkuvnf; o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;Edkif&ef ykdrdk
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(1) Zlvidk (f 7)&uf ta&;awmfyo Hk nf Armjynforkid ;f wGif ppftmPm&Sifpepfudk wufvQif yk*?H jynf? waumif;aqmifrsm;odYk oGm;a&mufNy;D rdrw d Ykd b0wlausmif;om;rsm;udk
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wkdufyGJjzpfonf/ wuotaqmuftODü zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;aom taqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk uefY
(3) ppftmPm&SifpepfatmufwGif ausmif;om;wkdU yxrqkH; aoG;ajruscJh&onfh uGuq f E´jyyGwJ &yf jyKvyk &f eftwGuf tpnf;ta0; ac:,lcahJ vonf/ ,if;tpnf;
ausmif;om;wkdufyGJjzpfonf/
ta0;onf ordkif;0if taqmuftODBuD;\ aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0;jzpfonfudk
(4) ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;wGif ppftmPm&SifpepfqefUusifa&;twGuf a&&SnfEkdifiH
a&;t&if;tES;D &oGm;onfh ausmif;om;wku d yf jJG zpfonf qkad omtcsurf sm;ukd awGU&S&d ygonf/ rnfonfhausmif;om;rQ rod½SdcJhay/
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22 7
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEdkiArmEk
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All Burma Federation of Student Unions(ABFSU)
]]ArmjynfBu;D [m vGwv f yfa&;&wm MumygNy?D 'gayr,fh 'DaeYtxd ynma&;[m
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8
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

wdu
k yf 0JG if&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? trsK;d om;ynma&; wnf
aqmufa&;twGuf a½SUvkyfief;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&vdrfhOD;r,f? rw&m;
ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;awGudkvnf; ½kyfodrf;zdkY vufwGJwdkuf&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/
'DwdkufyGJawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;vufeuf[m ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;yJ?
ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ukd r&raewnfaqmufNy;D ausmif;om;or*¾&UJ cGyaf 'gif;
7/ udkpnfolarmif 8/ udkOmPfvif;atmif tvHatmufrmS pkpnf;nDñw G Nf y;D qufvuf wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;Muygpd}Yk } [k trIaqmif
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tMurf ; zd E S d y f r I p wif N yD
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20 9
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
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hf wl zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f cHc&hJ olrsm;
OD;vSaiGwdkY urm½Gwf&JXmewGif a&muf½Sdaeonf/ oD;oefY&Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAkH;
wGif ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;
(7)vH;k ypfazmufvu kd o f nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u qufvufqE´jya<u;aMumfaeqJ vnf; zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHcJh&ygonf/ pm&if;&&Sdxm;onfh ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m
jzpfonf/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifu &Jrif;BuD; OD;vSaiGtm; &Jrsm;jzifhom qlylrI ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf r S zrf ; qD ; xd r f ; od r f ; cH x m;&aomausmif ; ol
xde;f ay;&ef wm0efay;onf/ nae (4)em&D (20)rdepfwiG f txl;owif;axmuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf/
vSrf;a&;Xme &Jrif;BuD; OD;armifarmifESifh wwd,&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;armif
armifMunfwYkd a&muf½v dS mNy;D tajctaeudk tuJcwfMuonf/ Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pde?f
Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D wifp;kd ? &efuek &f rJ if;Bu;D OD;cifarmifarmif? 'k-&Jrif;Bu;D OD;oef;? 'kAv kd rf LS ;
Bu;D pdev f iG w f v Ykd nf; a&muf½v dS monf/ nae (4)em&D (45)rdepfwiG f rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH
(6)vHk;ypfNyD; ESdrfeif;jyefonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;rsm; qufvufqE´jyaeí
aemufxyfAkH; (4)vHk; xyfí azmufonf/
ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;rI tenf;i,f &yfqikd ;f oGm;aomf 'k-Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D pdef 1/ udkausmfudkudk 2/ r[efeDOD;
vGifonf ausmif;om;rsm;qDodkYoGm;NyD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; xGufyg[k (r[mwef;? pD;yGm;a&;wuúov
kd )f (Oya'aemufqHk;ESpf? '*Hkwuúodkvf)
ajym&m udkusif? udkpdef0if;? udkxGef;ausmf? udk0if;ñGefY? wuúodkvft&Hwyf&if;rS
ppf0wfpHk0wfxm;aom udkvSxGef;wdkY xGufvmMuonf/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifu
qlyrl u I x kd ed ;f ay;u rdrw d &Ykd rJ sm; jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f ay;rnf[k ajymonf/ ausmif;om;
rsm;u ppf0wfpHk0wfxm;aom udkvSxGef;\tusÐudk 0dkif;ícRwfNyD; ppfOD;xkyfudk
abmfv;kH vdv k yk Nf yD; uefMuonf/ xdaYk emuf qE´jyrIrsm;? cJypfrrI sm; qufvufjzpf
yGm;vmMuNy;D oD;oef&Y rJ sm;u rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH (6)vH;k xyfryH pf&m rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH aMumifh 3/ udk&Jjrwf[def; 4/ ukd&Jrif;OD;
'Pf&m&oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsif;csif;az;rí taqmiftwGif;odkY (ocsmyF xrESp?f taemufyikd ;f wuúov
kd )f (r[mwef;? pD;yGm;a&;wuúov
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ausmif;½kH;ykdif abmufp*Gef p^6203 udk vrf;ray:odkY wGef;vmNyD; rD;½dIUvdkufMu
onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmNy;D qE´jyrIjrifrh m;vmum a<u;aMumforH sm;
ykdrdkjrifhrm;vmonf/ nae(5)em&D rdepf(40)wGif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdefu qlylrI 5/ rEdk;Edk; 6/ ukd'DNidrf;vif;
(yxrESp?f ta&SUydik ;f wuúov
kd )f (blrad A'aemufq;kH ESp?f taemufyikd ;f wuúov
kd )f
10 19
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
&Sad ewmyJ/ olweYkd t YJ wl yl;aygif;yg0ifoifw h ,f/ wdjYk refrmvlrsKd ;awGrmS taMumuf &yfqdkif;&ef ajymonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; qufvufqE´jyae&m ntcsdefwGif
w&m; MuD;pd;k aew,f/ vufwqkypf mavmuf&w dS hJ ppfacgif;aqmifawGvufxu J aoewfESifh ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJh&m aoqHk;rIrsm;? 'Pf&m&rIrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/
vufeufxuf tpGr;f xufwhJ wdjYk ynfoal wG&UJ tiftm;qkw d m &Syd gao;w,f/ igwdYk &efuek cf ½dik f &mZ0wfw&m;olBu;D u urm½Gwt f 0dik ;f Bu;D e,fajrtm; yk'rf (144)
bmudak MumufaerSmvJ? igwdYk bmudak wGa0aerSmvJ? a&SUu xGu&f w J v hJ u l xGu?f xkwfjyefNyD; wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif; ae0ifrD;Nidrf;trdefYxkwfvdkufonf/
aemufuxGu&f w J v hJ ul xGuf tJ'h v
D ekd YJ vlxt k m;vH;k om yg0ifvmcJ&h if igwdYk vdck sif
awmifhwwJhtdyfruf taumifxnfay:NyDaygh/ pufwifbm a&T0ga&mifvIyf&Sm;rI wuotaqmuf t OD B uD ; Nzd K cG J j cif ;
bmaMumifh ratmifjrifwmvnf;vdYk ar;wJv h al wG &SMd uygw,f/ vH;k 0ratmifjrif 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (8)&uf? eHeuf (6)em&DwGif wuúodkvfor*¾
wmrS r[kwfyJ/ wurÇmvHk;twdkif;twmeJY atmifjrifcJhwmyg/ wdYkjynfolawG taqmuftODukd 'kid ;f erdu k jf zifh NzKd cyJG pfvu kd af vonf/ e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;? zufqpf
Edik cf MhJ uwmyg/ ppfbv D ;l awGuom t&Suo f u d m© r&Sd &ufpuf,w k rf mcJw h myg/ puf qefu Y siaf &;? trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ordik ;f rSww f ikd Bf u;D jzpfaom &efuek w f uú
wifbmta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh wdjYk ynfoal wG&UJ teD;uyfq;kH yef;0ifcgeD;yg/ odv k of r*¾ taqmuftODBu;D udk rdu k rf pJ mG NzKd cv JG ukd of nf/ xkrd QEiS hf r&yfao;bJ
wm0eft½Sq d ;kH yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfaom awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú| Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;u
oHCmawmfawG&UJ touf? ausmif;om;awG&UJ touf? jynfoal wG&UJ touf? touf
,if;taqmuftODrmS ausmif;om;rsm;udk tvGo J ;kH pm;vkyu f m ausmif;tmPm
aygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyfNy;D w*dwNf y;D w*dwf acwftqufqufuwnf;u ausmjf zwf
ydkifESifh tpdk;&udk ykefuefvIHYaqmfonfhtaqmuftOD jzpfvmaMumif;ESifh ajr
cJhMuwmyg/ jynfolw&yfvHk;u ppfrSefwJh rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfeJYom oHCmawmfawG? atmufolykefrsm; vQKdY0SufqufoG,f&m XmecsKyfBuD;jzpfí Mum½Snf cGifhrjyKEdkif
ausmif;om;awGeYJ yl;aygif;Muyg/ igwdYk trsKd ;bmom omoemudk umuG,Mf uyg/ ojzifh NzKd cv
JG ukd &f aMumif;? ]'g;'g;csi;f ? vSv H cHS si;f }[k ajymqdo k mG ;avonf/ odaYk omf
awmfveS af &;wdUk rnfonf aoG;ajrrusyJ Ny;D ½d;k xH;k pHr&Syd gbl;/ordik ;f tqufqufrmS wuoonfvnf;aumif;? Auoonfvnf;aumif; raoqH;k ? tNzdKcGrJ cH&ay/
vnf; oHCmawmfawG? ausmif;om;awG&UJ toufaoG;acR;aygif;rsm;pGm ay;qyfchJ ausmif;om;ordik ;f onf qufvufxeG ;f ajymifaernf? ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIonf
MuwmyJ/ 'g[m tcs;D ES;D b,fawmhrS rjzpfb;l ? ud, k w
fh ikd ;f jynf ud, k vfh rl sKd ;twGuf qufvuf½Sifoefaernfom jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;onf rnfodkYaomtcgrQ
toufay;cJMh uwm b,favmuf *kP, f pl &maumif;vJ? vlcsi;f wlayr,fh wefz;kd zHk;uG,fír&ay/ xm0&wnfjrJaeaom trSefw&m;twGuf trSefw&m;buf
csi;f rwlygbl;/ igwdaYk emufrsKd ;qufawG ppfzed yfatmufrmS touf&iS o f ef&wmrsKd ; awmfom;rsm;u qufvufavQmufvrS ;f aeMuOD;rnf? trSew f &m;udk qefu Y sio
f l
rjzpfatmif igwdYk umuG,Mf u&r,f? igwdUk ay;qyfMu&r,f/ igwdEYk ikd if &H UJ tem*wf rsm;vnf; ½SdaeOD;rnf? ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;rsm;onfvnf; qufvuf½Sdae
udk igwdUk zefw;D Mu&r,f/ igwdo Yk rdik ;f udk igwdYk a&;Mu&r,f/ jynfoal wG arSsmv f ifh OD;rnf/ /
csufawG &Sdygao;w,f/ 2008-ckESpf[m ppftmPm&Sif&JU ed*Hk;yJ/ wdkYjynfolawG
]]taqmuftODudkom NzdKvdkY&r,f?
tcsed af umif;udk apmifah e&r,f/ ,HMk unfcsuef t YJ wl Murf;wrf;wJv h rf;udk wdjYk ynfol
tarmifwdkY &ifxJu or*¾pdwf"mwfudkawmh
awG pkaygif;tm;eJU azmuf&OD;r,f/ ra0;awmhwhJ tem*wftwGuf ausmif;om;
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jynfol vufwGJul atmifjrifzdkUvrf; igwdkU vSrf;MuygpdkU/ /
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d af tmifausmf ausmufwidk ef t YJ wl 7.7.1962 aeYrmS usq;Hk oGm;
aom ausmif;om;pkpak ygif; wpf&mausmu f dk &nfp;l í ]&mausmf
a'gif ; aejcnf ausmufwidk }f ukd pku
d x
f cl &hJ m? xkd ]&mausmaf usmufwidk }f zGiyhf JG tcrf;
(ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf) tem;wGif q&mBu;D ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f rdeMYf um;cJah ompum;)
18 11
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf

atmifyt
GJ qufqufcOH ;D rnf áááááááááá a&SU rSm wku
d f yGJ . . . . . . .
vdt k yfcsuqf w
kd m vlwikd ;f rSm&Sw d wfw,f? rjynfph jkH cif;qdw k mvnf; vlwikd ;f
usm; / / igwkYd ausmif;om; aygif;pnf;vkYd nD&rnf x x x trsK;d om;a&;ukd
rSm &Sdw,f/ tJ'DvdktyfcsufawG jznfhqnf;zdkU? jynfhpHkzdkU vlwdkif;u BudK;pm;aeMu
BudKqkdzkdY&nf - - - &w,f/ b,favmufyJ BuKd ;pm;jznfq h nf; ud, k Bf uKd ;pm;xm;orSs t&mwdik ;f rcHpm;&
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r / / igwkd ah usmif;om; aygif;pnf;vkYd nD&rnf x x x trsK;d om;a&;ukd jynfolqDu tcGefaiGawG rw&m;aumuffcH? jynfoludk *kwfaoG;pkyf jc,fvS,f?
BudKqkdzkdY&nf - - - AdkvfcsKyfBuD;awG&JU rdom;pkuawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JU tcsrf;omqHk;pm&if;rSm xdyfqHk;
vGwv f yfcidk jf rJ t"Ge&Yf n S zf t Ydk wnf x x x jynfcsppf w d "f gwf arG;pkn
Yd D - - - ae&mu &yfv/Ykd wdjYk ynfoal wGrmS awmh pm;0wfaea&; cufcv J eG ;f vdYk vdik ;f um;awmif
usm; / / a[ - - nDnn D mnm x x x vGwv f yfa&;xde;f odr;f rnf x x x
zufqpf0g'Dwu dk zf surf nf - - -
rpD;Edik w f b hJ 0? um;rpD;Edik v f Ykd vrf;avSsmufjyefawmhvnf; vGwv f yfpmG vrf;avSsmuf
a[ - nDnn D mnm x x x vGwv f yfa&;xde;f odr;f rnf x x x e,fcsJ &h efudk ydik cf iG rhf &S/d 'Dvkd qif;&Jcufcv J w S b hJ 0awG tqH;k owfzYkd vdNk y/D vlwikd ;f rSm vlt Y cGihf
wGe;f NzKd rnf - - - ta&;qdw k m &Sw d myJ/ vlt Y cGit hf a&;qdw k m&Srd eS ;f rodavmufatmifukd zdEydS cf sKyjf c,f
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&mZ0ifcef;quf&n S f--- awGu vlrI'ku© tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGm BuHKawGUae&w,f/ tcuftcJ tMuyf
b0opf rkew f idk ;f vSr;f cszD &Ydk nf x x x atmifyt GJ qufqufczH ;l onf wnf;qdw k m ae&mwdik ;f rSm &Sad yr,fh rvkv d m;tyfyJ cufcaJ e&w,f/ 'gawGtm;vH;k
usm; / / a[- - atmifNyD atmifNyD Nird ;f csr;f a&; xde;f odr;f rnf x x x
zufqpf0g'Dwu dk zf surf nf - - -
b,folawGaMumifhvJ? 'Dar;cGef;udkawmh vlwdkif;odMuygw,f/ ppftpdk;&aMumifh
a[ - - atmifNyD atmifNyD vGwv f yfa&;xde;f odr;f rnf x x x e,fcsUJ &efudk igwdb Yk 0awG cufcMJ uyfwnf;ae&wm etzppftpd;k &aMumifh 'Dacwf 'DpepfaMumifh
wGe;f NzKd rnf - - - qdNk y;D tcsi;f csi;f vufoyd x f ;kd ajymae½Hek YJ ajz&Si;f Ekid rf mS r[kwyf gbl;/ vlt Y cGiahf &;&JU
r / / ausmif;om;todEiS hf ausmif;om;tcGiw hf ifjyrnf x x x aoG;pnf;vkyYd if t"duuswhJ vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG ?hf vGwv f yfpmG pka0;cGi?hf vGwv f yfpmG awmif;qdck iG ?hf
&mZ0ifcef;quf&n S f--- vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG ?hf aMumuf&jHG cif;? csdKUiJjh cif; uif;vGwpf mG toufarG;ydik cf iG hf
Auorsm;tzJUG csKyOf ;D aqmif x x x atmifyt GJ qufqufcOH ;D rnf - - - / / tp&Sw d hJ tajccHuswJh vltcGit hf a&;udak wmif rodaus;uRefjyK tkycf sKyfaew,f
(acwftqufquf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;oDqkdcJhMuaom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m
qd&k if 'DxufruwJh tcGit hf a&;awGqkd ydq k ;kd NyaD ygh/ etzppftpd;k &u zdEydS cf sKyjf c,f
ausmif;om; or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf\ w&m;0ifoDcsif;ukd jyefvnfaz:jyygonf/) aewmudyk J wdjYk ynfoal wG cHaeawmhrmS vm;/ 'Dtwdik ;f yJ rsupf pd rkH w dS f Buw d cf aH eawmh
rSmvm;? 'g[m rw&m;vkyfaewmyJ cHp&mtaMumif;rS r&Sdwm? rw&m;vkyfwm
rcHbl;qdkNyD; awmfvSef&rSm r[kwfvm;/ tm;vHk;yJ Edk;Mum;Muyg? owd&SdMuyg/
ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyrf S xkwaf 0onfh tk;d a0*sme,foUdk ud, k t f cGit hf a&;u ud, k w f ikd af wmif;rS &rSmyg? wa,mufxJ rawmif;&J&if wpk
pmrlrsm;? a0zeftBujH yKpmrsm; ay;ykUd vkv
d Qif pkr,f/ wpkurS wzGUJ ? tJ't D zGUJ awGurS pkaygif;Ny;Dd wdEYk ikd if oH m;awG&UJ vdt k yfcsuu f kd
abfsu.07@gmail.com, abfsu2007@gmail.com okUd ay;ykEYd idk yf gonf/ awmif;qdkMu&r,f/ jynfolawGudk OD;aqmifrIay;r,fh awmfvSefa&;tzGJUawG
12 17
 tdk;a0 *sme,f ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS xkwfa0onf
vspfvsL&IraeedkifwJhvluyJ olYtpm; tiftm;jznfh 0if&yfwnf&rSmygyJ/ NyD;cJhwJh
arvrSm tmPmydik af wGu usrwdjYk ynfoal wG a&G;cs,w f ifajrmufxm;wJh jynfoUl uk,
d yf idk t
f cGit
hf a&; okrYd [kwf ausmif;om;or*¾vyI &f mS ;rI
vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGrygbJ etzu wzwfowfa&;qGx J m;wJh ppfuRejf yK
r,fh zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'udk jynfoq Yl E´rygbJ twnfjyKcw hJ ,f/ 'g[m
vlYtcGifhta&;aMujimpmwrf; tydk'f(21)? tydk'fcGJ(1)rSm yg0ifwJh ]vlwidk ;f wGif usrwdkY ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wkdif;jynf&JUtem*wftwGuf tvif;
rdrdEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfa&; udk,fwdkifjzpfap? vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvdkufonfhudk,f ay;r,f Mu,fyGifhav;rsm;om jzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh etzppftpdk;&u usrwdkY
pm;vS,frsm;rS wqifhjzpfap yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sdonf}qdkwmudk tvG,f ausmif;olausmif;om;awGtay:rSm Ekid if &H UJ ta&;udk tNrw J rf;yJ rsupf yd w d f em;ydwf
wul csKd ;azmufvu kd jf cif;ygyJ/ 'gudk usrwdYk ausmif;om;xktaeeJaY &m jynfoal wG xm;NyD; olwkdYtkyfcsKyfrIudk rxdckduf&ifNyD;a&m usefwJh pm&dwÅtydkif;awG ynma&;
taeeJYyg b,fenf;eJYrS vufrcHEdkifygbl;/ 'DtwGuf etzbufu usrwdkY&JU tydik ;f awG ysupf ;D aeygap vGwv f yfpmG ysupf ;D cGihf jyKxm;w,f/ usrwkYd jrefrmEdik f
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGeYJ usrwd&Yk UJ oli,fcsi;f awGukd zrf;qD;axmifcsxm; iHrSm b,favmufyJ tcGifhta&;awG qHk;&HI;aew,fajymajym ysufpD;cGifhudkawmh
Ny;D usrwdu Yk kd b,fvykd J vdu k vf zH rf;qD; acsreI ;f ESyd u
f yG af eygap? usrwdYk Auorsm; tvG,fwul ay;xm;w,f/ NrdKYay:rSm cefYcefYxnfxnfeJY &efukefwuúodkvf&SdwJh
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h ,f/ &efuek w f uúov kd f
wAdv k u f swAdv k wf ufpepfeYJ usrwdYk jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;awG arSsmv f ifah wmifw h qdw k m usrwdYk i,fi,fav;uwnf;u wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk tpfuakd wG tpfrawG
aewJh usrwd&Yk UJ wlnrD I &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik jf zpfwhJ jrefrmjynf ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru
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