1. The diagram below shows the molecular structure of an amino acid.

(a) In the space below, show how a dipeptide is formed from two amino acids.

[2]
(b) State two sites in a eukaryotic cell where peptide bonds are formed.

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(c) Explain the significance of R groups of different amino acids to protein structure.

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(d) Outline the route by which proteins are exported from a cell.

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1
2. The diagram below shows part of the molecular structure of cellulose and starch
(amylase). Both cellulose and starch are synthesized in plants from glucose.

(a) Describe the differences in molecular structure between cellulose and starch.

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Cellulose has a structural function in plants while starch has a storage function.

(b) Relate these functional differences to the differences in molecular structure of

cellulose and starch.

cellulose_________________________________________________________

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starch___________________________________________________________

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(c) Name the bond formed between adjacent glucose molecules in starch and
cellulose.
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(d) Suggest why amylase, the enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch, will
not catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose.

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2
3.The diagram shows the tertiary structure of a molecule of the enzyme RNAse.

Position A

O═C

HO

(a) What is the name of the chemical group found in the position A?

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(b) i Explain what is meant by the tertiary structure of a protein.

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ii The chemical mercaptoethanol breaks disulphide bonds (bridges). Describe

and explain what would happen to the enzyme activity of RNAase if it were treated
with mercaptoethanol.

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3
4. (a) How many carbon atoms do the following carbohydrate contain?

i glyceraldehydes__________________________________________________

ii glucose ________________________________________________________

iii sucrose _____________________________________________________[ 3 ]

(b) Albumin is a water-soluble protein. Compare albumin with starch by completing

the table. [3]

Albumin Starch

monomer (a single building block)

details of identifying test

colour change in positive result

(c) give a difference between the structure of maltose and lactose.

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(d) Explain the term ‘glycosidic bond’.

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5. (a) Write an account of triglycerides giving details of their structure, functions and
location in both mammals and plants. [10]

(b) What are the differences between a saturated fat and unsaturated fat? [3]

6. (a) Describe the main ways in which a globular protein differs from DNA. [8]

(b) State five important properties of water as a constituent and medium of life. [ 5 ]