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“ELECTRONIC CANDLES”
Bachelor of Technology
In
Guide Submitted by
Sunny Yadav(0071152807)
AFFILIATED TO
This is to certify that the dissertation/project report (course code- 28 ) entitled ‘ELECTRONIC
CANDLES’ done by Mr. Suraj Singh(1051152807) , Ms. Priya Mittal (0981157308), Mr. Sumit
Dalal (0031152807), Mr. Sunny Yadav (0071157308) an authentic work carried out by them at
BVCOE under my guidance. The matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted
earlier for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Mr. Piyush Chanana
for providing us his valuable guidance and kind support towards the fulfillment of the
project.
Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved
parents for their blessings, our friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the
successful completion of this project.
ABSTRACT
In this project our main aim was to study the complete working of “Circuit Maker” and
then how to design a PCB (Printed Circuit Board).Here we have designed a PCB for
“Electronic candles”. For this first we understood the various integral parts of the circuit
i.e. 555 Timer IC, SCR1(c106),serial in/parallel out shift register and power supply.
After studying all these parts our objective was to obtain a circuit which will produce a
randomly flickering light effect in an electric bulb. During this we also studied the
various characteristics of SCR1(c106) and 555 timer.
Contents
S.No. Page no.
1. Introduction 1-3
2. Hardware Description
4. Component Requirements 21
5. Conclusion 22
6. Future Scope 23
7. Bibliography 24
List of Figure
S no. Name of the diagram Page no.
1. Block diagram of design 2
INTRODUCTION
This project work is an attempt to design electronic candle that can produce the effect of
candle light in a normal electric bulb. A candle light as we all know , resembles a
randomly flickering light. These aren't the only electric candles, but they are easily
among the best - behaving incredibly like a real candle. The LED bulbs flicker more
realistically than most other flameless candles, just like a real flame. One of the biggest
advantages of these lights is the quality of the flicker. Generally, flickering LED candles
have a randomized flickering program me "cycle", that repeats itself. Lengthen this cycle
(which requires more memory in the electronics), and the candle can be made to be more
realistic. So the objective of this project activity is to produce a randomly flickering light
effect in an electric bulb.
To achieve this, the entire circuit can be divided into three parts. The first part comprises
IC1 (555), IC2 (74LS164), IC3 (74LS86), IC4 (74LS00) and the associated components.
These generate a randomly changing pulse.
The second part of the circuit consists of SCR1 (C106), an electric bulb connected
between anode of SCR1 and mains live wire and gate trigger circuit components.
It is basically half-wave AC power being supplied to the bulb.
The third part is power supply to generate regulated 5V DC from 230V AC for random
signal generator. It comprises a step down transformer(X1), full-wave rectifier (diodes
D3 and D4), filter capacitor (C9), followed by a regulator (IC5).
Figure 1
Clock generator : It is a circuit that produces a timing signal known as a clock signal
and for use in synchronizing a circuit's operation. The signal can range from a simple
symmetrical square wave to more complex arrangements. The basic parts that all clock
generators share are a resonant circuit and an amplifier
Serial to Parallel Converter: It is a 8 – bit Serial in / Parallel out shift register which
has gated serial inputs and an asynchronous clear. It operates on frequency 36MHz clock
frequency typically.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
2. 555-Timer IC
4. Gates
6. Electric Bulb
It comprises a step down transformer, full wave rectifier, filter capacitor, followed by a
regulator
Circuit Diagram of Regulated DC power supply
Figure 2
The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic
circuits
Rectifier: There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC
to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC.
A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is
used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper.
Regulator: Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current
Component 2: 555-Timer IC
The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and
multivibrator applications. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes
over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-
line package (DIP-8).
Figure 3
The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if the voltage at
6 THR
THR is at least 2/3 VCC)
Table 1
Monostable mode: In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a “one-shot”
pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a trigger signal. The
width of the pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists
of a capacitor(C) and a resistor(R). The pulse ends when the charge on the C equals 2/3
of the supply voltage. The pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the
specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.
Figure 4
The pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply
voltage, is given by
Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch
switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM)
etc
Astable mode - In this mode , the '555 timer ' puts out a continuous stream of
rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between
VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the
discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a
common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only
through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the
cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.
Figure 5
In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1,
R2 and C:
where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the
capacitor in farads.
Applications include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation ,etc.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The Bistable Circuit toggles between the states.
Triggering one input sets the output to the low state, while triggering another input sets
the output to the high state. The name "bistable" means "two stable states".It can
operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses
include bounce free latched switches, etc.
In designing of electronic candle, the clock signal is generated by using the 555 timer in
Astable mode. The detailed description of it is given below:
This is the free running mode and the trigger is tied to the threshold pin. It is a timing
circuit whose 'low' and 'high' states are both unstable. As such, the output of an
Astable multivibrator toggles between 'low' and 'high' continuously, in effect generating
a train of pulses. This circuit is therefore also known as a 'pulse generator' circuit.
555 timer configuration in astable mode
Figure 6
The frequency f of the output wave is the reciprocal of this period, and is therefore
given by:
The HIGH and LOW times of each pulse can be calculated from:
The duty cycle of the waveform, usually expressed as a percentage, is given by:
Valuable features:
Figure 8
This 8-bit parallel-out serial shift register features AND -gated serial (A and B) inputs
and an asynchronous clear (CLR) input. The gated serial inputs permit control over
incoming data because a low at either input inhibits entry of the new data and resets the
first flip-flop to the low level at the next clock pulse. A high-level input enables the
other input, which determines the state of the first flip-flop. Data at the serial inputs can
be changed while the clock is high or low,
provided that the minimum setup-time requirements are met. Clocking occurs on the
low-to-high-level transition of the clock (CLK) input. All inputs are diode clamped to
minimize transmission-line effects.
The SN74ALS164A is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.
FUNCTION TABLE
INPUTS OUTPUTS
CLR’ CLK A B QA QB QH
L X X X L L L
H L X X QAD QB0 QH0
H Up H H H QAn QGn
H Up L X L QAn QGn
H Up X L L QAn QGn
Table 2
FEATURES
The hardware implementation of the electronic candle uses the following gates:
1. NAND Gate : The NAND gate is a digital logic gate that behaves in a manner
that corresponds to the truth table given below
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A NAND B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Table 3 Figure 9
A LOW output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH. If one or both inputs
are LOW, a HIGH output results. The NAND gate is a universal gate in the sense that
any Boolean function can be implemented by NAND gates.
Exclusive-NOR GATE : The XNOR gate is a digital logic gate whose function is the
inverse of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate. The two-input version implements logical
equality,behaving according to the truth table to next page
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A XNOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Table 4 Figure 10
A HIGH output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the same. If one but not
both inputs are HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results.
Shockley diodes are curious devices, but rather limited in application. Their usefulness
may be expanded, however, by equipping them with another means of latching. In doing
so, each becomes true amplifying devices (if only in an on/off mode), and we refer to
these as silicon-controlled rectifiers, or SCRs.
The progression from Shockley diode to SCR is achieved with one small addition,
actually nothing more than a third wire connection to the existing PNPN structure:
(Figure below)
Figure 11
The SCR has become the workhorse of the industrial control industry. Its evolution over
the years has yielded a device that is less expensive, more reliable, and smaller in size
than ever before. Typical applications include : DC motor control, generator field
regulation,Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) DC Bus voltage control, Solid State
Relaysand lighting system control.
The SCR is a three-lead device with an anode and a cathode (as with a standard diode)
plus a third control lead or gate. As the name implies, it is a rectifier which can be
controlled - or more correctly - one that can be triggered to the “ON” state by applying a
small positive voltage ( VTM ) to the gate lead. Once gated ON, the trigger signal may
be removed and the SCR will remain conducting as long as current flows through the
device.
It should be mentioned that SCRs may sometimes be turned off by directly shorting their
gate and cathode terminals together, or by "reverse-triggering" the gate with a negative
voltage (in reference to the cathode), so that the lower transistor is forced into cutoff. I
say this is "sometimes" possible because it involves shunting all of the upper transistor's
collector current past the lower transistor's base. This current may be substantial, making
triggered shut-off of an SCR difficult at best. A variation of the SCR, called a Gate-
Turn-Off thyristor, or GTO, makes this task easier. But even with a GTO, the gate
current required to turn it off may be as much as 20% of the anode (load) current!
Volt-Ampere Characteristics
The vertical axis + I represents the device current, and the horizontal axis +V is the
voltage applied across the device anode to cathode. The parameter
It defines the RMS forward current that the SCR can carry in the ON state, while VR
defines the amount of voltage the unit can block in the OFF state.
Biasing
The electric bulb, is a source of electric light that works by connecting the circuit part to
it and produce a randomly flickering light effect in it.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
Circuit
diagram of
electronic
candle
Figure 14
The above
given circuit
diagram is a
simple circuit
that can
produce the
effect of
candle light
in a normal
electric
bulb .To
achieve this ,
the entire circuit diagram is divide into three parts:
The first part is the power supply to generate regulated 5V DC from 230V AC for
random signal generator. It comprises a step down transformer(X1), full-wave rectifier
(diodes D3 and D4), filter capacitor (C9), followed by a regulator (IC5).
The second part comprises of IC1(555), IC2 (74LS164), IC3 (74LS86), IC4 (74LS00)
and the associated components. These generate a randomly changing pulse.
The third part of the circuit consists of SCR1 (C106), an electric bulb connected between
anode of SCR1 and mains live wire and gate trigger circuit components. It is basically
half-wave AC power being supplied to the bulb
The first part of the circuit will provide a regulated voltage to the external circuit which
may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the whole external circuit
.The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC and then regulate it
,simply You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe value i.e. 12-
15 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC.
This circuit can give +5V output at about 150mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A
when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and
terminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely
handle the input voltage feed to circuit.
If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805
chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip
family. The last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage.
In the second part ,The random signal generator of the circuit is built around an 8-Bit
serial in/parallel out shift register (IC2). Different outputs of the shift register IC pass
through a set of logic gates(N1 through N5) and final output appearing at pin 6 of gate
N5 is fed back to the inputs of pins 1and 2 of IC2. The clock signal appears at pin 8 of
IC2, which is clocked by an astable multivibrator configured around timer(IC1). The
clock frequency can be set using preset VR1 and VR2. it can be set around 100Hz to
provide better flickering effect in the bulb.
The random signal generated from the above triggers the gate of SCR1. The electric bulb
gets AC power only for the period which SCR1 is fired.
SCR1 is fired only during the positive half cycles. Conduction of SCR1 depends upon
the gate triggering pin3 of IC2, which is random. Thus, we see a flickering effect in the
light output.
Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable case. Fix bulb
and neon bulb on the front side of the cabinet. Also, connect a power cable for giving
AC mains supply to the circuit for operation. The circuit is ready to use. Since the circuit
uses 230V AC, care must be taken to avoid electric shock.
Components Requirements
• 555 timer IC
• Capacitors(100µF,10µF,1000µF,0.1µF)
• Resistors ( 10kΩ,100kΩ,180Ω)
• Regulator IC-7805
• SCR1(C106) thyristor
• Diodes(1N4148,1N4001,1N4007)
• Bulb(60W,230v)
• Neon Bulb
• Connecting Wires
• Power Supply
CONCLUSION
The system has been designed on PCB that uses various components in its designation.
It has been designed and studied in detail by implementing it. The hardware of this
project is designed to the stage of random signal generation successfully and rest of the
portion can not design due to unavailability of components. We have also studied the
CIRCUIT MAKER software during this project. Circuit maker is a schematic design,
simulation and PCB design tool and the major portion of the project has been simulated
on it. In future the same will be ported onto a small size PCB.
FUTURE SCOPE
Standard wax candles used for decoration and mood lighting produce an open flame and
high temperatures. This is unsuitable for many applications where accidents are likely,
especially around children and pets.In many situations use of candles and other open
flames may be prohibited by local fire and building regulations. It is possible to
realistically simulate these lighting effects electrically. In these situations Electronic
candles can be very useful.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
4.www.ieee.org
5.www.electronicsforu.com