Professional Documents
Culture Documents
List of Topics
1. Distance relays - basics
2. Operating characteristics
3. Effect of parallel line
4. Phase selection
5. Power swing blocking
6. Communication scheme
7. Switch on to fault
8. Weak end infeed
9. Supervision fuse failure
10. System supervision.
11. Fault locator
12. Stub protection
13. Earth fault protection
14. Auto reclosing systems
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Fault statistics
• Single phase to earth 80%
• Two phases to earth 10%
• Phase to phase faults 5%
• Three phase faults 5%
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Fault types
• Transient faults
– are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
– lightnings are the most common reason
– can also be caused by birds, falling trees,Forest growth,
swinging lines, High velocity winds etc.
– will disappear after a short dead interval
• Persistent faults
– can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
– can be a tree falling on a line
– must be located and repaired before normal service
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Z<
~ L1-N ~
L2-N
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Fault resistance
L3 L1
• multi-phase faults
consist only of arc resistance L1 L2
• earth faults L2 L3
consist of arc and tower
footing resistance
Warrington´s formula
28707 x L L= length of arc in meters
Rarc = 1.4
I I= the actual fault current in A
Footing resistance
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Fault types
• Mid-span faults
– the fault resistance is out of control
– can be caused by growing trees, bushfire or objects
touching a conductor
– this type of high resistive faults can not be detected by
impedance protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
• SPEED
• SENSITIVITY
• SELECTIVITY
• DEPENDABILITY
• SECURITY
• RELIABILITY
• MTBF
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Measuring principles
• Overcurrent protection
• Over current & under voltage
combination
• Differential protection
• Phase comparison
• Distance protection
ABB ATCF-PT
11
General Line Protection
The principle of distance protection
ZK=Uk/ Ik
Uk Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk B
A
Ik
Z<
ABB ATCF-PT
12
General Line Protection
The principle of distance protection
• Power lines have impedances of size 0,3- 0,4 ohm/ km and normal
angles of 80 - 85 degrees in a 50Hz systems.
A B
ZL=R+jX
Z< Z<
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
The principle of distance protection
t
t3
t2
t1
l
A B C
f1 f2 f3
Zs RL XL
IL1
UL1
IN RN XN
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Measuring loop for two- phase faults
Zs RL XL
IL1
UL1-L2 IL2
Zs RL XL
IL1
UL1 IL2
UL2 IL3
UL3
U= I1Z1+I0Z0+I2Z2 Z1=Z2
3I0=IN
U=I Z1+I0 ( Z0 - Z1 )
I Z0 - Z1
U=I Z1+ N ( Z0 - Z1 )
3
U=IZ1+IN ( 3
)
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
• (1+KN) Z1 gives the total loop impedance for the earth fault
loop for single end infeed.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Double end infeed
I1 I Load
I2
U1 U2
UF RF
UF = RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF ( I1 + I2 )
RF1=
I1
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Measuring error at high resistive earth fault on a
line with double end infeed
X
Rf Load import
ZL
Rf Load export
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Remote faults
– Due to current contribution If2 and If3 in substation B, the
distance protection in station A will measure a higher
impedance than the "true" impedance to the fault.
– The relay will thus underreach and this means in practice it
can be diffcult to get a remote back-up.
A If1 B If2
ZL
If3 If=If1+If2+If3
Um ZF
Z<
Directional measurement
• When a fault occurs close to the relay location the
voltage can drop to a value where the directional
measurement can not be performed.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Design of distance protection
• Switched scheme
– consists of a start relay to select (switch) the measuring
loop to the single measuring relay
• Full scheme
– has a measuring element for each measuring loop and
for each zone
Z<
~ L1-N ~
L2-N
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
2- Operating characteristic
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
• FAST OPERATION
• DIRECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES.
jX
• Low measured reactance
RF
XF
R
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES
• Low measured reactance
jX
• Ratio between fault
resistance and reactance is
high.
• Distance protection with
mho characteristic can not
see average fault resistance.
• Cross polarization has no
significant effect.
RF
XF R
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES
• Quadrilateral characteristic
jX
improves sensitivity for
higher RF/XF ratio.
• It still has some limitations.
-The value of set RF/ XF ratio is
is limited by 5
- Remote infeed increases the
apparent value of fault resistance.
- Requirements on current
instrument transformers are
RF stringent.
XF
R
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES.
jX • Teleprotection schemes improve
the total system behavior.
• Overreaching permissive schemes
increase the sensitivity.
• Weak infeed logic for very high
fault resistance.
• Requirements on CT’s are
decreased.
RF • Independent underreaching
zone 1 is sometimes an
additional advantage.
XF R
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
jX DISTANCE PROTECTION ON LONG LINES
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
DISTANCE PROTECTION ON LONG LINES
• Load impedance limits the reach in
resistive direction.
• High relay of RF/ XF ratio is generally
not necessary
• Circular (mho) characteristic
- has no strictly defined reach
in resistive direction.
- needs limitation in resistive
direction (blinder)
• Influences of heavy load current at
phase to earth faults.
• Sensitivity for low currents.
R
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
LOAD CURRENT INFLUENCES THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT.
e
danc
impe
Line
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
LOAD CURRENT INFLUENCES THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
A B
ILOAD
∼ ZL
∼
RF
EB
EA
IFA IFB
EXPORTING END IMPORTING END
OVERREACHING OVERREACHING
ZM = ZL + RF (
1+
IFB
I FA )
Note : Currents and voltages are phasors
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
LOAD CURRENT INFLUENCES THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
IT IS NOT WHAT MANY HOPE IT IS
•RCALC is an interactive PC based program,
which helps the users in determination of
optimum settings of distance protection.
C •Its operation is based on real algorithms
AL
used in the distance protection.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
IT IS NOT WHAT MANY HOPE IT IS
•It presents the operation areas of distance
protection zones in impedance ( R- X ) plane
• Simulates two machine system :
C -single line.
-double circuit line with zero
AL
sequence mutual coupling.
-remaining network (line)
between two busbars.
RC
-load conditions
-changing fault resistance.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Zero- sequence mutual coupling on parallel lines
ZL
~ ZOM ~
ZL
~ ~
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
EFFECT OF MUTUAL COUPLING ON DISTANCE
RELAYS
∼ ∆ ZOM ∆ ∼
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
EFFECT OF MUTUAL COUPLING ON DISTANCE RELAYS
∼ ∆ ∆ ∼
= - 0.23 ZL
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
EFFECT OF MUTUAL COUPLING ON DISTANCE RELAYS.
∼ ∆
D
KOM
• ZL
∆Z = 1 + KO ZOL - ZL
KO = = 0.864
= 0.38 ZL 3 ZL
∼
D
∴ SET KO = [ ZOL - ZL
3ZL
- KOM ZOM
ZOL ]
AND REACH TO 90%
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
SETTING OF DISTANCE ZONES FOR PARALLEL LINES
• SETTING OF ZONE 2
Z = ZL
[ 1+
(ZOL -ZL ) / 3ZL + KOM
1 + KO ]
ZOL - ZL
∴ SET K0 = 3 ZL
+ KOM AND REACH TO 120 %
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
FOR OTHER CASES VIZ PARALLEL LINE SWITCHED OFF AND
EARTHED AT BOTH LINE ENDS IT MUST BE ENSURED THAT
THIS DOES NOT OVERLAP WITH THE ZONE 2 OF THE
FOLLOWING LINE.
Z Z
0. 44
ZL
THIS MEANS IN THE CASE OF 2nd ZONE SET TO 120 % OF
ZL
WOULD HAVE A REACH OF 173 % OF Z L.
ALT 1 -
BY USING POSSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT VALUES OF EARTH
RETURN COMPENSATING FACTOR K FOR DIFFERENT ZONES
∼
WITHIN THE SAME GROUP OF SETTING PARAMETERS.
ALT 2 -
BY USING DIFFERENT GROUPS OF SETTING PARAMETERS
FOR DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS OF PROTECTED
DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ALTERNATIVE 1
ZOM
ZOL - ZL
KN1 =
[ 3ZL
- KOM
ZOL ]
ZOL - ZL
KN2 =
[ 3ZL
+ KOM
]
ZOL - ZL
KN3 =
[ 3ZL ]
WHERE K OM = ZOM / 3ZL
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ALTERNATIVE 2
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
4-Phase selection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
PHASE SELECTION.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
.
• I PH FAULTS
PHASE SELECTION jX
UR
XNPh < R N4 + j x N4
IR
2 . ( 1 + Kn )
Us
< R N4 + j x N4
Is
UT
< R N4 + j x N4
IT
RN2 RNPh ALSO
R
3Io > 0.1 In
&
3Io > 0.2 IpHMAX
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
PHASE SELECTION • 2 PH FAULTS.
jX
UR - UT < R4 + j X4
XPh IR
2. X2 Us - UR < R4 + j x4
IS
α
UT - UR
< R4 + j x4
• IT
70 2.R2 R
∂ RPh ALSO
3Io < 0.2 IN & 3Io < 0.4IpHMAX
ABB ATCF-PT
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Characteristic of phase selectors for two-phase faults.
General Line Protection
jX’ jX
PHASE SELECTION
2.X2
R’
XPh .2/
RPh 2/√3 • 3 PH FAULTS.
α THIS IS SIMILAR TO
PH - PH FAULTS WITH
FOLLOWING DEVIATIONS.
2. R2 100 •
δ R - ROTATED ANTICLOCKWISE
BY 30 DEGREES.
- REACH 2/ √ 3 TIMES
THAT OF FOR PH - PH
FAULTS.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Power Swing Blocking (PSB) function
• A power swing can be started by sudden load change due to
a fault somewhere in the network.
• Close to the centre of the power swing, low voltage and thus
low impedance will occur.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
POWER SWING BLOCKING FUCTION
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Power Swing Blocking function
X
∆t
∆t = 40 ms
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
EFFECT OF VOLTAGE COLLAPSE ON DISTANCE RELAYS.
• APPARENT IMPENDANCE PRESENTED TO A DISTANCE RELAY
AS THE LOAD VOLTAGE VARIES DEPENDS ON VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC
OF THE LOAD.
• FOR A MOTOR
2
P = 0.35 ( 0.75 + O.25 V )
X
V = 0.8PU•
•V = 1.1 PU
R
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
SIMPOW ( SIMULATION OF POWERSYSTEMS )
• SIMPOW IS A COMPUTER PROGRAMME DEVELOPED BY ABB POWER
SYSTEM AB
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
6- Communication scheme
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
A B
∼ × × × ×× × ∼
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Communication equipment
• Power line carrier (PLC) equipment is based on a capacitive
connection of signals with frequency in the range 50- 500 kHz on the
power line.
• Radio link is a good and reliable communication equiment, but is
rarely used due to the high cost.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
RELAY SETTING AND THE WAY SIGNALS ARE USED IS GIVEN
BELOW.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Permissive communication schemes
– Communication signal carrier send (CS) is sent to remote end
when the fault is detected in forward direction. Tripping is achieved
when the commmunication signal carrier receive (CR) is received
and the local relay has detected a forward fault.
– In a permissive underreaching scheme the communication signal is
sent from a zone that underreaches the remote end.
– In a permissive overreaching scheme the communication signal is
sent from a zone that overreaches the remote end.
A B
Z< Z<
ADVANTAGES ARE
• BETTER PERFORMANCE FOR HIGH RESISTANCE FAULTS.
• SUPERIOR TO PILOT WIRE AS DIGITAL DECISIONS ARE
EXCHANGED AND NOT ANALOGUE
• SUPERIOR TO PHASE COMPARISON WHICH REQUIRES
FAITHFUL TRANSMISSION OF PHASE INFORMATION.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Blocking communication schemes
– Communication signal (CS) is sent to remote end when the
fault is detected in the reverse direction. Tripping is achieved
when this blocking signal is not received within a time T0 (20-
40 ms) and the local relay has detected a fault in the forward
direction.
A B
Z< Z<
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Current reversal logic Permissive overreaching schemes
can trip healthy line without C.R.L
1 Fault occurs on line 1
Fault detection by protection A:1 B:1 and A:2
A:2 B:2
C.R.L allows slowly resetting
communication equipment without risk
ABB ATCF-PT
of tripping the healthy line.
77
General Line Protection
8- Switch on to fault
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
• When energizing a power line onto a forgotten earthing no
measuring voltage will be available and the directional measuring
can thus not operate correctly.
– A special SOTF function is thus provided. Different principles
can be used, from one phase current to undirectional
impedance measuring.
SOTF conditon can either be
taken from the manual closing
signal activating the (BC) input
or it can be detected internaly by
U=0 V a logic.
Z<
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Weak end infeed
Weak end infeed is a condition which can occur on a transmission
line, either when the circuit breaker is open, so there is no current
infeed from that line end, or when the current infeed is low due to
weak generation behind the protection.
CR CS (echo)
Z< Z<
t3 CS CR
t2
t1
CS = ZM2
l
CS (echo)=CR x low voltage x no start forward or reverse
TRIP = ZM1 + ZM2(CR + t2)
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
WEAK END INFEED
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
WEAK END INFEED.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
SYSTEM SUPERVISION.
SYSTEM SUPERVISION CONSISTS OF FEATURES TO GIVE ALARM
FOR UNNATURAL CONDITIONS VIZ.
- OVERLOAD SUPERVISION
- BROKEN CONDUCTER
- LOSS OF VOLTAGE
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
FAULT LOCATOR
P
IFA
DA
× RF
UA
UA = IA × P ZL + ID × RF
FA
P
IA ×pZL
A
2
P - p × k1 + k2 - k3 × RF = 0
RF
IA
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
FAULT LOCATOR
Fault Locator Measuring Principle
L
F
ZA A pZL ( I - p )ZL B ZB
∼ IF ∼
IA IB
RF UA=IA X P ZL + IFA X RF
DA
pZL ( 1- p ) ZL
(I-P) ZL +ZB
ZA ZB DA =
-
∼ ZA+ZL +ZB
+
ABB ATCF-PT
90
General Line Protection
FAULT LOCATOR
For Double Circuit Lines.
IFA .
UA = IA . pZL +
DA RF + IOP . ZOM
p2 - p k1 + k2 - k3 RF = 0
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
Stub protection function
Bus A It is not possible for the distance
+ >Z
protection relay to measure
impedance when the line
disconnector is open. Not to risk
incorrect operation the distance
protection must be blocked and a
Stub protection is released.
The Stub protection is a simple
current relay.
25ms
li ne disc
open & t rip
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
94
General Line Protection
Earth fault current in solidly grounded system
Reverse
operation
0.6x3I0D
φ=65
Upol
3I0D Forward -3U0
operation
3I0 X cos(65-φ)=3I0D
3I0 >
φ = the characteristic angle of zero
sequence source impedance
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
EARTH FAULT CURRENT IN SOLIDLY
GROUNDED SYSTEM.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
1.0
1.0 GENERAL
GENERAL
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
1.1
1.1 Recommendations
Recommendationsfor
forprovisions
provisionsof
ofauto-reclosing
auto-reclosing
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
2.0
2.0 SETTING
SETTINGCRITERIA
CRITERIA
2.1
2.1 Dead
DeadTime
Time
• Time required for the de-ionising of the fault path depends on:- arcing
time, fault duration, wind conditions, circuit voltage, capacitive
coupling to adjacent conductors, etc.
• Single phase dead time of 1.0 sec is recommended for both 400kV
and 220kV system.
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
2.2
2.2 Reclaim
ReclaimTime
Time
• If reclosing shot has been carried out and the line is energized and a
new fault occurs before the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing
equipment is blocked and a signal for definite tripping of the breaker is
obtained.
• The reclaim time must not be set to such a low value that the intended
operating cycle of the breaker is exceeded, when two faults incidents
occur close together.
ABB ATCF-PT
101
General Line Protection
• If the breaker is closed manually, the auto reclosing equipment is
blocked and cannot start again until the reclaim time has elapsed.
ABB ATCF-PT
102
General Line Protection
2.3
2.3 Circuit
CircuitBreaker
BreakerRequirement
Requirement
ABB ATCF-PT
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General Line Protection
ABB ATCF-PT
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