International Gcse: Mark Scheme Maximum Mark: 40

JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
SYLLABUS/COMPONENT: 0610/01
BIOLOGY
Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)
www.xtremepapers.net
Page 1 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
IGCSE EXAMINATIONS – JUNE 2003 0610 1
Question Question
Key Key
Number Number
1 B 21 C
2 A 22 D
3 B 23 D
4 D 24 C
5 B 25 D
6 A 26 D
7 D 27 C
8 A 28 B
9 A 29 D
10 B 30 B
11 C 31 A
12 D 32 C
13 C 33 C
14 B 34 C
15 C 35 C
16 A 36 D
17 D 37 A
18 C 38 A
19 C 39 B
20 D 40 A
TOTAL 40
© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 70
BIOLOGY
Paper 2 (Core)
1 (a) excretion;
growth;
movement; ignore - locomotion
nutrition; ignore - feeding
reproduction;
sensitivity/irritability;
Accept descriptions
Any three – 1 mark each [3]
(b) put mud in muslin bag/equivalent – workable apparatus;
suspend over limewater/calcium hydroxide solution/hydrogencarbonate/

bicarbonate indicator;
in sealed container;
incubate/leave for 12+ hours;
look for limewater to go cloudy/milky/white/hydrogen carbonate to go yellow;

carbon dioxide released indicates respiration;
reference to use of control;
Apply pattern of mark scheme to alternative approaches

e.g. release of heat from or use of oxygen for respiration.
Credit annotated diagrams

Any four – 1 mark each [4]
Total [7]

2 (a) (i) X – stigma/carpel;
Y – anther/stamen; [2]
(ii) small/insignificant “petals”/flowers “open”;

do not prevent wind access to anthers/stigma/pollen;
stamens/anthers hang outside of flower/petals;

to release pollen into wind/air;
stigma feathery;
trap/filter pollen (from air);
stigma hangs outside flower/petals;

to catch pollen (in the wind);
Any feature plus explanation – 1 mark each [2]
(iii) no smell/scent;
no bright colours of petals/flowers/coloured green;
no nectar/nectary;
inconspicuous shape/size of flower/petals;
dry/dusty pollen;
large quantities/smaller size pollen;
Also features listed in (ii) above but not given

in candidate’s response to (ii)
Any two – 1 mark each [2]
(b) (i) southwest; [1]
(ii) most fruit found to north and east; apply error carried forward [1]
(iii) distribution of fruit on branches;
distribution of branches on tree;
animals feed on/collect fruits from one region around tree;
other valid biological suggestions; ignore - human intervention.
Any one – 1 mark [1]

Total [9]

3 (a) (i) C/(i) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]
(ii) D/(ii) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]
(iii) P/(iii) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]
(iv) R/(iv) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]
If in any section more than one label is given all of that label must be correct
(b) (i) less/no (trees/leaves) to photosynthesise;
more carbon dioxide in air/less removed from air;
no/less (leaves/wood) to decay;
(ii) less (leaves to) transpire/evaporation of water/evapotranspiration;
less roots/plants to absorb water (from deep layers);
less water v/water vapour in air/less rainfall;
Ignore - refs to floods/droughts/erosion/desertification.
Total [8]

4 (a) (i) A – nucleus/nuclear membrane;
B – cytoplasm; [2]
(ii) label C clearly linked to a cell membrane in each cell; [1]
(b) (i) has cilia (on one surface/end of cell); ignore - hair
to move mucus; reject - trap bacteria/dust, etc.

[2]
Credit valid references to goblet cells and function of producing mucus
(ii) has haemoglobin/no nucleus/biconcave;
transport oxygen; [2]
(c) (i) movement of molecules/particles/ions;
down concentration gradient/from higher to lower concentration; [2]
(ii) movement of water (molecules);
across/through partially/semi/differentially/selectively
permeable membrane. [2]
Total [11]

5 (a) mitosis;
diploid;
meiosis;
haploid;
gametes; [5]
(b) use of correct symbols/X and Y;
parent genotypes shown;
gamete genotypes shown;
offspring genotypes shown;
phenotypes for both sexes identified.
parent genotype wrong – max 3
Total [9]

6 (a) top left box to 2nd right box;
2nd left box to top right box;
bottom left box to bottom right box; [3]
(b) (i) label to colon/large intestine; [1]
(ii) label to liver; reject - gall bladder [1]
(iii) label to liver; [1]
(iv) label to pancreas; reject - small intestine. [1]
Total [7]

7 (a) A – refracts/bends light rays/lets light enter eye;

ignore - protection
B – focuses light rays/image on to the retina/fovea;

ignore - accommodation/change in shape
C – controls light entering (inner) eye/reaching retina/lens;

ignore - change in pupil
D – changes light into/generates nerve/electrical impulses;

ignore - signals unqualified/messages [4]
(b) more/too much light enters/reaches retina;
dazzles person/causes blurred vision/damages retina;

ignore - double vision. [2]
Total [6]

8 (a) (translocation) is movement of soluble materials/sugars/amino acids;
from supply to demand/clearly identified example;
in phloem;
(transpiration) is diffusion/loss of water vapour/evaporation of water;
from leaves/through stomata to atmosphere;
down concentration gradient;
(b) leaves lose water;
water moves/passes/is drawn up/ref to transpiration stream;
up stem/leaf stalk;
through xylem/vessels;
(dye) dissolved/carried in water.
Total [8]

9 (a) (i) light/sunlight (energy); ignore - solar [1]
(ii) chemical (energy); ignore - potential [1]
(b) (i) bacteria/fungi; ignore - decomposers/saprophytes [1]
(ii) heat/thermal (energy); [1]
(c) energy is not passed back to the sun/grass/producer/

not recycled/OWTTE. [1]
Total [5]

JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 70
BIOLOGY
Paper 3 (Extended)
1 (a) one mark for each part (drawn) and labelled correctly:
renal artery;
urethra;
ureter;
one mark for quality of drawing;
MAX. 2 FOR LABELLING "STUMPS" ONLY 4
(b) water;
urea; Allow nitrogenous waste
uric acid;
salts or minerals or named salts; Allow vitamins
hormones;
Reject ‘waste products unqual.’/‘ions unqual.’ max. 3
(c) i. ref. to blood enters machine from patient AW;

(ONLY CREDIT ONCE)
ii. ref. to pump;
iii. blood passes along + dialysis tubing AW/visking tubing/cellulose
or cellophane tubing;
iv. ref. to tubing AW being semi-permeable/selectively permeable/
acting as a filter AW;
v. ref. to surrounding liquid;
vi. containing + some salts/glucose/no urea;
vii. ref. to fluid has same O. P. as blood;
viii. waste materials/excess materials + pass from blood;
ix. ref. to diffusion;
x. ref. to bubble trap/counter flow;
x. ‘cleaned' blood returns + to patient's circulation/body AW;
(ONLY CREDIT ONCE) max. 4
(d) (i) ref. to internal environment;

maintained (at constant level)/regulated/balanced; 2
(ii) ref. to maintaining level of named substance in blood;

method outlined, e.g. filtration/reabsorption/osmosis/diffusion; 2
(iii) suitable organ named;

named substance levels maintained;
ref. to mechanism for maintaining constant level; 3
max 18

2 (a) one mark for each column drawn and shaded correctly; 2
(b) (i) 12 (%); 1
(ii) AWARD 2 MARKS FOR CORRECT ANSWER, EVEN

WITHOUT WORKING
50 + 12 + 13 + 6 + 7;
= 88 (%); 2
(c) REJECT REF. TO FLUORINE ONCE in (i), (ii) or (iii)
(i) fluoride (in water) reduces (the number of) decayed teeth
in children; 1
(ii) add fluoride to the drinking water in town B;

advise children to use fluoride toothpaste;
use other suitable, named, source of fluoride; max 1
(iii) i. ref. to side effects of too much fluoride, e.g. browning of tooth
enamel or possible cancer risk;
ii. ref. to importance of personal choice/makes water impure;
iii. ref. to allergies to fluoride;
iv. ref. to cost of fluoridation;
v. ref. to treatment of whole population when
not all benefit;
Reject refs. to fluoride flavouring water/refs. to being

bad for health/has side effects unqual. max 1
max 8

3 (a) involves giving the organism two names;

ref. to genus and species; 2
(b) (i) Caulerpa grows at twice their rate AW;

ref. to competition (for light/CO2/space for attachment/other plausible
factor AW); Reject refs. to O2 2
(ii) ref. to primary consumer/(organism) that feeds on plants/producers; 1
(iii) ref. to disease/predation or shortage of + food/herbivores/sea urchins;

resulting in death/migration AW; 2
(c) ref. to chlorine being + dangerous/poisonous/damaging to other

organisms/a pollutant; 1
(d) (i) i. ref. to possible effects on local food chains or food webs AW;
ii. ref. to destabilization of the ecosystem;
iii. ref. to extinction (of other organisms);
iv. ref. to local fishing industry;
v. ref. to importance of conservation;
vi. ref. to possible use of local species for medicines;
vii. ref. to effects on biodiversity; max 2
(ii) ref. to its ability to feed on Caulerpa; Reject ref. to pest unqual.
reduces competition between Caulerpa and local seaweeds;
reduces population of Caulerpa;
allows other species to grow again; max 2
(iii) i. it may eat other seaweeds as well;

ii. causing their extinction AW;
iii. ref. to no natural predators of the sea slug present AW;
iv. ref. to unbalancing + food chains/webs/ecosystem;
v. ref. to introduction of disease; max 2
max 14

4 (a) (i) (SIMILARITIES)

i. ref. to exoskeleton;
ii. ref. to jointed limbs AW;
iii. no backbone/ref. to invertebrate;
iv. both have segmented body;
v. both members of the arthropod group;
Accept ref. to stages of development, e.g. ecdysis/instars max 3
(ii) (DIFFERENCES)
1 MARK FOR TABLE, MAX. 4 FOR DIFFERENCES
i. table format with suitable headings;
ii. insects have 3 pairs of legs + arachnids have 4 pairs;
iii. insects have wings + arachnids do not; Allow refs to ability to fly
iv. insects have antennae + arachnids do not;
v. insects have compound eyes + arachnids do not/ref. to simple
eyes;
vi. insects have 3 parts to the body + arachnids have 2 parts;
vii. arachnids have chelicerae/pincer-like jaws + insects do not;
viii. arachnids spin webs + insects do not; Allow insects can
be social + arachnids are not AW; max 5
(b) i. named insect;

ii. ref. to variation AW;
iii. due to sexual reproduction/mating;
iv. ref. to mutation;
v. variation/mutation + leads to differential survival AW;
vi. suggestion for environmental change, e.g. temperature, food
available;
vii. suggested change to insect, e.g. thicker cuticle, larger wings;
viii. ref. to benefit of change to the organism;
ix. ref. to survival of fittest/natural selection;
x. favoured genes passed on to next generation AW; max 7
max 15

5 (a) ACCEPT OTHER PLAUSIBLE ANSWERS

i. ref. to unsuitable climate/temperature/rainfall/ref. to pollution;
ii. ref. to natural disasters, e.g. flooding/drought;
iii. water used for other purposes/diversion of rivers/building
dams/poor irrigation;
iv. so plants are killed/poor germination/no food for animals;
(linked to i. or ii. or iii.)
v. next year's seeds eaten through need for food;
vi. poor soil/lack of inorganic ions or fertiliser;
vii. so plants do not grow well; (linked to vi.)
viii. ref. to desertification/poor or thin soil;
ix. due to + deforestation/slash and burn; (linked to viii.)
x. ref. to lack of money + to buy seeds/fertiliser/pesticides/machinery/
import food;
xi. ref. to war/farm redistribution;
xii. so there is no-one to harvest crops/too dangerous to tend crops/no
experienced farmers AW; (linked to xi.)
xiii. ref. to urbanisation AW;
xiv. so there are fewer people to work the land/less land to grow crops
on; (linked to xiii.)
xv. ref. to increasing population requiring food;
xvi. ref. to growth of + cash crops/monoculture/food for export (not
suitable for local diet);
xvii. ref. to selling of food reserves to + settle national debt/maintain
economy;
xviii. ref. to pest damage/disease (in crops or stored food);
xix. heat causes fresh produce to rot quickly AW;
xx. lack of suitable land to farm/ref. to overgrazing;
xxi. farmers poorly educated;
xxii. forests destroyed + so nothing to hunt/no food to collect;
xxiii. ref. to outmoded farm practices;
xxiv. ref. to poor transport/distribution; max 10
(b) i. ref. to auxin;

ii. sprayed onto e.g. tomato flowers to induce fruit production;
iii. happens even if pollination has not occurred;
iv. ref. to use of auxins in + weedkiller/herbicide;
v. so crops have less competition;
vi. ref. to effect (only) on broad leaved plants (so monocot crops
unaffected);
vii. ref. to use of hormones (e.g. cytokinin) in tissue culture;
viii. to promote root and shoot formation/form a callus;
ix. ref. to BST (bovine somatotropin);
x. used with cattle to increase milk production (linked to ix)
xi. ref. to growth hormone/testosterone;
xii. used to increase meat production;
xiii. ref. to production of seedless fruit;
xiv. ref. to promotion of seed germination;
xv. ref. to production of short plants (to resist wind damage);
xvi. ref. to delaying fruit production/ripening;
xvii. ref. to increasing fruit yield AW; max 5
max 15

6 (a) i. ref. to a pair of alleles; Reject gene ref. once

ii. in which one is not dominant over the other AW;
Reject both dominant; Allow both equally dominant
iii. so both alleles have an effect in phenotype/heterozygous
organism AW; 3
(b) ACCEPT PUNNETT SQUARE

IF LINES ARE USED TO LINK GAMETES AND F1, THEY MUST BE
CORRECT
i. mother = IA IO; Allow AO, IA i

ii. father = IB IO;
iii. (parents) IA IO X I B I O;
iv. (gametes) IA IO (X) IB IO
v. I A IB I A IO IB I O I O I O;
IA IO
IB I AI B I BI O
IO I AI O I OI O
vi. IO IO = baby with blood group; 6
(c) (i) i. blood may + clump/clot/coagulate/agglutinate;

ii. due to presence of antigens on (the surface of) blood cells;
iii. and different antibodies present in other blood AW;
iv. ref. to no clumping if donor blood group is group O; max 3
(ii) i. placenta keeps the blood of mother and fetus separate AW;
ii. since the blood types could be different AW;
iii. but allows exchange of materials between mother
and fetus AW; 3
max 15

7 (a) MARK FIRST FIVE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS GIVEN ANY FIVE FROM:
i. penis + to insert sperm/semen + into vagina AW/ref. to erectile tissue;

ii. urethra + to pass sperm/semen + through penis;
Allow ref. to penis/ urethra + urine once;
iii. testis + to make sperm/testosterone;
iv. vas deferens/sperm duct + pass sperm from testis to urethra;
v. epididymis + to store/mature/move + sperm;
vi. scrotum + contain testes/to keep testes at lower temperature than that
of body AW;
vii. prostate gland/seminal vesicles/cowper's gland + to produce seminal
fluid AW; 5
(b) (i) i. ref. to swimming;

ii. using tail;
iii. ref. to passing through cervix;
iv. ref. to passing through uterus/womb;
v. enter an oviduct/fallopian tube;
vi. ref. to chemical sensor AW;
vii. ref. to mitochondria + energy; max 4
(ii) i. ref. to zona pellucida;

ii. sperm penetrates egg membrane;
iii. ref. to use of enzymes/acrosome;
iv. head of sperm enters egg;
v. sperm nucleus and egg nucleus fuse;
vi. ref. to formation of zygote; max 3
(c) i. ref. to use of condom/femidom (during sexual intercourse);

ii. ref. to abstinence from sexual intercourse;
iii. ref. to screening of blood for transfusions/blood checked for HIV;
iv. ref. to use of sterile needles (for injecting drugs)/don't share needles;
Reject refs to clean needles;
v. ref. to maintaining one partner/not sleeping around;
vi. ref. to health education;
vii. avoiding contact with blood + example; max 3
max 15

JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
(Practical)
1 (a) * lose if no table;
* use of ruled lines for columns and rows;
* time (table heading);
* height/level/measurement (table heading);
record of units mm/cm and min/(A) clock times;
readings taken at 5 min intervals;
records for both sets of dough S1 and S2;
manipulation of data/recording increase or differences;

max 5
(b) * lose if bar chart
orientation of axes; (time horizontal, height vertical)
labels for axes including units; (A) clock times
plotting data using suitable scale; c. half the paper min.
* plotting data for S1 (points visible, no obvious error, not (0,0));
* plotting data for S2 (points visible, no obvious error, not (0,0));
* clear lines;
each curve identified/use of key;

max 6
(c) curve for S1 rises (with time);
comment on rate of increase; suitable qualification
curve for S2 does not rise;
Look at candidate's graph. If not as expected, apply scheme

as S1 trend, S2 trend and suitable comment on rate of increase
3

(d) yeast is, living organism/fungus;
respiration;
without oxygen/anaerobic/fermentation;
sugar source of, food/nutrition/energy/substrate;
equation (for anaerobic respiration);
carbon dioxide evolved;
trapped/bubbles (remain in dough);
causes dough to rise;
rise stops as sugar runs out;
rise stops as yeast killed by alcohol;
dough sinks and valid explanation.

max 6
Total: 20
2 (a) (i) purple/mauve/lilac; reject precipitate/dark purple
(protein) present;
2
(ii) add, sodium/potassium, hydroxide (solution);
then (a few drops) copper sulphate (solution);

2
(b) (i) Drawing – clear outline S4;
at least 5 cm in one direction;
main shell (if present)/pattern on dorsal surface (if shell

absent);
foot/other soft parts, shown;
use label to help you identify presence of soft parts if

drawing unclear or if snail in shell

Labels – shell/dorsal surface pattern; reject exoskeleton alone
any soft part; (A) soft body reject eyes alone

6
(ii) length of drawing measured correctly (± 2 mm);
correct calculation of "drawing length ¸ specimen length"; (1 d.p.)

ratio needs to be labelled
2
(c) Candidates may use snails "as they are" in this beaker or remove
some/all of them. Apply scheme to any sensible plan.
use, thermometer/temperature probe;
place thermometer in contact with soft part of snail to record body temp.;
record temp. of surrounding air; (A) area reject earth
repeats; (A) several snails
investigate at different temps.;
leave snails to adjust to surroundings before measuring; (A) time ref.
idea of fair test; (e.g. same procedure when investigating at different

temps.; leave same time interval between measurements; use same
number of snails; other detail of fair test) reject control
max 3
(d) (i) hard/rigid;
colour/pattern;
contrast between inside and outside;
shape; (A) like ....
hollow;
opening;
texture; (A) smooth qualified
dimensions;
max 2

(ii) effervescence/fizzing/AW;
shell is made of calcium carbonate;

2
(iii) support/protection ((A) shelter)/camouflage/muscle attachment;

1
Total: 20

JUNE 2003
INTERNATIONAL GCSE
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 40
BIOLOGY
(Alternative to Practical)
1 (a) Two from:
temperature or warmth or heat/[same type of] [amount of] yeast/type

of flour/same size measuring cylinder/same mass or weight of dough/
[same quantity of] [type of] sugar [2]
(ignore water [in q], amount of ingredients, pH, light, carbon dioxide,
time, humidity, reading at eye level, cold)
(b) (i) Graph:
O orientation of axes and label of axes plus units;
S use of appropriate and even scale to fill half of the grid;
P plotting data A; B; C;
K key for separate date; max [5]
(ii) Line A - rises steadily;
Line B - does not rise/rises slightly/at a constant level;
Line C - rises and flattens; [2 stages] [3]
(iii) 80; [1]
(iv) Two from:
1. comment on volume difference, A more;

2. A has yeast [and B has none];
3. correct ref. to production of carbon dioxide; [2]
(v) Two from:
1. comment on rate difference/speeding up/faster;

2. substance X present in C [A has no X];
3. reasonable suggestion for role of substance X;
(accept enzyme, catalyst, improver, AW) [2]
Total 15

2 (a) 2 conditions = 1 mark. No ½ marks.
warmth [correct/suitable temperature/10 to 30°C if specified];
oxygen;
but apply ecf for part (b) [1]
(b) Three from:
1. identification of one workable condition from (a) for investigation - two

sets one with and one without;
2. idea of sample size many seeds, a few seeds must be more than one
seed for repetition idea;
3. some common factor of treatment between the two sets [with and
without the condition] under investigation;
(equal watering, equal number of seeds, same species AW)
4. left to grow for same time period;
(if stated minimum 1 + days, accept up to 3 weeks) max [3]
Total 4

3 (a) (i) Drawing:
clear outline;
correct proportions;
Labels – 2 from:
Tentacles;
eye [to be located at the end of the larger tentacles];
foot [qualified];
shell [dorsal/visceral shell or hump];
unsegmented body;
(ignore reference to negative features) [4]
(ii) Magnification:
Check measurements given are those transcribed into the formula -

drawing size;
actual size
calculation is correct stated as ....x 1+

(this must be more than 1 if drawings is as large as fig 3.1) max [2]
(iii) Similarity – one from:
both have tentacles/eyes/same head/shell;
Difference – one from:
A has no large external shell and B has/shell has different

shape or comment on shape; AW [2]
(iv) mollusc: [1]
Total: 9

4 (a) (i) introduce a glowing splint/spill

(do not award for match will burn/candles lighting/splints that are
already burning)
addition of pyrogallol; [1]
(ii) photosynthesis; [1]
(iii) 10 cm 3 ;
10 ¸ 5 = 2cm3; [2]
(iv) Two from, for design of experiment:
1. method for setting up different light intensities;

(bright light in introduction - so maybe dimmer or less light but
must have detail of how this is to be achieved/distances away
from light bulb/AW)
2. describe how to control a factor that may alter rate over a
certain time
(temperature - heat shield, carbon dioxide by adding hydrogen
carbonate/AW)
3. additional feature of design –
(same time period for comparison of results/eliminate background
light, carry out investigation in a darkened room/replicates/
repetition/same piece of pondweed/recovery time between sets of
measurements AW) max [2]
(b)
Colour Explanation
(i) purple carbon dioxide used up/
[1] photosynthesis [1]
(ii) red/orange balance [between photosynthesis
[1] and respiration] [1]
(iii) yellow respiration of 3 water shrimps/
[1] produce carbon dioxide [1]
Total: 12

Grade thresholds taken for Syllabus 0610 (Biology) in the June 2003 examination.
maximum minimum mark required for grade:

mark
A C E F
available
Component 1 40 - 29 24 20
Component 2 70 - 37 25 19
Component 3 70 48 33 - -
Component 5 40 35 29 22 20
Component 6 40 32 24 18 15
The threshold (minimum mark) for B is set halfway between those for Grades A and C.
The threshold (minimum mark) for D is set halfway between those for Grades C and E.
The threshold (minimum mark) for G is set as many marks below the F threshold as the E
threshold is above it.
Grade A* does not exist at the level of an individual component.

International Gcse: Mark Scheme Maximum Mark: 40

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JUNE 2003

© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

movement; ignore - locomotion

nutrition; ignore - feeding

(b) put mud in muslin bag/equivalent – workable apparatus;

suspend over limewater/calcium hydroxide solution/hydrogencarbonate/

incubate/leave for 12+ hours;

look for limewater to go cloudy/milky/white/hydrogen carbonate to go yellow;

reference to use of control;

Apply pattern of mark scheme to alternative approaches

Credit annotated diagrams

© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

2 (a) (i) X – stigma/carpel;

(ii) small/insignificant “petals”/flowers “open”;

stamens/anthers hang outside of flower/petals;

stigma hangs outside flower/petals;

Any feature plus explanation – 1 mark each [2]

no bright colours of petals/flowers/coloured green;

inconspicuous shape/size of flower/petals;

large quantities/smaller size pollen;

Also features listed in (ii) above but not given

(b) (i) southwest; [1]

(iii) distribution of fruit on branches;

distribution of branches on tree;

animals feed on/collect fruits from one region around tree;

other valid biological suggestions; ignore - human intervention.

Any one – 1 mark [1]

© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

3 (a) (i) C/(i) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]

(ii) D/(ii) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]

(iii) P/(iii) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]

(iv) R/(iv) alongside a relevant arrow; [1]

(b) (i) less/no (trees/leaves) to photosynthesise;

more carbon dioxide in air/less removed from air;

no/less (leaves/wood) to decay;

Any two – 1 mark each [2]

(ii) less (leaves to) transpire/evaporation of water/evapotranspiration;

less roots/plants to absorb water (from deep layers);

less water v/water vapour in air/less rainfall;

Ignore - refs to floods/droughts/erosion/desertification.

Any two – 1 mark each [2]

© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

4 (a) (i) A – nucleus/nuclear membrane;

(ii) label C clearly linked to a cell membrane in each cell; [1]

to move mucus; reject - trap bacteria/dust, etc.

Credit valid references to goblet cells and function of producing mucus

(ii) has haemoglobin/no nucleus/biconcave;

transport oxygen; [2]

(c) (i) movement of molecules/particles/ions;

down concentration gradient/from higher to lower concentration; [2]

(ii) movement of water (molecules);

© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

(b) use of correct symbols/X and Y;

parent genotypes shown;

gamete genotypes shown;

offspring genotypes shown;

phenotypes for both sexes identified.

parent genotype wrong – max 3

Any four – 1 mark each [4]

© University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 2003

6 (a) top left box to 2nd right box;

2nd left box to top right box;

bottom left box to bottom right box; [3]