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Al resolver un problema estructural es necesesario determinar los desplazamientos, que a su vez están
relacionados con las deformaciones y tensiones en el material. Lo anterior implica resolver un sistema de
ecuaciones diferenciales parciales de segundo orden (sistema de ecuaciones de equilibrio interno) que para
sistemas estructurales complejos, una solución exacta es practicamente imposible de conseguir. De este
modo, surge la necesidad de establecer condiciones menos estrictas sobre las funciones mediante
métodos de energía, que permite obtener soluciones suficientemente precisas para multiples geometrías y
condiciones de borde general.
La energía de deformación elástica para un sólido elástico se define mediante la siguiente expresión:
U = · {σ} ·{ε}dV
1
∫
T
2V
en que:
{σ}: vector de tensiones.
{ε}: vector de deformaciones.
dV: diferencial de volumen
La energía potencial de trabajo para un sólido elástico está dada por la expresión:
V S
en que:
La energía potencial elástica para un sólido elástico se define como la suma de las energía de deformación
elástica y potencial de trabajo, en consecuencia, está dada por:
Π = U + WP
explícitamente:
2V V S
PRINCIPIO DE ENERGÍA POTENCIAL MÍNIMA
En sistemas conservativos, de todos los campos de desplazamientos cinemáticamente admisibles,
aquellas que representan un equilibrio estable minimizan la energía potencial del sistema.
METODO DE RAYLEIGH-RITZ
Π = Π (a 1 , a 2 ,...., a r )
∂Π ∂Π (a 1 , a 2 ,....., a r )
= =0 i = 1,2,......, r
∂a i ∂a i
METODO DE GALERKIN
L·u = P
L·u − P = 0
∈= L ~
u −P ≈ 0
El método de galerkin consiste en minimizar el residuo considerando una función peso wi, a través de la
expresión:
∫ w ·∈ dV =∫ w ·(Lu~ − P)dV =0
V
i
V
i
donde la solución aproximada se expresa como una combinación lineal de las funciones bases G i, dada
por:
~=
u ∑ Q ·G i i
Wi = ∑ φ ·G i i
∈= [∂ ] ·{σ} + {f } ≈ 0
T
V V
Explícitamente:
∂σ X ∂τ XY ∂τ XZ
+ +
∂x ∂ y ∂z f X
∂τ ∂σ ∂τ
∫ {φ
V
X φY φ Z }· XY + Y + YZ dV + ∫ {φ X
∂x ∂y ∂z V
φY φ Z }·f Y dV = 0
f
∂τ XZ ∂τ YZ ∂σ Z Z
∂x + ∂y + ∂z
∂σ ∂τ ∂τ ∂τ ∂σ ∂τ
∫φ
V
· X + XY + XZ dV + φ X ·f X dV + φ Y · XY + Y + YZ
∂x
X
∂y ∂z V V ∂x ∂y ∂z ∫ ∫ V
∫
dV + φ Y ·f Y dV +
∂τ ∂τ ∂σ
∫
V
φ Z · XZ + YZ + Z dV + φ Z ·f Z dV = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z V
∫
∫ ∇FdV =∫ F·ndS
V S
F = {FX FZ } n = {n X nZ }
T T
donde: FY y nY
∂FX
∫
V
∂x
dV = FX ·n X dS
S
∫
Sea Fx = α·β, reemplazando en la expresión anterior se tiene:
∂ (α·β)
∫
V
∂x S
∫
dV = FX ·n X dS
de donde:
∂α ∂β
∫ β ∂x + α ∂x dV = ∫ α·β·n
V S
X
dS
Luego:
∂β ∂α
∫ α ∂x dV = − ∫ β ∂x dV + ∫ α·β·n
V V S
X dS
∂σ ∂τ ∂τ ∂φ X ∂φ X
∫φ
V
X · X + XY + XZ
∂x ∂y ∂z
dV = −
V
∂x∫ S
∫
σ X dV + φ X σ X n X dS −
V
∫ ∂y S
∫
τ XY dV + φ X τ XY n Y dS
∂φ X
−
V
∫
∂z ∫
τ XZ dV + φ X τ XZ n Z dS
S
de donde:
∂σ ∂τ ∂τ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∫φ · X + XY + XZ dV = − ∫ X σ X + X τ XY + X τ XZ dV + ∫ (φ X σ X n X + φ X τ XY n Y + φ X τ XZ n Z )dS
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
X
V V S
Análogamente:
∂τ ∂σ ∂τ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∫φ · XY + Y + YZ dV = − ∫ Y τ XY + Y σ Y + Y τ YZ dV + ∫ (φ Y τ XY n X + φ Y σ Y n Y + φ Y τ YZ n Z )dS
∂ ∂ ∂z ∂ ∂ ∂
Y
V x y V
x y z S
∂τ ∂τ ∂σ ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∫φ · XZ + YZ + Z dV = −∫ Z τ XZ + Z τ YZ + Z σ Z dV + ∫ (φ Z τ XZ n X + φ Z τ YZ n Y + φ Z σ Z n Z )dS
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
Z
V V S
Reemplazando las tres expresiones anteriores en la ecuación que minimiza el residuo se obtiene:
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
− X σ X + X τ XY + X τ XZ dV + (φ X σ X n X + φ X τ XY n Y + φ X τ XZ n Z )dS + φ X ·f X dV +
∫ ∫ ∫
V
∂x ∂y ∂z S V
∂φ Y ∂φ Y ∂φ Y
− ∫ τ XY + σY + τ YZ dV + (φ Y τ XY n X + φ Y σ Y n Y + φ Y τ YZ n Z )dS + φ Y ·f Y dV +
∫ ∫
V
∂x ∂y ∂z S V
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
− Z τ XZ + Z τ YZ + Z σ Z dV + (φ Z τ XZ n X + φ Z τ YZ n Y + φ Z σ Z n Z )dS + φ Z ·f Z dV = 0
∫ ∫ ∫
V
∂x ∂y ∂z S V
En términos matriciales:
V S V
luego:
V S V
V S V
Problema: Aplicando el enfoque de la Energía Potencial Mínima, determine una expresion
aproximada para el desplazamiento máximo en el centro de la viga, sabiendo que el
desplazamiento en un punto x puede ser representado mediante el siguiente desarrollo de
fourier:
∞
nπx
y := ∑ a ⋅ sen
n
L
n=1
Solucion:
L
⌠ 2
d 2 y dx
1
U := ⋅ EI⋅
dx2
2
⌡
0
2 2 2
d
2 π n ⋅ π − 22 a ⋅ π ⋅ sen 2n ⋅ π − 32⋅ a ⋅ π ⋅ sen 3⋅ n ⋅ π − ......
⋅ sen
y := −a ⋅
dx
2 1
L
2 L 2 2
L L 2 2
L L
L
⌠ L
2 ⌠
n ⋅ πx dx := L sen nπx ⋅ sen mπx dx := 0
sen y
⌡ L 2
⌡ L L
0 0
4
π ⋅ EI
U :=
3
⋅ a( 1)2 + 24⋅(a2)2 + 34⋅ (a3)2 + ........
4L
4 ∞
π ⋅ EI
U :=
3
⋅ ∑
4
n ⋅ a ( n) 2
4L n =1
WP := −Q⋅ y ( d )
∞
n ⋅ πd
WP := −Q⋅ ∑ a ⋅ sen
n
L
n =1
Π := U + WP
4 ∞ ∞
π ⋅ EI n ⋅ π⋅ d
Π :=
3
⋅ ∑
4
n ⋅ a ( n) 2
− Q⋅ ∑ a ⋅ sen
n
L
4L n =1 n =1
π ⋅ EI 4
d
Π := ⋅ 2 a ⋅ n 4 − Q⋅ sen n⋅ πd
da 3 n
L
n 4L
π4⋅ EI
⋅ 2⋅ a ⋅ n4 − Q⋅ sen n ⋅ π⋅ d 0
3 n Condicion para equilibrio.
4⋅ L L
3
2⋅ Q⋅ L
⋅ sen
nπd
a :=
n 4
π ⋅ EI⋅ n
4 L
Por lo tanto:
2⋅ Q⋅ L3 ∞ 1 n ⋅ πd ⋅ sen n ⋅ πx
y := ⋅ ⋅ sen ∑
4 4 L L
π ⋅ EI n = 1 n
Si x = d = L/2
∆max := y x
L
2
3
⋅ 1 + + ...........
2⋅ Q⋅ L 1 1
∆max := +
4 4 4
π ⋅ EI 3 5
1 1 −3 , 1 − 4 , .....
Puesto que las expresiones = 0.012 , = 1.6 × 10 = 4.165 × 10
4 4 4
3 5 7
tienden a cero, entonces puede aproximarse la sumatoria anterior a la unidad.
3
2⋅ Q⋅ L
∆max := ⋅ ( 1)
4
π ⋅ EI
3
Q⋅ L
1
∆max := ⋅
48.705 EI
3
1 Q⋅ L
La solucion clásica es ∆max:= ⋅
48 EI
1 1
− ⋅ 100
Luego, el error es bastante pequeño: E :=
48 48.705
E = 1.447 %
1
48
Una barra de acero está empotrada en paredes rígidas en cada extremo y está sometida a una carga distribuida q(x) como se muestra en la siguiente
figura:
A := 2
6
E := 30⋅ 10
Determinar el desplazamiento en el centro de la barra mediante el método de Rayleigh-Ritz mediante un polinomio de grado 3 (unidades consistentes).
Sea
3 2
u ( x) a3 x + a2⋅ x + a1⋅ x + a0
u ( 0) a0 0
3 2
u ( 60) a3⋅ 60 + a2⋅ 60 + a1⋅ 60 0
2
a1 −60 ⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2
(
u(x) = a3 x3 + a2⋅ x2 + −602⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2 ⋅ x )
d
u = d 2 2 ( )
a3 x + a2⋅ x + −60 ⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2 ⋅ x → 3⋅ a3⋅ x + 2⋅ a2⋅ x − 3600⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2
3 2
dx dx
60
⌠
U=
1
⋅ A ⋅ E⋅
⌡
(3⋅ a3⋅x2 + 2⋅a2⋅x − 3600⋅ a3 − 60⋅a2) 2 dx → 18662400000000000⋅ a32 + 388800000000000⋅ a2⋅a3 + 2160000000000⋅ a22
2 0
( ) ( )
30 60
⌠ ⌠
10⋅ x⋅ a3 x + a2⋅ x + −60 ⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2 ⋅ x dx + 300⋅ a3 x + a2⋅ x + −60 ⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2 ⋅ x dx → −822150000⋅ a3 − 8775000a2
3 2 2 3 2 2
WP = ⋅
⌡ ⌡
0 30
2 2
Π= ⋅ a3 + 388800000000000
18662400000000000 ⋅ a2⋅ a3 + 2160000000000
⋅ a2 − ( −822150000⋅ a3 − 8775000a2
⋅ )
2 2
Π → 18662400000000000
⋅ a3 + 388800000000000
⋅ a2⋅ a3 + 2160000000000
⋅ a2 + 822150000a3
⋅ + 8775000a2
⋅
d
Π → 37324800000000000
⋅ a3 + 388800000000000
⋅ a2 + 822150000 =0
da3
d
Π → 388800000000000
⋅ a3 + 4320000000000
⋅ a2 + 8775000 =0
da2
Given
d
Π 0
da3
d
Π 0
da2
−1
1280000
Find ( a2 , a3) →
−1
72000000
−1
a2 :=
1280000
−1
a3 :=
72000000
Desplazamientos Tensiones
3 2 ( 2 )
u ( x) := a3 x + a2⋅ x + −60 ⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2 ⋅ x σ( x) := E⋅
d
u ( x)
dx
3
u ( 0) = 0.000 σ( 0) = 2.906× 10
3 2 ( 2 )
u ( x) := a3 x + a2⋅ x + −60 ⋅ a3 − 60⋅ a2 ⋅ x σ( x) := E⋅
d
u ( x)
dx
0.002 5000
u( x) 0.001 σ( x) 0
0 5000
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
x x
t := c⋅ x
Sea u := a1 ⋅ x
d
ε := u ε → a1
dx
σ := E⋅ ε σ → E⋅ a 1
Lr L
1 ⌠ ⌠ r
U := ⋅ ⎮ σ ⋅ ε ⋅ A dx WP := −⎮ u ⋅ t dx
2 ⌡ 0
⌡
0
1 2 −1 3
U→ ⋅ Lr⋅ E⋅ a1 ⋅ A WP → ⋅L ⋅a ⋅c
2 3 r 1
1 2 1 3
Π := U + WP Π→ ⋅ Lr⋅ E⋅ a1 ⋅ A − ⋅L ⋅a ⋅c
2 3 r 1
Given
d
Π =0
da 1
( )
1 2 c
Find a1 → ⋅ Lr ⋅
3 E⋅ A
1 2 c 1 2 c
por lo tanto: u := ⋅ Lr ⋅ ⋅x u→ ⋅ Lr ⋅ ⋅x
3 E⋅ A 3 E⋅ A
2 3
Sea: u := a1 ⋅ x + a2 ⋅ x + a3 ⋅ x
d 2
ε := u ε → a1 + 2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ a3 ⋅ x
dx
σ → E⋅ ⎛ a 1 + 2 ⋅ a 2 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ a 3 ⋅ x
2⎞
σ := E⋅ ε
⎝ ⎠
Lr
1 ⌠
U := ⋅ ⎮ σ ⋅ ε ⋅ A dx
2 ⌡ 0
9 2 5 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 2
U→ ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr + E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a1 ⋅ a3 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a2 + E⋅ A⋅ a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ Lr + ⋅ Lr⋅ E⋅ a1 ⋅ A
10 2 3 2
L
⌠ r
WP := −⎮ u ⋅ t dx
⌡
0
−1 5 1 4 1 3
WP → ⋅ c ⋅ a 3 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ c ⋅ a 2 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ Lr ⋅ a 1 ⋅ c
5 4 3
Π := U + WP
9 2 5 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 3
Π→ ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr + E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a1 ⋅ a3 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a2 + E⋅ A⋅ a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ Lr + ⋅ Lr⋅ E⋅ a1 ⋅ A − ⋅ c⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ c⋅ a2 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ Lr ⋅ a1 ⋅ c
10 2 3 2 5 4 3
Given
d d d
Π =0 Π =0 Π =0
da 1 da 2 da 3
⎛ 1 ⋅ L 2⋅ c ⎞
⎜ r E⋅ A ⎟
⎜2 ⎟
Find( a1 , a2 , a3 ) → ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 c ⎟
⎜ ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 6 E⋅ A ⎠
1 2 c −1 c 3
por lo tanto: u := ⋅ Lr ⋅ ⋅x + ⋅ ⋅x
2 E⋅ A 6 E⋅ A
2 3 4
Sea: u := a1 ⋅ x + a2 ⋅ x + a3 ⋅ x + a4 ⋅ x
d 2 3
ε := u ε → a1 + 2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ a3 ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ a4 ⋅ x
dx
σ → E⋅ ⎛ a 1 + 2 ⋅ a 2 ⋅ x + 3 ⋅ a 3 ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ a 4 ⋅ x
2 3⎞
σ := E⋅ ε
⎝ ⎠
Lr
1 ⌠
U := ⋅ ⎮ σ ⋅ ε ⋅ A dx
2 ⌡ 0
8 2 7 6 8 5 9 2 5 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 1
U→ ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a4 ⋅ Lr + 2 ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a3 ⋅ a4 ⋅ Lr + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a2 ⋅ a4 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr + E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a1 ⋅ a4 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ Lr + E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a1 ⋅ a3 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ Lr ⋅ a2 + E⋅ A⋅ a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ Lr + ⋅
7 5 10 2 3 2
L
⌠ r
WP := −⎮ u ⋅ t dx
⌡
0
−1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3
WP → ⋅ c ⋅ a 4 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ c ⋅ a 3 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ c ⋅ a 2 ⋅ Lr − ⋅ Lr ⋅ a 1 ⋅ c
6 5 4 3
Π := U + WP
8 2 7 6 8 5 9 2 5 4 3 4 3 2 3 2
Π→ ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a 4 ⋅ L r + 2 ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a 3 ⋅ a 4 ⋅ L r + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ L r ⋅ a 2 ⋅ a 4 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a 3 ⋅ L r + E⋅ A⋅ L r ⋅ a 1 ⋅ a 4 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ a 2 ⋅ a 3 ⋅ L r + E⋅ A⋅ L r ⋅ a 1 ⋅ a 3 + ⋅ E⋅ A⋅ L r ⋅ a 2 + E⋅ A⋅ a 1
7 5 10 2 3
Given
d d d d
Π =0 Π =0 Π =0 Π =0
da 1 da 2 da 3 da 4
⎛ 1 ⋅ L 2⋅ c ⎞
⎜ 2 r E⋅ A ⎟
⎜ ⎟
Find( a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 ) → ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −1 c ⎟
⎜ 6 ⋅ E⋅ A ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
Por lo tanto, la función desplazamiento vuelve a ser la misma. Se puede seguir intentando con polinomios de grado superior y el resultado siempre será el mismo:
1 2 c −1 c 3
u := ⋅ Lr ⋅ ⋅x + ⋅ ⋅x
2 E⋅ A 6 E⋅ A
2
Lr⋅ E⋅ a1 ⋅ A
2 1 2 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3
⋅ a 2⋅ L r + ⋅ L r⋅ E⋅ a 1 ⋅ A − ⋅ c⋅ a 4 ⋅ L r − ⋅ c⋅ a 3 ⋅ L r − ⋅ c⋅ a 2 ⋅ L r − ⋅ L r ⋅ a 1⋅ c
2 6 5 4 3
Problema: De acuerdo a la expresión de la energía de deformación obtenida en el problema anterior, determinar el
desplazamiento vertical w máximo cuando se aplica una carga puntual P = 2.5 ton en el centro de una losa de hormigón
armado (en dirección perpendicular a su plano), simplemente apoyada en sus bordes, de dimensiones de 5.5 x 5.5 m
en las direcciones X e Y, espesor de 10cm, módulo de elasticidad de 280.000 kg/cm 2 y coeficiente de poisson ν=0.25.
Considere una función de desplazamiento w del tipo:
∞ ∞
⎛ a ⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞
w( x , y ) =
∑ ∑ ⎜ mn ⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠⎠
⎟⎟
m= 1 n= 1
Solución: Se procede a aplicar el principio de energía potencial mínima, es decir, el equilibrio estable del sistema
se obtiene cuando se minimiza la energía potencial Π.
∞ ∞
⎛ a ⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞
w( x , y ) =
∑ ∑ ⎜ mn ⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠
⎟⎟ ya que la placa es cuadrada, es decir, a = b
m= 1 n= 1
2
⎛ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ → −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m2⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞
d
2
2⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
dx ⎝ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ a⎠
a
2 ⎝ a⎠
2
⎛ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ → −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n2⋅ π
d
2
2⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
dy ⎝ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ a⎠
a
2
2
d d ⎛ ⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ → cos⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m⋅ π ⋅ cos⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n
⎜ sin⎜ ⎟ ⋅ sin⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
dx dy ⎝ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ a⎠ 2 ⎝ a⎠
a
luego:
2 2 ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤⎤ ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤⎤
⎢ ⎢a ⋅ ⎜ −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m2⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎟⎥⎥ + ⎢ ⎢a ⋅ ⎜ −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n2⋅ π ⎟⎥⎥
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
d d
w+ w=
⎢ mn ⎜ ⎝ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎢ a⎠ 2 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎟⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎢ mn ⎜ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ a⎠ 2 ⎟⎥⎥
dx dy
⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎦⎦ ⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎦⎦
2 2 ∞ ⎡ ⎛
∞ 2 2 ⎞⎤
⎢a ⋅ ⎜ −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m2⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ + −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n 2⋅ π ⎟⎥
∑ ∑
d d
⎢ mn ⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
w+ w=
2 2 a⎠ 2 ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ a⎠ 2 ⎟⎥
dx dy
m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ ⎝ a a ⎠⎦
∞ ⎡∞ ⎤
( )
2 2 2
⎢a ⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ m2 + n 2 ⎥
∑ ∑
d d
w+ w=−
⎢ mn 2 ⎝ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 2 a⎠ ⎝ a⎠
m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ ⎦
dx dy a
A) Se evalua la primera expresión de la energía de deformación U:
a a a a
⌠ ⌠ 2 ⌠ ⌠ 2
⎛⎜ d 2 ⎮ ⎮
⎮ ⎮ 2 ⎞ ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡ ⎤⎤
( )
2
⎟ ⎮ ⎮ ⎢− ⎢a ⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ m2 + n2 ⎥⎥ dy dx
⎮ ⎮
∑ ∑
d
⎜ dx 2
w+ w
2 ⎟
dy dx =
⎮ ⎮ ⎢ mn 2 ⎝ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎥
⎮ ⎮
⎝ dy ⎠ ⎢ a⎠ ⎝ a⎠
⌡ ⌡ ⎮ ⎮ ⎣ m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ a ⎦⎦
0 0 ⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a a a
⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠
∞ ⎮ ⎮
2 2
⎮ ⎮ ⎛⎜ d 2 2 ⎞ ∞ ⎡ ⎤
( )
2
⎟ ⎮ ⎮ ⎢a ⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ m2 + n2 ⎥ dy dx
⎮ ⎮
∑ ∑
d
⎜ dx 2
w+ w
2 ⎟
dy dx = ⎮ ⎮ ⎢ mn 2 ⎝ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎮ ⎮
⎝ dy ⎠ a⎠ ⎝ a⎠
⌡ ⌡ m= 1 n= 1 ⎮
⌡
⎮
⌡ ⎣ a ⎦
0 0 0 0
a a
⌠ ⌠ ⎡ a a ⎤
4 ⌠ ⌠
2
⎮ ⎮ ⎛⎜ d 2 2 ⎞ ∞ ∞ ⎢ 2⎥
( )
⎮ ⎮ 2
⎟ π
⎢( amn) ⋅ ⋅ ⎮ ⎮ ⎛⎜ sin⎛⎜ m⋅ π ⋅ ⎞⎟ ⋅ sin⎛⎜ n ⋅ π ⋅ ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟ dy dx⋅ m + n ⎥
∑ ∑
⎮ ⎮ d 2 x y 2 2
⎜ dx 2 + dy 2 ⎟ y x
w w d d =
⌡ ⎝ ⎝
⎮ ⎮ a⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎢ a ⎮ ⌡ ⎮ ⎥
4
⌡ ⌡ m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ 0 0 ⎦
0 0
a
⌠
⎛ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ dy → 1 ⋅ a⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ −cos( n⋅ π ) ⋅ sin( n⋅ π ) + n⋅ π
⎮ 2 2
⎮ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎮
⌡ ⎝ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ 2 ⎝ a⎠ n⋅ π
0
a
⌠
⎮ 2 2
⎮ ⎛ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ dy = 1 ⋅ a⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎮
⌡ ⎝ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ 2 ⎝ a⎠
0
a
⌠
⎮ 1 1 2 −cos( m⋅ π ) ⋅ sin( m⋅ π ) + m⋅ π
2
⋅ a⋅ sin⎛⎜ m⋅ π ⋅ ⎞⎟ dx → ⋅ a ⋅
x
⎮
⎮
⌡
2 ⎝ a⎠ 4 m⋅ π
0
a
⌠
⎮ 1 2
⋅ a⋅ sin⎛⎜ m⋅ π ⋅ ⎞⎟ dx = ⋅ a
x 1 2
⎮
⎮
⌡
2 ⎝ a⎠ 4
0
a a
⌠ ⌠ 2
⎮ ⎮ ⎛⎜ d 2 2 ⎞ ∞ ∞ ⎡ 2⎤ ∞ ∞ ⎡ 2⎤
( ) ( )
4 4
⎟ ⎢ a 2⋅ π ⋅ 1 ⋅ a2⋅ m2 + n2 ⎥ = ⎢ a 2⋅ π ⋅ m2 + n2 ⎥
∑ ∑ ⎢( mn) 4 4 ∑ ∑ ⎢( mn)
⎮ ⎮ w+
d
w dy dx =
⎮ ⎮ ⎜ dx 2 2 ⎟ ⎥ ⎥
⌡ ⌡ ⎝ dy ⎠
m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ a ⎦ m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ 4a
2
⎦
0 0
B) Se evalua la segunda expresión de U:
a a
⌠ ⌠
⎮ ⎮ 2 2
d d
⎮ ⎮ w⋅ w dy dx =
2 2
⎮ ⎮ dx dy
⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a
⌠ ⌠
⎮ ⎮ ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤⎤ ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤⎤
⎢ ⎢a ⋅ ⎜ −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m2⋅ π ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎟⎥⎥ ⋅ ⎢ ⎢a ⋅ ⎜ −sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n2⋅ π ⎟⎥⎥ dy dx
⎮ ⎮
⎢ ∑ ∑ ⎢ mn ⎜ ⎜⎝ a⎠
⎟ 2
⎜
⎝
⎟
a ⎠ ⎟⎥⎥ ⎢ ∑ ∑ ⎢ mn ⎜ ⎜⎝ a⎠
⎟ ⎜
⎝ a⎠
⎟ 2 ⎟⎥⎥
⎮ ⎮
⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎦⎦ ⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎦⎦
⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a a a
⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠
⎮ ⎮ 2 ⎮ 2 ⎮ ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡ 2 4⎤⎤
⎢ a 2⋅ ⎛ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ ⋅ n2⋅ m2⋅ π ⎥⎥ dy dx
⎢( mn) ⎜⎝ ⎜⎝
⎢
∑ ∑
d d
⎮ ⎮ w⋅ w dy dx = ⎮ ⎮ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎮
2
⎮
2 ⎢ a⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ 4 ⎥⎥
⌡
dx
⌡
dy ⎮ ⎮
⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ a ⎦⎦
0 0 ⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a a a
⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠
⎮ ⎮ 2 2 ⎮ ∞ ∞ ⎮ ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎢ a 2⋅ ⎛ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ ⋅ n 2⋅ m2⋅ π ⎥ dy dx
∑ ∑ ⎢( mn) ⎜⎝ ⎜⎝
d d
⎮ ⎮ w⋅ w dy dx = ⎮ ⎮ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎮
2
⎮
2
⎮ ⎮ a⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ 4⎥
⌡
dx
⌡
dy
m= 1 n= 1 ⌡ ⌡ ⎣ a ⎦
0 0 0 0
a a
⌠ ⌠
⎮ ⎮ 2 2 ∞ ⎡1 ∞ 4⎤
⎢ ⋅ a 2⋅ n 2⋅ m2⋅ π ⎥
∑ ∑ ⎢ 4 ( mn)
d d
⎮ ⎮ w⋅ w dy dx =
⎮ ⎮
2 2 2⎥
m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ a ⎦
dx dy
⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a
a a ⌠ ⌠
⌠ ⌠ ⎮ ⎮ 2
⎡ ∞ ∞ d d ⎛ ⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⎞ ⎤⎥ dy dx
⎮ ⎮ 2
⎛ d d w ⎞ dy dx = ⎮ ⎮ ⎢
⎮
⎮
⎜ ⎮ ⎟
⎝ dx dy ⎠
⎮ ⎮ ⎮ ⎢ ∑ ∑ ⎜ amn⋅ sin⎜
dx dy ⎝
⎟ ⎜
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠⎥
⎟⎟
⌡ ⌡ ⎮ ⎮ ⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎦
0 0 ⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a
a a ⌠ ⌠
⌠ ⌠ ⎮ ⎮ 2
⎮ ⎮ 2 ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤
⎛ d d w ⎞ dy dx = ⎮ ⎮ ⎢ ⎜ a ⋅ cos⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m⋅ π ⋅ cos⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n⎟⎥ dy dx
⎮
⎮
⎜ ⎮ ⎟
⎝ dx dy ⎠
⎮ ⎮ ⎮ ⎢ ∑ ∑ ⎜ mn ⎝ ⎜
a⎠
⎟ 2
⎜
⎝
⎟
a ⎠ ⎟⎥
⌡ ⌡ ⎮ ⎮ ⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎝ a ⎠⎦
0 0 ⌡ ⌡
0 0
a a
a a ⌠ ⌠
⌠ ⌠ ⎮ ⎮ 2
⎮ ⎮ 2 ∞ ∞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎛d d w ⎞ ⎮ ⎮ ⎜ a ⋅ cos⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ m⋅ π ⋅ cos⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ y ⎞ ⋅ n⎟ dy dx
⎮
⎮
⎮
⎮
⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx dy ⎠
dy dx =
∑ ∑ ⎮ ⎮ ⎜ mn ⎝ ⎜
a⎠
⎟ 2
⎜
⎝
⎟
a⎠ ⎟
⌡
0
⌡
0 m= 1 n= 1 ⎮
⌡
⎮
⌡ ⎝ a ⎠
0 0
⌠
a
⌠
a
⎡⎛ 2 ⎞
2 ⎤
⎮ ⎮ 2
⎢ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎛ d d w ⎞ dy dx = ⎜ a ⋅ m⋅ ⋅ n⎟ ⋅ 1 ⋅ a2⎥ =
π ⎢ a 2⋅ m2⋅ n 2⋅ π ⋅ 1⎥
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ⎢( mn)
⎮ ⎮ ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ mn 2 ⎟ 4 ⎥ 2 4⎥
⎮ ⎮ ⎝ dx dy ⎠
⌡
0
⌡
0 m = 1 n = 1 ⎣⎝ a ⎠ ⎦ m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ a ⎦
Reemplazando en U se tiene:
⎡ ∞ ⎡ ∞ 2⎤ ⎡ ∞ ∞ ⎡1 4⎤ ∞ ∞ ⎡ 4 ⎤
( )
4
⎢ a 2⋅ π ⋅ m2 + n2 ⎥ − 2 ⋅ ( 1 − ν ) ⋅ ⎢ ⎢ ⋅ a 2⋅ n2⋅ m2⋅ π ⎥ − ⎢ a 2⋅ m2⋅ n 2⋅ π ⋅ 1⎥
⎢( mn) ⎢ 4 ( mn) ⎢( mn)
⋅ D⋅ ⎢
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
1
U=
2 ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ 2 4⎥
⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ 4a ⎦ ⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ a ⎦ m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ a ⎦
⎡ ∞ ⎡ ∞ 2⎤⎤
( )
4
⎢ a 2⋅ π ⋅ m2 + n2 ⎥⎥
⎢( mn)
⋅ D⋅ ⎢
∑ ∑
1
U=
2 ⎢ 2 ⎥⎥
⎣m = 1 n = 1 ⎣ 4a ⎦⎦
⎡ 2⎤
2
⎢ ∞ ⎛ 2 2 n 2⋅ π 2 ⎞ ⎥
2 ⎜ m ⋅π
∞
⎟
⎢( amn) ⋅ ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟ ⎥
∑ ∑
a
U= ⋅ D⋅ El desarrollo matemático anterior se simplifica sustancialmente si se
8
m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ ⎝ a a ⎠⎦ aplica directamente el principio de ortogonalidad de funciones.
Obs: Notar que la expresión general, para una placa de lados distintos es:
⎡ 2 2⎞ ⎤
2
a⋅ b ⎢ ⎛∞2 2
2 m ⋅π
∞
n ⋅π ⎟ ⎥
( a ) ⋅⎜
U=
8
⋅ D⋅ ⎢ ∑ ∑
mn ⎜ 2
+
2 ⎟ ⎥
m= 1 n= 1 ⎣ ⎝ a b ⎠⎦
∞ ∞
⎛ a ⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ xo ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ yo ⎞ ⎞
WP = P⋅ w( xo , yo) = −P⋅
∑ ∑ ⎜ mn ⎜
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟
m= 1 n= 1
2
2 ⎛ m2⋅ π 2 n 2⋅ π 2 ⎞
d
Π =
a
⋅ D⋅ a ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟ − P⋅ sin⎛⎜ m⋅ π ⋅ xo ⎞⎟ ⋅ sin⎛⎜ n⋅ π ⋅ yo ⎞⎟ = 0
da 4 mn ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠
mn ⎝ a a ⎠
4P⋅ sin⎜
⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ xo ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n⋅ π ⋅ yo ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
a =
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠
mn 2
⎛ m2 n 2 ⎞
a ⋅ D⋅ π ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
2 4
+
⎜ a2 a2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
por lo tanto, el desplazamiento vertical es:
a := 550 cm
a a
xo := yo :=
2 2
⎡ 4P⋅ sin⎛ m⋅ π ⋅ xo ⎞ ⋅ sin⎛ n ⋅ π ⋅ yo ⎞ ⎤
3 ⎢ ⎜3 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ ⋅ π ⋅ ⎞ ⎛ ⋅ π ⋅ ⎞
∑ ∑ ⎢ ⎟⎥ ⎛ a a ⎞
a a m x n y
w( x , y ) := ⋅ sin⎜ ⎟ ⋅ sin⎜ Desplazamiento máximo
⎢ 2 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎥ w⎜ , ⎟ = 0.341 cm en el centro de la placa.
⎝ ⎠
m= 1 n= 1
⎢ a2⋅ D⋅ π 4⋅ ⎛⎜ m + n ⎞⎟
2 2 2 2
⎥
⎢ ⎜ a2 a2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
⎤⎤⎤
⎥⎥
⎥⎥
⎦⎦⎦
FORMULACION DEL ELEMENTO BARRA
Se define una barra como un elemento estructural capaz de tomar únicamente cargas axiales de tracción o
compresión, provisto de un grado de libertad traslacional por nodo en su sistema de coordenadas locales.
Dependiendo de su aplicación, este elemento permite modelar reticulados, bielas, cables, resortes, etc.
Se establece un sistema coordenado local sobre el elemento, de tal modo que a cada posición " x" en el
interior de la barra se le asocia una coordenada natural "ξ". Así:
2 ξ
=
x 2 − x1 x 1 + x1
x−
2
ξ=
2
(x − x 1 ) − 1
x2 − x2
1 1 1 1
N 1 = − ·ξ + N 2 = ·ξ +
2 2 2 2
q
u = {N}{
· q} = {N 1 N 2 }· 1 = N 1 ⋅ q 1 + N 2 ⋅ q 2
q 2
Deformaciones y Tensiones
Se tiene que:
∂u ∂
ε= = {N}⋅ {q} pero dξ =
2
dx
∂x ∂x L
Luego:
ε=
d
{N}⋅ dξ ⋅ {q} = d {N}⋅ 2 ⋅ {q} = d − 1 ·ξ + 1 1 1 2 1
·ξ + ⋅ ⋅ {q} = −
1 2
⋅ ⋅ {q}
dξ dx dξ L dξ 2 2 2 2 L 2 2 L
Matriz de Rigidez del Elemento Barra en Coordenadas Locales. Funciones de Forma Lineales.
Luego:
[K ] = ∫ ·{B}T ·E·{B}·dV
V
Reemplazando se tiene:
1
A·E − 1 A·E 1 − 1 L
[K ] = ∫ ·{− 1 1} T 1
·E·{− 1 1}· ·A·dx = 2 · · ·{− 1 1}··dx = 2 ·
1
∫ ∫ · ·dξ
L
L L L L 1 L −1 − 1 1 2
1
1 − 1 1 A·E 1 − 1
[K ] = A·E · ∫ · ·dξ = ·
−1 1 2 L − 1 1
−1
L
Por lo tanto, la matriz de rigidez formulada con funciones de forma lineales es:
A·E A·E
−
[K ] = AL·E L
A·E
−
L L
1 1
− 2 ·ξ + 2
WP = u ·f ·dV = {q} ·{N} ·f ·Adx = {q} ·
∫ ∫ ·f ·Adx = {q} ·{f }
∫
T T T T T
1 1
V L L ·ξ +
2 2
1 1
− 2 ·ξ + 2
1
f ·A·L 1
{f } = f ·A·L ∫ 1 1
dξ = ·
2 2 1
−1 − ·ξ +
2 2
f ·A·L
{f } =· f ·A2·L
2
Del mismo modo, el trabajo efectuado por las cargas distribuidas se obtiene como:
1 1
− ·ξ +
WP = u T ·T·dS = {q} ·{N} ·T·dx = {q} · 2
∫ ∫ 2 ·Tdx = {q}T ·{T}
∫
T T T
1 1
S L L ·ξ +
2 2
1 1
− 2 ·ξ + 2
1
T·L 1
{T} = T·L ∫ 1 1 dξ = ·
2 − ·ξ + 2 1
−1
2 2
T·L
{T} =· T2·L
2
Funciones de Forma Cuadráticas
De la misma manera que se determinó las funciones de forma lineales, las funciones de forma
cuadráticas se obtienen definiendo previamente las coordenadas naturales:
2 ξ
=
x 3 − x1 x − x 2
ξ=
2
(x − x 2 )
L
1 1 1 1
N1 = − ·ξ + N 2 = ·ξ +
2 2 2 2
q1
u = {N}{
· q} = {N 1 N 2 }· = N 1 ⋅ q 1 + N 2 ⋅ q 2
q 2
Deformaciones y Tensiones
Se tiene que:
∂u ∂
ε= = {N}⋅ {q} pero dξ =
2
dx
∂x ∂x L
Luego:
ε=
d
{N}⋅ dξ ⋅ {q} = d {N}⋅ 2 ⋅ {q} = d − 1 ·ξ + 1 1 1 2 1
·ξ + ⋅ ⋅ {q} = −
1 2
⋅ ⋅ {q}
dξ dx dξ L dξ 2 2 2 2 L 2 2 L
Matriz de Rigidez del Elemento Barra en Coordenadas Locales. Funciones de Forma Lineales.
Luego:
[K ] = ∫ ·{B}T ·E·{B}·dV
V
Reemplazando se tiene:
1
A·E − 1 A·E 1 − 1 L
[K ] = ∫ ·{− 1 1}T 1
·E·{− 1 1}· ·A·dx = 2 · · ·{− 1 1}··dx = 2 ·
1
∫ ∫ · ·dξ
L
L L L L 1 L −1 − 1 1 2
1
1 − 1 1 A·E 1 − 1
[K ] = A·E · ∫ · ·dξ = ·
L −1 1 2 L − 1 1
−1
Por lo tanto, la matriz de rigidez formulada con funciones de forma lineales es:
A·E A·E
−
[K ] = AL·E L
A·E
−
L L
Vector de Fuerzas Volumétricas
1 1
− ·ξ +
WP = u T ·f ·dV = {q} ·{N} ·f ·Adx = {q} · 2
∫ ∫ 2 ·f ·Adx = {q}T ·{f }
∫
T T T
1 1
V L L ·ξ +
2 2
1 1
− 2 ·ξ + 2
1
f ·A·L 1
{f } = f ·A·L ∫ 1 1 dξ = ·
2 − ·ξ + 2 1
−1
2 2
f ·A·L
{f } =· f ·A2·L
2
Del mismo modo, el trabajo efectuado por las cargas distribuidas se obtiene como:
1 1
− 2 ·ξ + 2
WP = u ·T·dS = {q} ·{N} ·T·dx = {q} ·
∫ ∫ ·Tdx = {q} ·{T}
∫
T T T T T
1 1
S L L ·ξ +
2 2
1 1
− 2 ·ξ + 2
1
T·L 1
{T} = T·L ∫ 1 1
dξ = ·
2 2 1
−1 − ·ξ +
2 2
T·L
{T} =· T2·L
2
Problema: Dos perfiles de acero de distintas secciones se unen de tal modo que reciben las cargas
que se muestran en la siguiente figura. Determine los desplazamientos en cada nodo y las tensiones por
cada elemento. Considere peso propio y utilice funciones de forma lineales.
Barra 1
E1 := 2100000
A1 := 50
L1 := 200
γ1 := 0.00785
Barra 2
E2 := E1
A2 := 40
L2 := 100
γ2 := γ1
Rigideces de elementos
E1 1 −1 E2 1 −1
k1 := A1⋅ k2 := A2⋅
L1 −1 1 L2 −1 1
Peso propios elementos
L1 1
⋅ γ1⋅
L2 1
f1 := A1⋅ f2 := A2⋅ ⋅ γ2⋅
2 1 2 1
Fuerzas nodales
p1 := 0 p2 := 10000 p3 := 20000
Matriz de Rigidez
Vector de Fuerzas
f1 + p1 39.25
0, 0
F := f11 , 0 + f20 , 0 + p2
4
F = 1.005× 10
4
f2 + p3 2.002× 10
1, 0
Condiciones de borde
u1 := 0
Kr := submatrix( K , 0, 0 , 0 , 2) (
Kr = 5.25 × 10
5 5
−5.25 × 10 0 )
Fr := submatrix( F , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0) Fr = ( 39.25)
1.005× 104
F := submatrix( F , 1 , 2, 0 , 0) F=
4
2.002× 10
Desplazamientos
−1
Q := K ⋅F
0.057
Q=
0.081
0 0
Q
Q := 0 , 0 Q = 0.057
Q
1, 0 0.081
Deformaciones unitarias
Q0 , 0
q1 :=
Q
1, 0
ε1 :=
1
⋅ ( −1 1 ) ⋅ q1 (
ε1 = 2.864× 10
−4 )
L1
Q
1, 0
q2 :=
Q
2, 0
ε2 :=
1
⋅ ( −1 1 ) ⋅ q2 (
ε2 = 2.383× 10
−4 )
L2
Tensiones en elementos
σ1 := E1⋅ ε1 σ1 = ( 601.413)
σ2 := E2⋅ ε2 σ2 = ( 500.393)
Reacciones
R := Kr⋅ Q − Fr (
R = −3.011× 10
4 )
Problema: Una columna de sección variable recibe tres descargas tal como se muestra en la figura.
Determine la tensión máxima y el desplazamiento vertical en el tope superior. Utilice funciones de forma
lineales
Geometria de elementos
Barra 1
E1 := 2100000
A1 := 98.5
L1 := 200
Barra 2
E2 := E1
A2 := 89.9
L2 := 200
Barra 3
E3 := E1
A3 := 75.5
L3 := 200
Rigideces de elementos
E1 1 −1 E2 1 −1 E3 1 −1
k1 := A1⋅ k2 := A2⋅ k3 := A3⋅
L1 −1 1 L2 −1 1 L3 −1 1
Fuerzas nodales
Matriz de Rigidez
k10 , 0 k1
0, 1
0 0
k11 , 0 k11 , 1 + k20 , 0 k2
0, 1
0
K :=
+ k3
0 k2
1, 0
k2
1, 1 0, 0
k3
0, 1
0 0 k3 k3
1, 0 1, 1
u1 := 0
Kr := submatrix( K , 0 , 0, 0, 3) (
Kr = 1.034 × 10
6 6
−1.034 × 10 0 0 )
Fr := submatrix( F , 0 , 0, 0 , 0) Fr = ( 0 )
6 5
1.978 × 10 −9.44 × 10 0
K := submatrix( K , 1, 3, 1 , 3) K = −9.44 × 10 1.737 × 10 −7.928 × 10
5 6 5
5 5
0 −7.928 × 10 7.928 × 10
Se elimina primera fila del vector fuerza:
−3 × 103
F := submatrix( F , 1 , 3 , 0 , 0) F = −2 × 10
3
3
−2 × 10
Desplazamientos
−1
Q := K ⋅F
0
−3
0
−6.768 × 10 Q0 , 0 −3
Q=
−6.768 × 10
Q= −0.011 Q :=
Q −0.011
−0.014 1, 0
Q
2, 0 −0.014
Deformaciones unitarias
Q0 , 0 Q1 , 0 Q2 , 0
q1 := q2 := q3 :=
Q1 , 0 Q2 , 0 Q3 , 0
1 1 1
ε1 := ⋅ ( −1 1 ) ⋅ q1 ε2 := ⋅ ( −1 1 ) ⋅ q2 ε3 := ⋅ ( −1 1 ) ⋅ q3
L1 L2 L3
(
ε1 = −3.384 × 10
−5 ) (
ε2 = −2.119 × 10
−5 ) (
ε3 = −1.261 × 10
−5 )
Tensiones en elementos
Reacciones
R := Kr⋅ Q − Fr R = 7 × 10 ( 3 )
Problema: Determine el desplazamiento en el tope superior de la columna y la tension maxima. Utilice
funciones de forma cuadraticas y desprecie peso propio.
Geometria
Elemento 1
E1 := 2100000
L1 := 300
A1 := 80
Elemento 2
E2 := 2100000
L2 := 200
A2 := 50
Coordenadas naturales
2
ξ( x) ⋅ ( x − x3)
( x2 − x1)
N1( ξ) := ⋅ ( ξ − 1) ⋅ ξ
1
N1( −1) = 1
2
N2( ξ) := ⋅ ( ξ + 1) ⋅ ξ
1
N2( 1) = 1
2
N3( ξ) := −( ξ − 1) ⋅ ( ξ + 1) N3( 0) = 1
Por lo tanto:
q1
q := q2
q3
u ( ξ) := N(ξ)⋅ q
Deformaciones
d u (ξ) ⋅ d ξ
ε( ξ) :=
dξ dx
d
u ( ξ) :=
d N( ξ) ⋅ q
dξ dξ
2 d 2
ξ( x) ⋅ ( x − x3) ξ( x) :=
( x2 − x1) dx x2 − x1
por tanto:
ε( ξ) := ⋅ ξ⋅ q1 + 1 ⋅ξ − 1 1 1 2
⋅ q2 − ( ξ + 1)⋅ q3 + ( −ξ + 1) ⋅ q3 ⋅ x2 − x1
1 1
2 ⋅ q1 + 2 ⋅ ξ⋅ q2 + 2 ⋅ ξ +
2 2 2
ε( ξ) := B( ξ) ⋅ q
B( ξ) := ⋅ ξ + ⋅ ξ − −( ξ + 1) + ( −ξ + 1) ⋅
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
⋅ ξ + ⋅ξ +
2 2 2 2 2 2 − x1
x2
Tensiones
σ( ξ) := E⋅ ε( ξ)
1 ⌠
U := ⋅ (E⋅ ε( ξ))T ⋅ ε( ξ) ⋅ A dx
2 ⌡
1 ⌠
⋅ qT ⋅ B(ξ) ⋅ E⋅ B(ξ) ⋅ q ⋅ A dx
T
U :=
2 ⌡
1 T ⌠
⋅ q ⋅ B(ξ) ⋅ B( ξ)⋅ E⋅ A dx ⋅ q
T
U :=
2 ⌡
Por ende:
⌠
K := B(ξ) ⋅ B( ξ)⋅ E⋅ A dx
T
⌡
Ademas
L
dx := ⋅ dξ
2
x2 − x1 := L
1 1
ξ − 2 ξ + 2
B( ξ) := 2⋅
ξ
2⋅ −4⋅
(x2 − x1) ( x2 − x1) ( x2 − x1)
1
⌠
1 1
T
1 1
ξ − 2 ξ + 2 ξ − 2 ξ + 2
K :=
2⋅ −4⋅ ξ 2⋅ −4⋅ ξ ⋅ E⋅ A ⋅ L dξ
2⋅ ⋅ 2⋅
⌡ L L L L L L 2
−1
1
⌠
ξ − 1
2
ξ − 1 ξ − 1
4⋅
2
4⋅
2
⋅ ξ + −8⋅
1 2
⋅ξ
2 2 2 2
L L L
2
ξ − ξ + 1 ξ + 1
1
K := ⋅ A⋅ E⋅ L dξ
4⋅ 2
⋅ ξ +
1
4⋅
2
−8⋅
2
⋅ξ 2
L
2 2 L
2
L
2
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
2
2 2 ξ
−8⋅ 2
⋅ξ −8⋅
2
⋅ξ 16⋅
2
L L L
⌡
−1
1
⌠ 1
2 ⌠
ξ − 1 ξ − 1
4⋅
2
dξ →
14
−8⋅
2
⋅ ξ dξ →
−16
2 2 2 2
L 3⋅ L L 3⋅ L
⌡ ⌡
−1 −1
1
1 ⌠
⌠ 2
ξ − 1
ξ + 1
4⋅
2
⋅ ξ +
1 2 2 14
dξ → 2
4⋅ dξ →
2 2
3⋅ L
2
3⋅ L
2
⌡
L
⌡
L
−1 −1
1
⌠ ⌠
1
ξ + 1 2
ξ 32
−8⋅
2
⋅ ξ dξ →
−16 16⋅ dξ →
2 2
2 2 L 3⋅ L
L 3⋅ L ⌡
⌡ −1
−1
14 2 −16
(3⋅ L ) (3⋅ L ) (3⋅ L )
2 2 2
2 14 −16
K := ⋅ A⋅ E⋅ L
(3⋅ L2) (3⋅ L2) (3⋅ L2) 2
−16 −16 32
(3⋅ L ) (3⋅ L ) (3⋅ L2)
2 2
7 1 −8
A⋅E
⋅ 1 7 −8
Matriz de rigidez para un elemento.
K :=
3⋅ L
−8 −8 16
1 3 2 3 5 4
7 1 −8 7 1 −8
A1 ⋅ E1
⋅ 1 7 −8
A2 ⋅ E2
K1 := K2 := ⋅ 1 7 −8
3⋅ L1 3⋅ L2
−8 −8 16 −8 −8 16
1 2 3 4 5
K1
0, 0
K1
0, 2
K1
0, 1
0 0
K10 , 2 K12 , 2 K1
1, 2
0 0
K := K10 , 1 K11 , 2 K11 , 1 + K20 , 0 K20 , 2 K20 , 1
0 0 K2 K2 K2
0, 2 2, 2 1, 2
0 0 K2 K2 K2
0, 1 1, 2 1, 1
1.307 × 10 −1.493 × 10
6 6 5
1.867 × 10 0 0
6 6 6
−1.493 × 10 2.987 × 10 −1.493 × 10 0 0
K = 1.867 × 105 −1.493 × 106 6 6
2.532 × 10 −1.4 × 10 1.75 × 10
5
6 6 6
0 0 −1.4 × 10 2.8 × 10 −1.4 × 10
5 6 6
0 0 1.75 × 10 −1.4 × 10 1.225 × 10
Kr := submatrix( K , 0 , 0 , 0 , 4)
0
0
F := 0
0
−10000
q1 := 0
Por lo tanto se elimina primera fila y columna de la matriz K y primera fila del vector F:
6 6
2.987 × 10 −1.493 × 10 0 0
6 6 6 5
−1.493 × 10 2.532 × 10 −1.4 × 10 1.75 × 10
K := submatrix( K , 1, 4, 1, 4) K=
6 6 6
−1.4 × 10 2.8 × 10 −1.4 × 10
0
5 6 6
0 1.75 × 10 −1.4 × 10 1.225 × 10
0
0
F := submatrix( F , 1 , 4 , 0 , 0) F=
0
4
−1 × 10
Desplazamientos nodales
−3
−8.929× 10
Q=
−1 −0.018
Q := K ⋅F
−0.027
−0.037
Deformaciones en elementos
Elemento 1 Elemento 2
1 1 ξ − 1 ξ + 1
ξ − 2 ξ + 2 ξ
ξ
B1( ξ) := 2⋅
−4⋅ B2( ξ) := 2⋅
2 2
2⋅ 2⋅ −4⋅
L1 L1 L1 L2 L2 L2
0 Q1 , 0
Q
0
−0.018
q1 := 1 , 0 q1 = −0.018 q2 := Q3 , 0 q2 = −0.037
Q −3
−0.027
0, 0 −8.929× 10 Q2 , 0
ε1( ξ) := B1( ξ) ⋅ q1 ε2( ξ) := B2( ξ) ⋅ q2
(
ε1( −1) = −5.952× 10
−5 ) (
ε2( −1) = −9.524× 10
−5 )
(
ε1( 0) = −5.952× 10
− 5) (
ε2( 0) = −9.524× 10
− 5)
Tensiones en elementos
Elemento 2
Elemento 1
Reacciones en la base
0
Q0 , 0
Q
R := Kr⋅ 1 , 0 (
R = 1 × 10
4 )
Q
2, 0
Q
3, 0
Determine el desplazamiento en el tope superior de la columna y la tension maxima. Utilice funciones de
forma cuadraticas y desprecie peso propio.
Geometria
Elemento 1
7
E1 := 10
L1 := 21
A1 := 0.6
Elemento 2
7
E2 := 10
L2 := 21
A2 := 0.6
Coordenadas naturales
2
ξ( x) ⋅ ( x − x3)
( x2 − x1)
N1( ξ) := ⋅ ( ξ − 1) ⋅ ξ
1
N1( −1) = 1
2
N2( ξ) := ⋅ ( ξ + 1) ⋅ ξ
1
N2( 1) = 1
2
N3( ξ) := −( ξ − 1) ⋅ ( ξ + 1) N3( 0) = 1
Por lo tanto:
q1
q := q2
q3
u ( ξ) := N( ξ) ⋅ q
u ( ξ) → 1 ⋅ξ − 1
⋅ ξ⋅ q1 + ⋅ ξ +
1
⋅ ξ⋅ q2 + ( −ξ + 1) ⋅ (ξ + 1)⋅ q3
1
2
2 2 2
Deformaciones
ε( ξ) :=
d u( ξ) ⋅ d ξ
dξ dx
d
u (ξ) :=
d N( ξ) ⋅ q
dξ dξ
u (ξ) → 1 ⋅ξ − 1 1 1
⋅ q2 − ( ξ + 1) ⋅ q3 + (−ξ + 1)⋅ q3
d 1 1
⋅ ξ⋅ q1 + ⋅ q1 + ⋅ ξ⋅ q2 + ⋅ ξ +
dξ 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 d 2
ξ( x) ⋅ ( x − x3) ξ( x) :=
( x2 − x1) dx x2 − x1
por tanto:
ε( ξ) := ⋅ ξ⋅ q1 + 1 ⋅ξ − 1 1 1 2
⋅ q2 − ( ξ + 1)⋅ q3 + ( −ξ + 1) ⋅ q3 ⋅
1 1
⋅ q1 + ⋅ ξ⋅ q2 + ⋅ ξ +
2 2 2 2 2 2 x2 − x1
ε( ξ) := B( ξ) ⋅ q
B( ξ) := ⋅ ξ + ⋅ ξ − −( ξ + 1) + ( −ξ + 1) ⋅
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
⋅ ξ + ⋅ξ +
2 2 2 2 2 2 x2 − x1
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
B( ξ) → 2⋅
2 2 ξ
2⋅ −4⋅
( x2 − x1) ( x2 − x1) ( x2 − x1)
Tensiones
σ( ξ) := E⋅ ε( ξ)
1 ⌠
U := ⋅ (E⋅ ε( ξ))T ⋅ ε( ξ) ⋅ A dx
2 ⌡
1 ⌠ T
q ⋅ B(ξ) ⋅ E⋅ B(ξ) ⋅ q ⋅ A dx
T
U := ⋅
2 ⌡
1 T ⌠
⋅ q ⋅ B(ξ) ⋅ B( ξ)⋅ E⋅ A dx ⋅ q
T
U :=
⌡
2
Por ende:
⌠
K := B(ξ) ⋅ B( ξ)⋅ E⋅ A dx
T
⌡
Ademas
L
dx := ⋅ dξ
2
x2 − x1 := L
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
B( ξ) := 2⋅
2 2 ξ
2⋅ −4⋅
(x2 − x1) (x2 − x1) ( x2 − x1)
1
⌠
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
T
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
ξ
ξ
K :=
2 2 2 2 L
2⋅ 2⋅ −4⋅ ⋅ 2⋅ 2⋅ −4⋅ ⋅ E⋅ A ⋅ dξ
⌡ L L L L L L 2
−1
1
⌠
2
ξ − 1 ξ − 1 ξ − 1
4⋅
2
4⋅
2
⋅ ξ + −8⋅
1 2
⋅ξ
2 2 2 2
L L L
2
ξ − ξ + 1 ξ + 1
1
K := ⋅ A ⋅ E⋅ L dξ
4⋅ 2
⋅ ξ +
1
4⋅
2
−8⋅
2
⋅ξ 2
L
2 2 L
2
L
2
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
2
2 2 ξ
−8⋅ 2
⋅ξ −8⋅
2
⋅ξ 16⋅
2
L L L
⌡
−1
1
⌠ 1
2 ⌠
ξ − 1 ξ − 1
4⋅
2
dξ →
14
−8⋅
2
⋅ ξ dξ →
−16
2 2 2 2
L 3⋅ L L 3⋅ L
⌡ ⌡
−1 −1
1
1 ⌠
⌠ 2
ξ − 1 ξ + 1
2
⋅ ξ +
1 2 2 14
4⋅ dξ →
4⋅ dξ →
2 2
3⋅ L
2 2 2
3⋅ L
⌡
L
⌡
L
−1 −1
1
⌠ ⌠
1
ξ + 1
2
ξ 32
−8⋅
2
⋅ ξ dξ →
−16 16⋅ dξ →
2 2
2 2 L 3⋅ L
L 3⋅ L ⌡
⌡ −1
−1
14 2 −16
(3⋅ L ) (3⋅L ) (3⋅L )
2 2 2
2 14 −16
K := ⋅ A ⋅ E⋅ L
(3⋅ L2) (3⋅L2) (3⋅L2) 2
−16 −16 32
(3⋅ L2) (3⋅L2) (3⋅L2)
7 1 −8
⋅ 1 7 −8
A⋅E Matriz de rigidez para un elemento.
K :=
3⋅ L
−8 −8 16
1 3 2 3 5 4
7 1 −8 7 1 −8
⋅ 1 7 −8 ⋅ 1 7 −8
A1⋅ E1 A2⋅ E2
K1 := K2 :=
3⋅ L1 3⋅ L2
−8 −8 16 −8 −8 16
1 2 3 4 5
K1 K1 K1 0 0
0, 0
0, 2 0, 1
K10 , 2 K12 , 2 K1
1, 2
0 0
K := K10 , 1 K11 , 2 K11 , 1 + K20 , 0 K20 , 2 K20 , 1
0 0 K2 K2 K2
0, 2 2, 2 1, 2
0 0 K2 K2 K2
0, 1 1, 2 1, 1
Kr := submatrix( K , 0 , 0 , 0 , 4)
Vector de fuerzas global para la estructura
14.57
58.26
F := 58.26
174.79
43.7
q1 := 0
Por lo tanto se elimina primera fila y columna de la matriz K y primera fila del vector F:
1.524× 106 5
−7.619× 10 0 0
5 6 5 4
−7.619× 10 1.333× 10 −7.619× 10 9.524× 10
K := submatrix( K , 1 , 4 , 1 , 4) K=
5 6 5
−7.619× 10 1.524× 10 −7.619× 10
0
4 5 5
0 9.524× 10 −7.619× 10 6.667× 10
58.26
F=
58.26
F := submatrix( F , 1 , 4 , 0 , 0)
174.79
43.7
Desplazamientos nodales
5.735×
−4
10
−3
1.071×
Q=
−1 10
Q := K ⋅F
−3
1.415× 10
1.529× −3
10
−3
El desplazamiento en el tope superior de la columna es: Q = 1.529× 10
cm
3, 0
Deformaciones en elementos
Elemento 1 Elemento 2
1 1 ξ − 1 ξ + 1
ξ − 2 ξ + 2
ξ
B1( ξ) := 2⋅
2⋅ −4⋅ ξ B2(ξ) := 2⋅
2 2
2⋅ −4⋅
L1 L1 L1 L2 L2 L2
.
0 Q1 , 0 −3
0
1.071× 10
Q
q2 := Q3 , 0 q2 = 1.529× 10− 3
−3
q1 := 1 , 0 q1 = 1.071× 10
Q −4
0, 0 5.735× 10 Q2 , 0 −3
1.415× 10
ε1(ξ) := B1( ξ)⋅ q1 ε2( ξ) := B2( ξ)⋅ q2
(
ε1( −1) = 5.826× 10
−5 ) (
ε2( −1) = 4.37 × 10 )
−5
(
ε1( 0) = 5.098× 10
− 5)
ε2( 0) = ( 2.185× 10 )
−5
Tensiones en elementos
Elemento 2
Elemento 1
σ1( 1) = ( 436.975)
(
σ2( 1) = 4.167× 10
−3 )
Reacciones en la base
0
Q0 , 0
Q
R := Kr⋅ 1 , 0 R = ( −335.01)
Q
2, 0
Q
3, 0
FORMULACION DEL ELEMENTO FINITO PARA ELEMENTOS BARRAS (ARMADURAS)
q1x
q1 := q1y
q1z
q´1 := n⋅ q1
q2x
q2 := q2y
q2z
q´2 := n⋅ q2
q´1
q´ :=
q´2 q1x
q1y
cos ( α ) cos ( β ) cos ( γ ) 0 0 0 q1z
cos ( α ) cos (β ) cos ( γ ) 0
q´ := L⋅ q q´ := ⋅ 0 0
0 cos ( α ) cos (β ) cos ( γ ) q2x L :=
cos α cos β cos (γ )
( ) ( )
0 0
q2y 0 0 0
q2z
Determinacion de la matriz de rigidez para un elemento
ε := B⋅ q´
σ := E⋅ B⋅ q´
U :=
1 ⌠
⋅
T
σ ε dv U :=
1 ⌠
⋅
(q´T⋅ BT⋅E)⋅( B⋅q´)⋅ A dx
2 ⌡ 2 ⌡
pero q´ := L⋅ q
U :=
1 ⌠
⋅
(( L⋅q)T⋅ BT⋅E)⋅B⋅ (L⋅ q)⋅ A dx
2 ⌡
1 ⌠ T T T Le
U := ⋅ q ⋅ L ⋅ B ⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ q⋅ A dx pero dx := ⋅ dξ
2 ⌡ 2
1
1 ⌠ Le
U := ⋅
T T T
q ⋅ L ⋅ B ⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ q ⋅ A ⋅ dξ
2 2
⌡
−1
1
1 T ⌠
U := ⋅ q ⋅ dξ ⋅ q
T T Le 1 T
L ⋅ B ⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ A ⋅ U := ⋅ q ⋅ K⋅ q
2 ⌡
2 2
−1
1
⌠ 1 −1 ⋅ L
Le T A⋅E
K :=
T T
L ⋅ B ⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ A ⋅ dξ K := L ⋅ ⋅
2 Le −1 1
⌡
−1
−cos (α ) ⋅ cos (β ) −cos (β ) −cos ( β ) ⋅ cos ( γ ) cos ( α ) ⋅ cos (β ) cos (β ) cos ( β ) ⋅ cos ( γ )
2 2
−cos (α ) ⋅ cos ( γ) −cos (β ) ⋅ cos (γ ) −cos (γ )
2
cos (α ) ⋅ cos (γ ) cos (β ) ⋅ cos (γ ) cos ( γ )
2
Determinacion del vector de peso propio
A partir de una generalizacion directa se tiene:
fx
fy
fx, fy y fz fuerzas volumétricas en las direcciones x, y, z.
Le fz
f := A ⋅ ⋅ Si el peso actua en dirección Y, fy=peso específico y
2 fx fx = fz = 0.
fy
fz
tx
ty
Le tz
T := ⋅ t: carga distribuida por unidad de longitud de elemento.
2 tx
ty
tz
Problema: Determinar los desplazamientos en la siguiente estructura espacial. Considere funciones de forma lineales
y peso propio.
2
A := 50⋅ cm Para todos los elementos
6 kgf
E := 2.1⋅ 10 ⋅
2
cm
kgf
γ := 7850⋅
3
m
Coordenadas
N1 := ( 0 0 0 ) N5 := ( 0 700 500 )
( N3 − N2) ⋅ cm
M2 L2 := 300⋅ cm N2 N3 n2 := n2 = ( 1 0 0 )
L2
( N3 − N4) ⋅ cm
M3 L3 := 700⋅ cm N4 N3 n3 := n3 = ( 0 1 0 )
L3
( N2 − N5) ⋅ cm
M4 L4 := 500⋅ cm N5 N2 n4 := n4 = ( 0 0 −1 )
L4
( N3 − N6) ⋅ cm
M5 L5 := 500⋅ cm N6 N3 n5 := n5 = ( 0 0 −1 )
L5
( N4 − N2) ⋅ cm
M6 L6 := 761.6cm
⋅ N2 N4 n6 := n6 = ( 0.394 −0.919 0 )
L6
( N3 − N5) ⋅ cm
M7 L7 := 583.1cm
⋅ N5 N3 n7 := n7 = ( 0.514 0 −0.857)
L7
2 2
−α ⋅ β −α ⋅ γ
α α⋅ β α⋅γ −α
2 2
α⋅β β β⋅γ −α ⋅ β −β −β ⋅ γ
2 2
A⋅ E α ⋅ γ β⋅γ γ −α ⋅ γ −β ⋅ γ −γ
( )
k α , β , γ := ⋅
1 2 2
−α −α ⋅ β −α ⋅ γ α α ⋅ β α⋅ γ
2 2 con α, β y γ cosenos directores para un elemento.
−α ⋅ β −β −β ⋅ γ α ⋅ β β β⋅ γ
−α ⋅ γ 2 2
−β ⋅ γ −γ α⋅ γ β⋅γ γ
( )⋅ ( )⋅ ( )⋅
1 1 1
k1 := k n1 , n1 , n1 k2 := k n2 , n2 , n2 k3 := k n3 , n3 , n3
0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L1 0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L2 0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2.1 × 10
4
0 0 −2.1 × 10 tonf
4 0 0 2.1 × 10
4
0 0 −2.1 × 10 tonf
4
k4 = k5 =
0 0 0 0 0 0
m 0 0 0 0 0 0
m
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 4 4 4
0 0 −2.1 × 10 0 0 2.1 × 10 0 0 −2.1 × 10 0 0 2.1 × 10
N5x N5y N5z N2x N2y N2z N6x N6y N6z N3x N3y N3z
( )⋅ ( )⋅
1 1
k6 := k n6 , n6 , n6 k7 := k n7 , n7 , n7
0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L6 0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L7
Aplicando el enfoque de eliminacion al considerar las condiciones de borde del problema se tiene finalmente:
0
−1
1 0
f ( fx, fy , fz) := γ ⋅ A ⋅ ⋅
2 0
−1
0
(
f1 := f n1
0, 0
, n1
0, 1
, n1
0, 2 )⋅ L1 (
f2 := f n2
0, 0
, n2
0, 1
, n2
0, 2 )⋅L2 (
f3 := f n3
0, 0
, n3
0, 1
, n3
0, 2 )⋅ L3 (
f4 := f n4
0, 0
, n4
0, 1
, n4
0, 2 )⋅ L4 (
f5 := f n5
0, 0
, n5
0, 1
, n5
0, 2 )⋅ L5
0 0 0 0 0
−137.375 −58.875 −137.375 −98.125 −98.125
f1 = kgf f2 =
0
f3 = kgf f4 =
0
f5 = kgf
0 0 0
kgf kgf
0 0 0 0 0
−137.375 −58.875 −137.375 −98.125 −98.125
0 0 0 0 0
(
f6 := f n6
0, 0
, n6
0, 1
, n6
0, 2 )⋅ L6 (
f7 := f n7
0, 0
, n7
0, 1
, n7
0, 2 )⋅L7
0 0
−149.464 −114.433
f6 = kgf f7 = kgf
0 0
0 0
−149.464 −114.433
0 0
0
0
g := 0
−1000⋅ kgf
0
0
Por lo tanto el vector de fuerzas globales sobre la estructura:
0
−443.839
F := f + g 0
F=
3
kgf
−1 × 10
−408.808
0
−0.026 N2x
−6.495× 10− 3 N2y
−1 0
Q := K ⋅F
Q= cm N2z
−0.026 N3x
−3
−2.725× 10 N3y
−3
−6.132× 10 N3z
Problema: Determinar los desplazamientos en la siguiente estructura espacial. Considere funciones de forma lineales y peso propio
2
A := 20⋅ cm Para todos los elementos
6 kgf
E := 2.1⋅ 10 ⋅
2
cm
kgf
γ := 7850⋅
3
m
Coordenadas
N1 := ( 0 0 0 )
N2 := ( 300 0 0 )
N3 := ( 150 0 250)
N4 := ( 150 150 0 )
( N4 − N3) ⋅ cm
M2 L2 := 291.6cm
⋅ N3 N4 n2 := n2 = ( 0 0.514 −0.857)
L2
( N4 − N2) ⋅ cm
M3 L3 := 212.1cm
⋅ N2 N4 n3 := n3 = ( −0.707 0.707 0 )
L3
Matrices de rigidez para cada elemento
2 2
−α ⋅ β −α ⋅ γ
α α ⋅β α⋅γ −α
2 2
α⋅β β β⋅γ −α ⋅ β −β −β ⋅ γ
2 2
A⋅ E α⋅ γ β ⋅γ γ −α ⋅ γ −β ⋅ γ −γ
k( α , β , γ ) := ⋅
1 2 2
−α −α ⋅ β −α ⋅ γ α α ⋅ β α ⋅γ
2 2 con α, β y γ cosenos directores para un elemento.
−α ⋅ β −β −β ⋅ γ α ⋅ β β β ⋅γ
−α ⋅ γ 2 2
−β ⋅ γ −γ α ⋅γ β⋅γ γ
( )⋅ ( )⋅
1 1
k1 := k n1 , n1 , n1 k2 := k n2 , n2 , n2
0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L1 0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L2
( )⋅
1
k3 := k n3 , n3 , n3
0, 0 0, 1 0 , 2 L3
Aplicando el enfoque de eliminacion al considerar las condiciones de borde del problema se tiene finalmente:
k13 , 3 + k23 , 3 + k33 , 3 k13 , 4 + k23 , 4 + k33 , 4 k13 , 5 + k23 , 5 + k33 , 5 N4x
K := k13 , 4 + k23 , 4 + k33 , 4 k14 , 4 + k24 , 4 + k34 , 4 k14 , 5 + k24 , 5 + k34 , 5 N4y
k13 , 5 + k23 , 5 + k33 , 5 k14 , 5 + k24 , 5 + k34 , 5 k15 , 5 + k25 , 5 + k35 , 5 N4z
5
1.981 × 10 0 0
K= 5 4 kgf
2.362 × 10 −6.352 × 10
0
cm
4 5
0 −6.352 × 10 1.059 × 10
fx
fy
1 fz
f ( fx, fy , fz) := γ ⋅ A ⋅ ⋅
2 fx
fy
fz
f1 := f ( 0, −1, 0) ⋅ L1 f2 := f ( 0, −1 , 0) ⋅ L2 f3 := f ( 0, −1 , 0) ⋅ L3
0 0 0
−16.65 −22.891 −16.65
f1 = 0
kgf f2 = 0
kgf f3 = 0
kgf
0 0 0
−16.65 −22.891 −16.65
0 0 0
0
g := −1000 ⋅ kgf
0
Por lo tanto el vector de fuerzas globales sobre la estructura:
0
F := f + g
F = −1.056× 10 kgf
3
0
q1
2 4
−1.50⋅ ξ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50)⋅ ⋅
q2
⋅ 1.50⋅ ξ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50)⋅
d L L
v :=
2 q3
L
2 2 2
dx
q4
d
2 2
d H ⋅q
v :=
2 dx2
dx
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
2 T T
1 d 2 1 d 2 d 2 1 T d 2 H ⋅ d 2 H x⋅ q
U := ⋅ EI⋅ ⋅ EI⋅
v dx
dx2 2 H ⋅ q ⋅
dx2 H ⋅ q dx 2 ⋅ EI⋅ q ⋅ dx2 dx2 d
2
2
dx
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
1 T
U := ⋅ q ⋅ K⋅ q
2
⌠
T ⌠ ⌠
d 2 d2
2
d T d
2 d
2
T d
2 L
K := EI⋅
dx2 H ⋅ dx2 H dx EI⋅ 2 H ⋅ 2 H dx EI⋅ H ⋅ H dξ⋅
en que
2 2
dx dx dx dx 2
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
1
⌠
1.50⋅ ξ
(1.50⋅ ξ − .50) ⋅
L
4 2 4
⋅ ⋅ 1.50⋅ ξ (1.50⋅ ξ − .50)⋅ −1.50⋅ ξ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50)⋅ dξ
L L L
K := EI⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 2 −1.50⋅ ξ 2 2 2
L
L
(1.50⋅ ξ + .50) ⋅ L
2
⌡
−1
AE EI EI AE EI EI
cos α⋅ L −12⋅ cos β⋅
3
−6⋅ cos β⋅
2
−cos α⋅
L
12⋅ cos β⋅
3
−6⋅ cos β⋅
2
L L L L
AE EI EI AE EI EI
cos β⋅ 12⋅ cos α⋅ 6⋅ cos α⋅ −cos β⋅ −12⋅ cos α⋅ 6⋅ cos α⋅
L 3
L
2
L
L
L
3
L cos α cos β 0
2
0 0 0
EI EI EI EI
0 6⋅ 4⋅ 0 −6⋅ 2⋅ −cos β cos α 0 0 0 0
2
L
L
L
2 L 0 0 1 0 0 0
K := ⋅
−cos α⋅ AE EI EI AE EI EI
0 0 0 cos α cos β 0
12⋅ cos β⋅ 6⋅ cos β⋅ cos α⋅ −12⋅ cos β⋅ 6⋅ cos β⋅
L 3
L
2
L
L
L
3
L 0
2 0 0 −cos β cos α 0
0
−cos β⋅ AE EI EI AE EI EI 0 0 0 0 1
−12⋅ cos α⋅ −6⋅ cos α⋅ cos β⋅ 12⋅ cos α⋅ −6⋅ cos α⋅
L
L
3
L
2 L 3
L L
2
0 6⋅
EI
2⋅
EI
0 −6⋅
EI
4⋅
EI
2 L 2 L
L L
2 AE
cos α ⋅
2 EI
+ 12⋅ cos β ⋅ cos α⋅
AE EI
⋅ cos β − 12⋅ cos β⋅ ⋅ cos α −6⋅ cos β⋅
EI 2 AE
−cos α ⋅
2 EI
− 12⋅ cos β ⋅ −cos α⋅
AE
⋅ cos β + 12⋅ cos β⋅
EI
⋅ cos α −6⋅ cos β⋅
EI
L 3 L 3 2 L 3 L 3
2
L L L L L L
AE EI 2 AE 2 EI EI AE EI 2 AE 2 EI EI
cos α⋅ ⋅ cos β − 12⋅ cos β⋅ ⋅ cos α cos β ⋅ + 12⋅ cos α ⋅ 6⋅ cos α⋅ −cos α⋅ ⋅ cos β + 12⋅ cos β⋅ ⋅ cos α −cos β ⋅ − 12⋅ cos α ⋅ 6⋅ cos α⋅
L
L
3 L
L
3
L
2 L
L
3 L
L
3
L
2
EI EI EI EI EI EI
−6⋅ cos β⋅ 6⋅ cos α⋅ 4⋅ 6⋅ cos β⋅ −6⋅ cos α⋅ 2⋅
L
2
L
2 L
L
2
L
2 L
K :=
−cos α ⋅
2 AE 2 EI
− 12⋅ cos β ⋅ −cos α⋅
AE EI
⋅ cos β + 12⋅ cos β⋅ ⋅ cos α 6⋅ cos β⋅
EI 2 AE
cos α ⋅
2 EI
+ 12⋅ cos β ⋅ cos α⋅
AE EI
⋅ cos β − 12⋅ cos β⋅ ⋅ cos α 6⋅ cos β⋅
EI
L
L
3 L
L
3
L
2 L
L
3 L
L
3
L
2
−cos α⋅ AE ⋅ cos β + 12⋅ cos β⋅ EI ⋅ cos α 2 AE
−cos β ⋅
2 EI
− 12⋅ cos α ⋅ −6⋅ cos α⋅
EI
cos α⋅
AE EI
⋅ cos β − 12⋅ cos β⋅ ⋅ cos α
2 AE
cos β ⋅
2 EI
+ 12⋅ cos α ⋅ −6⋅ cos α⋅
EI
L
L
3 L
L
3
L
2 L
L
3 L
L
3
L
2
−6⋅ cos β⋅
EI
6⋅ cos α⋅
EI
2⋅
EI
6⋅ cos β⋅
EI
−6⋅ cos α⋅
EI
4⋅
EI
2 2 L 2 2 L
L L L L
VIGAS WINKLERIANAS APOYADAS SOBRE TERRENO
En numerosos casos, las vigas pueden situarse en contacto directo con el terreno como es el caso de vigas
de fundación, losas de fundación, losas de pavimento o en general, elementos de estructuras enterradas.
Los modelos más tradicionales para abordar este tipo de problemas son el "Modelo de Viga Winkleriana" y
el "Modelo de Viga en Medio Elastico". Ambos modelos son apropiados para modelar la interaccion suelo
estructura, dependiendo de las propiedades del terreno. Así, el primer modelo asume que la resistencia del
suelo al corte es despreciable en comparacion con la resistencia al corte del hormigon de la zapata o viga de
fundación. Este tipo de modelo simula una cama de resortes independientes uno de otro. Por el contrario, el
segundo modelo de Viga en Medio Elastico considera la resistencia al corte que ofrece el suelo en los
bordes de la fundación, sin ambargo, ambos modelos fallan en la predicción de los asentamientos en las
regiones más alejadas, fuera de la viga de fundación.
L
1 ⌠ 2
U := ⋅ Cb⋅ b⋅ v dx
2 ⌡0
en que "Cb" es el coeficiente de balasto del suelo en kgf/cm 3 y "b" el ancho de la fundación..
2 T
Puede expresarse v := H⋅ q Además v := v ⋅ v
1 T ⌠
L
T
U := ⋅ q ⋅ Cb⋅ b⋅ H ⋅ H dx ⋅ q
2 ⌡
0
Es decir:
L
⌠
H1
L
L H2⋅
⌠
K := Cb⋅ b⋅
T 2 L L dx
K := Cb⋅ b⋅ H ⋅ H dx ⋅ H1 H2⋅ H3 H4⋅
⌡
0
H3 2 2
L
H4⋅
2
⌡
0
HIPOTESIS DE TIMOSHENKO: VIGAS ALTAS
En las secciones anteriores, al momento de formular el elemento Viga, la energía potencial fue calculada
despreciando el término asociado a la deformación por corte. En este contexto, al ignorar este término, la
superficie neutra coincide con la perpedicular a la sección transversal, lo cual no es cierto en elementos
vigas de gran peralte, en que la deformación cortante debe tenerse presente.
⌠ ⌠
T 1 εx 1 ⌠ 1 ⌠
U
1
⋅ EI⋅ σ ⋅ ε dv ⋅ ( σx τxy ) ⋅ dv ⋅ σx⋅ εx dv + ⋅ τxy⋅ γxy dv
2 ⌡ 2 γxy 2 ⌡ 2 ⌡
⌡
⌠
2
1 d2 1
⌠
2
U ⋅ EI⋅ v dx + ⋅ G⋅ γxy dv
dx2 2 ⌡
2
⌡
La matriz de rigidez proveniente del primer término de la expresión anterior (deformarmación por flexión)
fue calculada con anterioridad. Luego, se calculará la matriz de rigidez proveniente del segundo término
de la derecha de la expresión (deformación por corte) y se adicionará a la ya calculada.
V
γxy en que V es el esfuerzo de corte y As la sección cortante efectiva.
G⋅ As
⌠
⌠
1 ⌠
2
⋅ G⋅
1 2 V 1 T
U ⋅ G⋅ γxy dv ⋅ As dx ⋅
V ⋅ V dx
2 ⌡ 2 G⋅ As 2G⋅ As
⌡
⌡
2 3
d d d
pero M EI⋅ v o bien V M EI⋅ v
2 dx 3
dx dx
pero v H⋅ q
d
3
d d d
2
entonces V EI⋅ H⋅ q EI⋅ ξ⋅ H ⋅q
dx
3 dx dξ dx
2
q1
V EI⋅ ⋅ 1.5 1.5⋅ −1.5 1.5⋅ ⋅
8 L L q2
2 q3
L
3 2
q4
⌠
1.5
L
⌠ 1.5⋅
8 T 2
⋅ EI⋅ ⋅ 1.5 1.5⋅ −1.5 1.5⋅ ⋅ q dx
1 T 1 8 L L
U ⋅V ⋅ V dx ⋅ EI⋅ ⋅ q ⋅
2G⋅ As
⌡ 2⋅ G⋅ As 3 −1.5 3 2 2
L
L L
1.5⋅
2
⌡
1 T
U ⋅ q ⋅ K⋅ q
2
12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I
−
12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I
L ⋅ (1 + Φ ) L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
3 2
L ⋅ ( 1 + Φ ) L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
3 2
6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 4 + Φ ) 6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 2 − Φ )
−
L2⋅ (1 + Φ ) L⋅ ( 1 + Φ ) L ⋅(1 + Φ )
2 L ⋅ ( 1 + Φ )
K :=
− 12E⋅ I −
6E⋅ I 12E⋅ I
−
6E⋅ I
L3⋅ ( 1 + Φ ) L2⋅ ( 1 + Φ ) L3⋅ (1 + Φ ) L ⋅(1 + Φ )
2
6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 2 − Φ ) 6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 4 + Φ )
−
L2⋅ (1 + Φ ) L⋅ ( 1 + Φ ) L ⋅(1 + Φ )
2 L⋅ ( 1 + Φ )
Geometria Material
As := A Area de corte
12⋅ E⋅ I 6⋅ E⋅ I −12⋅ E⋅ I
6⋅ E⋅ I
L
3
L
2
L
3
L 2
6⋅ E⋅ I 4⋅ E⋅ I −6⋅ E⋅ I 2⋅ E⋅ I
0
L
2 L
L
2 L
F :=
0
K := P
−12⋅ E⋅ I −6⋅ E⋅ I 12⋅ E⋅ I −6⋅ E⋅ I
0
3 2 3 2
L L L L
6⋅ E⋅ I 2⋅ E⋅ I −6⋅ E⋅ I 4⋅ E⋅ I
2 L 2 L
L L
76305409.47 −8393595041.32
K := submatrix( K , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3) K=
−8393595041.32 1231060606060.61
10000
F := submatrix(F , 2 , 3 , 0 , 0) F=
0
Desplazamientos Horizontales
−1 0.000524
Q := K ⋅F Q= ∆be := Q
0, 0
∆be = 0.0005 cm (Hipotesis viga Bernoulli - Euler)
0.000004
Matriz de rigidez
12⋅ E⋅ I
Φ := Φ = 13.4
2
G⋅ As ⋅ L
5288061 −581686712.5
K := submatrix( K , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3) K=
−581686712.5 371750689888.6
−1 0.002284
Desplazamientos en el extremo libre Q := K ⋅F Q=
0.000004
∆t := Q ∆t = 0.0023 cm (Hipotesis Timoshenko)
0, 0
Para un espesor constante de 25 cm y una altura de muro de 220 cm, facilmente puede construirse el
siguiente grafico variando el largo del muro, y manteniendo constante el resto de los parámetros.
Espesor
Del grafico anterior puede concluirse que para un factor < 0.5 los efectos de cortes se
Largo_muro
hacen importantes y no pueden ser tratados mediante la teoría clásica de Bernoulli - Euler.
PAUTA CONTROL 3
5 kgf
E := 2.6⋅ 10 ⋅ Módulo elasticidad para el hormigón
2
cm
2500 kgf
γ := ⋅ Peso específico Hormigón
6 3
10 cm
Coordenadas en centímetros
N1 := ( 0 0 ) N5 := ( 600 0 )
B 3 ( N3 − N2) ⋅ cm
M2 L2 := 150⋅ cm I2 := ⋅ ez A2 := B⋅ ez N2 N3 n2 :=
12 L2
B 3 ( N4 − N3) ⋅ cm
M3 L3 := 150⋅ cm I3 := ⋅ ez A3 := B⋅ ez N3 N4 n3 :=
12 L3
B 3 ( N5 − N4) ⋅ cm
M4 L4 := 150⋅ cm I4 := ⋅ ez A4 := B⋅ ez N4 N5 n4 :=
12 L4
B 3 ( N6 − N3) ⋅ cm
M5 L5 := 600⋅ cm I5 := ⋅ em A5 := B⋅ em N3 N6 n5 :=
12 L5
Qx := 6000⋅ kgf My := −1200000kgf ⋅ cm N := 5250kgf
Como los elementos M1, M2, M3 y M4 están dispuestos horizontalmente, puede utilizarse la expresión de la
matriz de rigidez de 4x4, sin aplicar la transformación de coordenadas local a global.
12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I
−
12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I
L3 L
2
L
3
L
2
6E⋅ I 4E⋅ I 6E⋅ I 2E⋅ I
−
L2 L
L
2 L
ke(E, I , L) := Matriz de rigidez del elemento
− 12E⋅ I −
6E⋅ I 12E⋅ I
−
6E⋅ I
L3 L
2
L
3
L
2
6E⋅ I 2E⋅ I
−
6E⋅ I 4E⋅ I
L2 L 2 L
L
-2
−3.095⋅ 10 ⋅ L
-2
.3714 5.235⋅ 10 ⋅ L .12855
-2 -3 2 -2 -3 2 Matriz de rigidez
5.235⋅ 10 ⋅ L 9.52⋅ 10 ⋅ L 3.095⋅ 10 ⋅ L −7.1425⋅ 10 ⋅ L
ks ( Cb , b , L) := Cb⋅ b⋅ L⋅ suelo-estructura.
-2 -2
3.095⋅ 10 ⋅ L −5.235⋅ 10 ⋅ L
.12855 .37140
−3.095⋅ 10-2⋅ L −7.142510 -3 2 -2 -3 2
⋅ ⋅ L −5.235 ⋅ 10 ⋅ L 9.52⋅ 10 ⋅ L
kgf
Conociendo que Cb := 3⋅ y que el ancho b := 100cm
3
cm
⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf −493037.03703703703704
⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf
493037.03703703703704 cm
36977777.777777777777
cm
36977777.777777777777
⋅ kgf 3697777777.7777777778
⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36977777.777777777777⋅ kgf 1848888888.8888888889
⋅ cm⋅ kgf
ke (E, I1, L1) →
36977777.777777777777
kgf kgf
−493037.03703703703704⋅
cm
−36977777.777777777777 ⋅ kgf ⋅
493037.03703703703704
cm
−36977777.777777777777⋅ kgf
36977777.777777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 1848888888.8888888889 −36977777.777777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 3697777777.7777777778
16713.0000⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf 5784.75000⋅
kgf
−208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf
cm
353362.50000000000000
cm
⋅ kgf 9639000.0000000000000 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf 208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf −7231781.2500000000000 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
ks (Cb , b , L1) →
353362.50000000000000
kgf kgf
5784.75000⋅ 208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf 16713.00000⋅ −353362.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf
cm cm
−208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf −7231781.2500000000000⋅ cm⋅ kgf −353362.50000000000000 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 9639000.0000000000000
Superponiendo las dos matrices de rigidez:
k2 := k1
k3 := k1
k4 := k1
k10 , 0 k1
0, 1
k1
0, 2
k1
0, 3
0 0 0 0 0 0
k11 , 0 k1
1, 1
k1
1, 2
k1
1, 3
0 0 0 0 0 0
k12 , 0 k1 k1 + k2 k1 + k2 k2 k2 0 0 0 0
2, 1 2, 2 0, 0 2, 3 0, 1 0, 2 0, 3
k1 k1 k1 + k2 k1 + k2 k2 k2 0 0 0 0
3, 0 3, 1 3, 2 1, 0 3, 3 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3
0 0 k2 k2 k2 + k3 k2 + k3 k3 k3 0 0
2, 0 2, 1 2, 2 0, 0 2, 3 0, 1 0, 2 0, 3
Kg :=
0 0 k2 k2 k2 + k3 k2 + k3 k3 k3 0 0
3, 0 3, 1 3, 2 1, 0 3, 3 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3
0 0 0 0 k3
2, 0
k3
2, 1
k3
2, 2
+ k4
0, 0
k3
2, 3
+ k4
0, 1
k4
0, 2
k4
0, 3
0 + k4 + k4
1, 3
0 0 0 k3 k3 k3 k3 k4 k4
3, 0 3, 1 3, 2 1, 0 3, 3 1, 1 1, 2
0 0 0 k4 k4 k4 k4
0 0 0
2, 0 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 k4 k4 k4 k4
3, 0 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3
kgf kgf
509750.03703703703704⋅ cm 37331140.277777777777 ⋅ kgf −487252.28703703703704
⋅
cm
⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 0 0 0 0 0 0
37331140.277777777777⋅ kgf 3707416777.7777777778⋅cm⋅kgf −36768865.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 1841657107.6388888889 0 0 0 0 0 0
kgf kgf kgf
−487252.28703703703704⋅ cm −36768865.277777777777⋅ kgf ⋅
1019500.0740740740741
cm
0 −487252.28703703703704
⋅
cm
⋅kgf
36768865.277777777777 0 0 0 0
36768865.277777777777⋅ kgf 1841657107.6388888889⋅cm⋅kgf 0 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36768865.277777777777
7414833555.5555555556 ⋅ kgf 1841657107.6388888889
⋅cm⋅ kgf 0 0 0 0
kgf kgf kgf
−487252.28703703703704
⋅ −36768865.277777777777
⋅kgf ⋅ −487252.28703703703704
⋅ ⋅ kgf
Kg →
0 0 1019500.0740740740741 0 36768865.277777777777 0 0
cm cm cm
0 0 ⋅kgf
36768865.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889 0 ⋅cm⋅ kgf −36768865.277777777777
7414833555.5555555556 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅kgf 1841657107.6388888889 0 0
kgf kgf kgf
0 0 0 0 −487252.28703703703704
⋅ −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅
1019500.0740740740741 0 −487252.28703703703704
⋅ 36768865.277777777777 ⋅ kgf
cm cm cm
0 0 0 0 ⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 ⋅cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889 0 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36768865.277777777777
7414833555.5555555556 ⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889
kgf kgf
0 0 0 0 0 0 −487252.28703703703704
⋅ −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅
509750.03703703703704 −37331140.277777777777 ⋅kgf
cm cm
0 0 0 0 0 0 ⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf −37331140.277777777777
1841657107.6388888889 ⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
3707416777.7777777778
El vector de fuerzas externas es:
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
N ⋅
5250kgf
fext := fext →
My −1200000⋅ cm⋅ kgf
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
L1 L2 L3 L4
12 12 12 12
fpp1 := γ ⋅ A1⋅ L1⋅ fpp2 := γ ⋅ A2⋅ L2⋅ fpp3 := γ ⋅ A3⋅ L3⋅ fpp4 := γ ⋅ A4⋅ L4⋅
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
−L1 −L2 −L3 −L4
12 12 12 12
fpp1
0, 0
fpp1
1, 0 750⋅ kgf
⋅ ⋅ kgf
fpp12 , 0 + fpp20 , 0 18750cm
fpp1 + fpp2 1500kgf⋅
3, 0 1, 0 0
fpp2 + fpp3
2, 0 0, 0 ⋅
fpp :=
1500kgf
fpp →
fpp23 , 0 + fpp31 , 0 0
1500kgf⋅
fpp32 , 0 + fpp40 , 0
0
fpp33 , 0 + fpp41 , 0 750⋅ kgf
fpp4
2, 0 −18750⋅ cm⋅ kgf
fpp4
3, 0
750⋅ kgf
El vector de cargas globales es:
⋅ ⋅ kgf
18750cm
1500⋅ kgf
0
Fg := fpp + fext 6750⋅ kgf
Fg →
−1200000⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1500⋅ kgf
0
750⋅ kgf
−18750⋅ cm⋅ kgf
9.0841756535737767790
⋅ 10 ⋅ cm
-2
1.1736345975570757769 ⋅ 10
-4
.10565896269014679062 ⋅ cm
-5
⋅ 10
4.2010289597951723961
−1
7.9320785779527212866 -2
⋅ 10 ⋅ cm
Qg := ( Kg ) ⋅ Fg
Qg →
−5.1652154599483327732 ⋅ 10
-4
2.2327425165191302480
⋅ 10 ⋅ cm
-2
−2.7771365882707579436 ⋅ 10
-4
-2
−1.4100644518250578057
⋅ 10 ⋅ cm
-4
−2.3052274507466139434 ⋅ 10
Apreciando el desplazamiento en el nodo N5, cuyo valor es negativo, puede inferirse que en la zona
correspondinte al elemento M4, el terreno se tracciona, generandose esfuerzos internos ficticios producto
de la rigidez a la tracción artifical del suelo en esa región. Luego se repite el procedimiento anterior,
eliminando las rigideces del terreno asociadas al nodo 5 en la matriz de rigidez suelo-estructura del
elemento 4. Así, se realiza una segunda iteración y se vuelve a calcular los desplazamientos en el sello de
fundación.
Iteracion N°2:
⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf ⋅
−493037.03703703703704
kgf ⋅ kgf
493037.03703703703704 cm
36977777.777777777777
cm
36977777.777777777777
⋅ kgf 3697777777.7777777778
⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36977777.777777777777
⋅ kgf 1848888888.8888888889
⋅ cm⋅ kgf
ke( E, I1, L1) →
36977777.777777777777
kgf kgf
−493037.03703703703704⋅
cm
−36977777.777777777777 ⋅ kgf ⋅
493037.03703703703704
cm
−36977777.777777777777
⋅ kgf
36977777.777777777777⋅ kgf 1848888888.8888888889
⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36977777.777777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 3697777777.7777777778
16713.0000⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf 5784.75000⋅
kgf
−208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf
cm
353362.50000000000000
cm
⋅ kgf 9639000.0000000000000 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf 208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf −7231781.2500000000000 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
ks( Cb , b , L1) →
353362.50000000000000
kgf kgf
5784.75000⋅ 208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf 16713.00000⋅ −353362.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf
cm cm
−208912.50000000000000 ⋅ kgf −7231781.2500000000000⋅ cm⋅ kgf −353362.50000000000000 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 9639000.0000000000000
En este caso, la matriz de rigidez para todos los elementos es igual a la suma de las dos matrices de
rigidez excepto para el elemento M4:
⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf −487252.28703703703704
⋅
kgf ⋅ kgf
509750.03703703703704 cm
37331140.277777777777
cm
36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf 3707416777.7777777778
⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf 1841657107.6388888889
⋅ cm⋅ kgf
k1 →
37331140.277777777777
kgf kgf
−487252.28703703703704⋅
cm
−36768865.277777777777 ⋅ kgf ⋅
509750.03703703703704
cm
−37331140.277777777777
⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 1841657107.6388888889 −37331140.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 3707416777.7777777778
k2 := k1
k3 := k1
11142.0000⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf 0⋅
kgf
0⋅ kgf
cm
157050.00000000000000
cm
⋅ cm⋅ kgf
⋅ kgf 2856000.0000000000000 0⋅ kgf 0⋅ cm⋅ kgf
k4 := ke( E, I1, L1) +
157050.00000000000000
kgf kgf
0⋅ 0⋅ kgf 0⋅ 0⋅ kgf
cm cm
0⋅ kgf 0⋅ cm⋅ kgf 0⋅ kgf 0⋅ cm⋅ kgf
509750.03703703703704
⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf −487252.28703703703704
⋅
kgf
⋅ kgf
cm
37331140.277777777777
cm
36768865.277777777777 0 0 0 0 0 0
⋅
37331140.277777777777 kgf ⋅
3707416777.7777777778 cm⋅ kgf −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889 0 0 0 0 0 0
kgf kgf kgf
−487252.28703703703704⋅ −36768865.277777777777 ⋅ kgf ⋅
1019500.0740740740741 0 −487252.28703703703704
⋅ ⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 0 0 0 0
cm cm cm
⋅
36768865.277777777777 kgf ⋅
1841657107.6388888889 cm ⋅ kgf 0 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
7414833555.5555555556 −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889 0 0 0 0
kgf kgf kgf
−487252.28703703703704
⋅ −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅ −487252.28703703703704
⋅ ⋅ kgf
Kg →
0 0 1019500.0740740740741 0 36768865.277777777777 0 0
cm cm cm
0 0 ⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889 0 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
7414833555.5555555556 −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf 1841657107.6388888889
⋅ cm⋅ kgf 0 0
kgf kgf kgf
0 0 0 0 −487252.28703703703704
⋅ −36768865.277777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅
1013929.0740740740741 −196312.500000000000
⋅ kgf −493037.03703703703704
⋅ 36977777.777777777777 ⋅ kgf
cm cm cm
0 0 0 0 ⋅ kgf
36768865.277777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1841657107.6388888889 −196312.500000000000
⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36977777.777777777777
7408050555.5555555556 ⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1848888888.8888888889
kgf kgf
0 0 0 0 0 0 −493037.03703703703704
⋅ −36977777.777777777777
⋅ kgf ⋅
493037.03703703703704 −36977777.777777777777 ⋅ kgf
cm cm
0 0 0 0 0 0 ⋅ kgf
36977777.777777777777 ⋅ cm⋅ kgf −36977777.777777777777
1848888888.8888888889 ⋅ kgf ⋅ cm⋅ kgf
3697777777.7777777778
El vector de fuerzas externas globales y de peso propio sigue siendo el mismo, luego:
750⋅ kgf
El vector de cargas globales es:
⋅ ⋅ kgf
18750cm
1500⋅ kgf
0
Fg := fpp + fext 6750⋅ kgf
Fg →
−1200000⋅ cm⋅ kgf
1500⋅ kgf
0
750⋅ kgf
−18750⋅ cm⋅ kgf
2.8581910387753926412
⋅ 10 ⋅ cm
-2
(
− 6.3249056676243258347 ⋅ 10
-4
)
q :=
(
− 3.4090223211566250594
-2
⋅ 10 ⋅ cm
)
(
− 6.2479825907012487658 ⋅ 10
-4
)
El desplazamiento y la rotación en un punto cualquiera en el interior del elemento M4 queda expresado
como:
v ( ξ) := H⋅ q
v ( ξ) := H1 H2⋅
L L
H3 H4⋅ ⋅q
2 2
(
v ( ξ) := 0.25⋅ ξ − 0.75⋅ ξ + 0.5 ⋅ q
3 ) 0, 0
( 3 2
+ 0.25⋅ ξ − 0.25ξ − 0.25⋅ ξ + 0.25 ⋅ ) L4⋅q1, 0 + (−0.25⋅ ξ3 + 0.75⋅ξ + 0.5)⋅q2, 0 + (0.25⋅ξ3 + 0.25⋅ξ2 − 0.25⋅ξ − 0.25)⋅ L4⋅ q3 , 0
2 2
Given
(0.25⋅ξ3 − 0.75⋅ξ + 0.5)⋅q0, 0 + (0.25⋅ξ3 − 0.25⋅ ξ2 − 0.25⋅ ξ + 0.25)⋅ L4⋅ q1 , 0 + (−0.25⋅ξ3 + 0.75⋅ ξ + 0.5)⋅ q2 , 0 + (0.25⋅ξ3 + 0.25⋅ ξ2 − 0.25⋅ ξ − 0.25)⋅ L4⋅q3, 0 0
2 2
(
Find( ξ) → −.122983667178435933667.0613283097567296488
⋅ 10 − 1.7250787017497145633
-2
⋅ i 7.0613283097567296488
⋅ 10 + 1.7250787017497145633
⋅i
-2 )
Por lo tanto la solución real es ξ = −.12298366717843593366
-21
v( −.12298366717843593366
) → −1.⋅ 10 ⋅ cm Cambio de signo en los desplazamientos.
2 ( x2 − x1)
ξ( x) := ⋅ ( x − x3) o bien: x := ξ⋅ + x3
( x2 − x1) 2
( x2 − x1)
Entonces x := −.12298366717843593366
⋅ + x3 x = 5.16m
2
Como conclusión, el área comprimida en el sello de fundación se encuentra hasta una distancia 5.16m
desde el origen N1.
x
Acomp := ⋅ 100 Acomp = 85.96 %
6m
Por lo tanto, el porcentage de area comprimida corresponde a un 86%. Dicho valor es aceptable, pues los
criterios de diseño comunmente exigen un mínimo de 80% para evitar levantamientos excesivos en el sello
de fundacion de las zapatas.
Problema: La modelación de la siguiente figura representa un muro de contencion separado una
distancia d = 2cm de un segunda estructura. La rigidez de esta ultima estructura se ha
representado mediante una rigidez horizontal kh = 2000 kg/cm. El coeficiente de balasto kb del
terreno es de 2.5 kg/cm3. Determine el desplazamiento horizontal del nodo N5 cuando se aplica
una fuerza V = 1500 kg y una carga distribuida de q = 3 kg/cm. No considere resistencia a la
traccion del terreno e incorpore en sus calculos las deformaciones por corte y peso propio en
todos los elementos. Considere un ancho de análisis de 1 metro, con un espesor de zapata de
50 cm y de 35 cm en el muro
em := 35 cm Espesor muro
ez := 50 cm Espesor zapata
5 kgf
E := 2.6⋅ 10 Módulo elasticidad del hormigón
2
cm
kgf
G := 100000 Modulo de corte del hormigon
2
cm
2500 kgf
γ := Peso específico Hormigón
6 3
10 cm V := 1500 kgf
Coordenadas en centímetros
N1 := ( 0 0 ) N4 := ( 400 0 )
N2 := ( 100 0 ) N5 := ( 200 350 )
N3 := ( 200 0 )
Elemento Longitud (cm) Inercia (cm4) Area (cm2) Conectividad Cosenos directores
B 3 ( N2 − N1)
M1 L1 := 100 I1 := ⋅ ez A1 := B⋅ ez N1 N2 n1 :=
12 L1
B 3 ( N3 − N2)
M2 L2 := 100 I2 := ⋅ ez A2 := B⋅ ez N2 N3 n2 :=
12 L2
B 3 ( N4 − N3)
M3 L3 := 200 I3 := ⋅ ez A3 := B⋅ ez N3 N4 n3 :=
12 L3
B 3 ( N5 − N3)
M4 L4 := 350 I4 := ⋅ em A4 := B⋅ em N3 N5 n4 :=
12 L4
Matrices de rigidez para cada elemento:
12⋅ E⋅ I
Considerando Φ :=
2
G⋅ A ⋅ L
A⋅ E −
A ⋅E
L 0 0
L
0 0
0 12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I 12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I
0 −
L ⋅(1 + Φ ) L ⋅(1 + Φ ) L ⋅ (1 + Φ ) L ⋅(1 + Φ )
3 2 3 2
6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 4 + Φ ) 6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 2 − Φ )
−
0 L⋅ (1 + Φ )
0
L⋅ (1 + Φ )
L ⋅(1 + Φ ) L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
2 2
ke( A , E, I , L, Φ ) :=
con
A ⋅E A⋅ E
− L 0 0
L
0 0
0 12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I 12E⋅ I 6E⋅ I
− − 0 −
L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
3
L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
2
L ⋅(1 + Φ )
3
L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
2
0 6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 2 − Φ ) 6E⋅ I E⋅ I⋅ ( 4 + Φ )
0 −
L⋅ (1 + Φ ) L⋅ (1 + Φ )
L ⋅(1 + Φ ) L ⋅ (1 + Φ )
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
-2 -2
0 .3714 ⋅
5.23510 ⋅L 0 .12855 −3.09510
⋅ ⋅L
-2 -3 2 -2 -3 2
⋅ ⋅L 9.52⋅ 10 ⋅ L ⋅ ⋅ L −7.142510⋅ ⋅L
ks ( kb , B , L) := kb⋅ B⋅ L⋅
0 5.23510 0 3.09510
0 0 0 0 0 0
-2 -2
0 .12855 ⋅
3.09510 ⋅L 0 .37140 −5.23510
⋅ ⋅L
-2 -3 2 -2 -3 2
0 −3.09510⋅ ⋅ L −7.142510⋅ ⋅L 0 −5.23510
⋅ ⋅ L 9.52⋅ 10 ⋅ L
kgf
Conociendo que kb := 2.5 y que el ancho B := 100 cm
3
cm
Elemento 1
12⋅ E⋅ I1
Φ1 := Φ1 = 0.65
2
G⋅ A1 ⋅ L1
13000000 0 0 −13000000 0 0
0 1969696.97 98484848.485 0 −1969696.97 98484848.485
−98484848.485 2215909090.909
ke( A1 , E, I1 , L1, Φ1) =
0 98484848.485 7632575757.576 0
−13000000 0 0 13000000 0 0
0 −1969696.97 −98484848.485 0 1969696.97 −98484848.485
0 98484848.485 2215909090.909 0 −98484848.485 7632575757.576
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 9285 130875 0 3213.75 −77375
130875 2380000 0 77375 −1785625
ks ( kb , B, L1) =
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 3213.75 77375 0 9285 −130875
0 −77375 −1785625 0 −130875 2380000
13000000 0 0 −13000000 0 0
0 1978981.97 98615723.485 0 −1966483.22 98407473.485
−98407473.485 2214123465.909
k1 =
0 98615723.485 7634955757.576 0
−13000000 0 0 13000000 0 0
0 −1966483.22 −98407473.485 0 1978981.97 −98615723.485
0 98407473.485 2214123465.909 0 −98615723.485 7634955757.576
Elemento 2
Las matrices de rigidez del elemento 1 y 2 son iguales.
k2 := k1
Elemento 3
12⋅ E⋅ I3
Φ3 := Φ3 = 0.163
2
G⋅ A3 ⋅ L3
6500000 0 0 −6500000 0 0
0 349462.366 34946236.559 0 −349462.366 34946236.559
−34946236.559 2140456989.247
ke( A3 , E, I3 , L3, Φ3) =
0 34946236.559 4848790322.581 0
−6500000 0 0 6500000 0 0
0 −349462.366 −34946236.559 0 349462.366 −34946236.559
0 34946236.559 2140456989.247 0 −34946236.559 4848790322.581
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 18570 523500 0 6427.5 −309500
−14285000
ks ( kb , B, L3) =
0 523500 19040000 0 309500
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 6427.5 309500 0 18570 −523500
0 −309500 −14285000 0 −523500 19040000
6500000 0 0 −6500000 0 0
0 368032.366 35469736.559 0 −343034.866 34636736.559
−34636736.559 2126171989.247
k3 =
0 35469736.559 4867830322.581 0
−6500000 0 0 6500000 0 0
0 −343034.866 −34636736.559 0 368032.366 −35469736.559
0 34636736.559 2126171989.247 0 −35469736.559 4867830322.581
Elemento 4
12⋅ E⋅ I4
Φ4 := Φ4 = 0.026
2
G⋅ A4⋅ L4
2600000 0 0 −2600000 0
0
0 25341.13 4434697.86 0 −25341.13
4434697.86
−4434697.86 510655458.09
ke( A4 , E, I4, L4, Φ4) =
0 4434697.86 1041488791.42 0
−2600000 0 0 2600000 0 0
0 −25341.13 −4434697.86 0 25341.13 −4434697.86
0 4434697.86 510655458.09 0 −4434697.86 1041488791.42
cos α cos β 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
−1 0 0 0 0 0
−cos β cos α 0 0 0 0
0 0
L=
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
L :=
0 cos α cos β 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0
0
0 0 −cos β cos α 0 0 0 −1 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1
T
k4 := L ⋅ k4⋅ L
Kg := 0 0 k2
1, 5
k2
2, 5
k2
4, 5
+ k3
1, 2
+ k4
1, 2
k2
5, 5
+ k3
2, 2
+ k4
2, 2
k3
2, 4
k3
2, 5
k4
2, 3
k4
2, 4
k4
2, 5
0 0 0 0 k3
1, 4
k3
2, 4
k3
4, 4
k3
4, 5
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 k3
1, 5
k3
2, 5
k3
4, 5
k3
5, 5
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 k4
1, 3
k4
2, 3
0 0 k4
3, 3
k4
3, 4
k4
3, 5
0 0 0 0 k4 k4 0 0 k4 k4 k4
1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4 4, 5
0 0 0 0 k4 k4 0 0 k4 k4 k4
1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5 5, 5
UyN1 RN1 UyN2 RN2 UyN3 RN3 UyN4 RN4 UxN5 UyN5 RN5
El vector de fuerzas externas es:
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
L4
2
−3⋅ 0
fext := 12
fext = −30625
0 0
0
0
V + 3⋅ L4
2025
2 0
0
30625
L42
3⋅
12
−625
El vector de cargas globales es: −10416.667
−1250
0
−1875
Fg := fpp + fext
Fg = −61875
−1250
41666.667
2025
−1531.25
30625
Los desplazamientos globales en el sello de fundación son:
0.040684
−0.000517
−0.011102
−0.000529
Qg := ( Kg)
−1
⋅ Fg −0.066385
Qg = −0.000596
−0.167754
−0.000481
0.50212
−0.066974
−0.001816
En este caso, el desplazamiento en el nodo N1 es positivo, lo que implica una la colaboración artificial de la
rigidez a tracción del terreno. Luego se repite el proceso, eliminando la rigidez del terreno asociada a los
grados de libertad en el nodo 1.
Elemento 1
12⋅ E⋅ I1
Φ1 := Φ1 = 0.65
2
G⋅ A1 ⋅ L1
13000000 0 0 −13000000 0 0
0 1969696.97 98484848.485 0 −1969696.97 98484848.485
0 98484848.485 7632575757.576 0 −98484848.485 2215909090.909
ke( A1 , E, I1 , L1, Φ1) =
−13000000 0 0 13000000 0 0
0 −1969696.97 −98484848.485 0 1969696.97 −98484848.485
0 98484848.485 2215909090.909 0
−98484848.485 7632575757.576
0 0 0 0 0 0
-2
0 0 0 0 .12855 −3.09510
⋅ ⋅L
-2 -3 2
⋅ ⋅ L −7.142510⋅ ⋅L
ks ( kb , B , L) := kb⋅ B⋅ L⋅
0 0 0 0 3.09510
0 0 0 0 0 0
-2 -2
0 .12855 ⋅
3.09510 ⋅L 0 .37140 −5.23510
⋅ ⋅L
-2 -3 2 -2 -3 2
0 −3.09510
⋅ ⋅ L −7.142510
⋅ ⋅L 0 −5.23510
⋅ ⋅ L 9.52⋅ 10 ⋅ L
ks ( kb , B , L1) =
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 3213.75 77375 0 9285 − 130875
0 − 77375 − 1785625 0 − 130875 2380000
k1 := ke ( A1 , E , I1 , L1 , Φ1) + ks ( kb , B , L1)
13000000 0 0 − 13000000 0 0
0 1969696.97 98484848.485 0 − 1966483.22 98407473.485
− 98407473.485 2214123465.909
k1 =
0 98484848.485 7632575757.576 0
− 13000000 0 0 13000000 0 0
0 − 1966483.22 − 98407473.485 0 1978981.97 − 98615723.485
0 98407473.485 2214123465.909 0 − 98615723.485 7634955757.576
−625
−10416.667
El vector de cargas globales es:
−1250
0
−1875
Fg := fpp + fext Fg = −61875
−1250
41666.667
2025
−1531.25
30625
Solución
⌠
1 ⌠ T 1 2 1 ε −u
U= ⋅ σ ⋅ ε dv = ⋅ E⋅ ε dV pero se tiene que θ= = =
2 ⌡ 2 ⌡ R z z
2
d d d
por ende, u = −z⋅ θ = −z⋅ v entonces ε= u = −z⋅ v
dx dx 2
dx
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
2 2
1 2
d v dV = 1 ⋅
d 2
luego U = ⋅ E⋅ −z⋅ E⋅ −z⋅ 2 v dA dx
dx2
2 2 dx
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
⌠
2
2
d v ⋅ ⌠ 2 ⌠
2
z dA = I( ξ )
1
U = ⋅ E⋅ z dA dx pero
dx2 ⌡ ⌡
2
⌡
ξ = −1 entonces e = e1
ξ=1 entonces e = e2
⌠ ⌠
2 2
1 d2 1 e2 − e1
3 d2 e2 − e1 3
U = ⋅ E⋅
v ⋅ ⋅ B⋅
⋅ ( ξ + 1 ) + e1 dx = ⋅ E⋅ ⋅ B⋅
1 1 ( )
dx2 v ⋅ 2 ⋅ ξ + 1 + e1 x
d
dx 12 2
2
2 2 12
⌡ ⌡
1
⌠ T
d2 d2 e2 − e1 3
H ⋅ q ⋅ ⋅ ( ξ + 1) + e1 dξ
1 1
U = ⋅ ⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅
dx2 H ⋅ q ⋅
dx2 2
2 24
⌡
−1
1
⌠ T
2 d2 ⋅ e2 − e1 ⋅ ( ξ + 1) + e1 ξ
3
1 T 1
U = ⋅ q ⋅ ⋅ E⋅ B ⋅ L⋅
d
⋅ d ⋅q
dx2 H dx2 H 2
2 24
⌡
−1
por lo tanto,
1
⌠ T
d2 H 2 e2 − e1 3
1
⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ ⋅
d ( )
dx2 H ⋅ 2 ⋅ ξ + 1 + e1 dξ
K=
dx2
24
⌡
−1
1
⌠
e2 − e1
3
H ⋅ ⋅ ( ξ + 1 ) + e1 dξ
1 2 2
d T d
K= ⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ H ⋅
24 dx
2 2
dx2
⌡
−1
2 2 2 2 4
d d d d
H= H⋅ ξ = H⋅
2 2 2 2
dx dξ dx dξ L
2
1
⌠
e2 − e1
3
2 2
K=
1
⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅
d
H ⋅ ⋅
T 4
H⋅ ⋅ (
d ) 4
⋅ ξ + 1 + e1 dξ
L
2 2
24 dξ L dξ
2 2 2
⌡
−1
1
⌠
16
3
2 2
e2 − e1
K=
1
⋅ E⋅ B⋅ L⋅ ⋅
d
H ⋅
T d
H⋅
2 2
( )
⋅ ξ + 1 + e1 dξ
24
L
4 dξ
2
dξ
⌡
−1
1
⌠
1.50⋅ ξ
(1.50⋅ ξ − .50)⋅
L
3
2 1
K = ⋅ E⋅ B ⋅ ⋅ 2
⋅ 1.50⋅ ξ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50 ) ⋅
L
−1.50⋅ ξ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50 ) ⋅ ⋅
L e2 − e1
⋅ ( ξ + 1 ) + e1 dξ
3 3 −1.50⋅ ξ 2 2 2
L
(1.50⋅ ξ + .50 )⋅ L
2
⌡
−1
1
⌠
2.25⋅ ξ
2
.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50 ) ⋅ L −2.25⋅ ξ
2
.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50 ) ⋅ L
.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ (1.50⋅ ξ − .50 )⋅ L
⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50 ) ⋅ L −.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50 ) ⋅ L ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50 ) ⋅ L ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ
1 2 2 1 2
2 1 4 4
K = ⋅ E⋅ B ⋅ ⋅
L −.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ − .50 ) ⋅ L −0.75ξ ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50 ) ⋅
3 3 2 2
−2.2500 ⋅ ξ 2.25⋅ ξ
.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ (1.50⋅ ξ + .50 )⋅ L 1 ⋅ (1.50⋅ ξ − .50 )⋅ L2⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50) −.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ (1.50⋅ ξ + .50 )⋅ L ⋅ ( 1.50⋅ ξ + .50 ) ⋅ L
1 2 2
⌡ 4 4
−1
3 2 2
.525⋅ e2 + .225⋅ e2 ⋅ e1 + .225⋅ e2⋅ e1 + .525⋅ e1
3 3 −2 2 2
.15 ⋅ L⋅ e2 + 7.5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ L⋅ e2 ⋅ e1 + .15 ⋅ L⋅ e2⋅ e1 + .375⋅
3 −2 2 2 3 −2 2 3 −2 2 2 2 2
2 1 .15 ⋅ L⋅ e2 + 7.5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ L⋅ e2 ⋅ e1 + .15 ⋅ L⋅ e2⋅ e1 + .375⋅ L⋅ e1 5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ L ⋅ e2 + 5⋅ 10 ⋅ L ⋅ e2 ⋅ e1 + .125⋅ L ⋅ e2⋅ e1 + .275
K = ⋅ E⋅ B ⋅ ⋅
3 3 3 2 2 3 3 −2 2 2
−.525⋅ e2 − .225⋅ e2 ⋅ e1 − .225⋅ e2⋅ e1 − .525⋅ e1 −.15 ⋅ L⋅ e2 − 7.5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ L⋅ e2 ⋅ e1 − .15 ⋅ L⋅ e2⋅ e1 − .375
L
.375⋅ L⋅ e23 + .15⋅ L⋅ e22⋅ e1 + 7.5 ⋅ 10− 2⋅ L⋅ e2⋅ e12 + .15⋅ L⋅ e13 .1⋅ L2⋅ e23 + 2.5⋅ 10− 2⋅ L2⋅ e22⋅ e1 + 2.5⋅ 10− 2⋅ L2⋅ e2⋅ e12 +
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
WP = v ⋅ T ds = v ⋅ T( ξ ) ⋅ dξ = v ⋅
T T L T ( T2 − T1 ) ( T1 + T2) L
⋅ξ + ⋅ 2 dξ
⌡ 2 2 2
⌡ ⌡
⌠ ⌠
WP = ( H⋅ q ) ⋅
( T1 + T2) L
H ⋅
T ( T2 − T1 ) T T ( T2 − T1 ) ( T1 + T2 ) L T
⋅ξ + 2
⋅ dξ = q ⋅
⋅ξ + ⋅ 2 dξ = q ⋅ f
2 2 2 2
⌡ ⌡
1
⌠
3
0.25⋅ ξ − 0.75⋅ ξ + 0.5
( .15 ⋅ T2 + .35 ⋅ T1 ) ⋅ L
( )
0.25⋅ ξ 3 − 0.25ξ 2 − 0.25⋅ ξ + 0.25 ⋅ L
( )
2 ( T2 − T1 ) ( T1 + T2 ) L 3.33⋅ 10-2⋅ T2 + 5⋅ 10-2⋅ T1 ⋅ L2
f= ⋅ ⋅ ξ + 2
⋅ dξ f =
3
−0.25⋅ ξ + 0.75⋅ ξ + 0.5 2 2 ( .35 ⋅ T2 + .15 ⋅ T1 ) ⋅ L
( )
0.25⋅ ξ 3 + 0.25⋅ ξ 2 − 0.25⋅ ξ − 0.25 ⋅ L
-2
( -2
−5⋅ 10 ⋅ T2 − 3.33⋅ 10 ⋅ T1 ⋅ L
2
)
⌡ 2
−1