c 


c
Ã

 

c
M

 
 









Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the amount of
industrialization of a settlement. It includes increase in the number and extent of cities.
It symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas.

Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban
areas. The density of population in urban areas increases because of the migration of
people from less industrialized regions to more industrialized areas. The rapid
urbanization of the world¶s population over the twentieth century is described in the
2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report. The global proportion
of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732
million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the
figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030. Urbanization is closely linked to
modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.

cc
cc c
c
 c 

c

  
The concept ³Urban Sprawl´ means increase in spatial scale or increase in the
peripheral area of cities. ³Urban Sprawl´ has its own drawbacks.

 The city and its infrastructure may not be adequately planned.

 Traffic is high with increased time needed for commuting.
 Mssential services are not reachable within time.
 ëity administration becomes extremely difficult.


  

 


An excellent example of urban sprawl within our country is that of the city of
Bangalore. After the establishment of IT industry in Bangalore, the population
exploded from 24,76,355 in 1980 to 42,92,223 in 2001 with influx of 18 lakh
immigrants within two decades. The growing population has increased pressure on
several resources including civic amenities, residential availability, cost of living, local
infrastructure, transport, traffic and administration. Bangalore has lost many if its
water bodies (lakes) and consequently the fragile ecosystem have been disturbed due
to the ever-increasing need for space, to cater to residences and business
establishments.

cc
cc c
c
 c 

c

  
 
 
The beginning of urbanization can be traced back to Renaissance times in 16th
century. Turkish assaults resulted in movement of ëhristians from the east to western
Muropean countries. As a result, trade grew and Muropean cities along the coasts
developed greatly. A further boost for urbanization was created with the arrival of the
³Ã

  ´. Populations of cities in Murope and USA started to increase
significantly in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, urbanization started in Asia
only in the first half of the 20th century and in the second half of the 20th century in
Africa, when the countries obtained independence from colonial rule.

An example for a dramatic increase in extent and population of cities is ëhicago

in USA. The population increased from 15 people to about 20 million, within a span of
78 years.


M     




   !"#













cc
cc c
c
 c 

c


M    

$

  !%








M $


!&!




cc
cc c
c
 c 


c
ë

i ti


i ti
 

t
 ll    i
i i
l
  t t t 

ti 

i

ti

t
t ti
ili i
t

iti
j  
 ti
 
i

 t
t ti
 ii
 i
 iti  it i
ii
l

 ili t t  
t   t t

iti  i it  iit 

tl  titi
 

l i
titit
 it

iti

 l  t


 ll  il     it i ii
lt t i  
 t
   lii
 
 i

t

  lii
i

t


it l
i

t l
iti


i
ti 
tltil

i l  t l l ti 

ëitii

t t 

t l  
i
 lt 

t li ëiti  t

  
i l  ilitii l
B
i
 i 
 t j 
  it l 

ll l t i


  
tt
it t
i iti lt
titit ti
 

li
t 

tti t 
lii

    ititt 
ti
 i
ttit
ti
t 

 
t
  
ttit
li
 il

  tt i i  ll  t i lit i t t 
t


 i
 
 l      j  t

iti
   t  it  j 
 lti
t j tli lltll t
t 
t iti  t  t
 it l t t 
  t  ti  lt
 
!t  t i
l
   t  it  
tt i

t "t

t i t t
t  t#
  tt$
lit
 ti

l

iiti %
tti
i 
l ti


   
 l  
  i i l 

it i
lli
tti
llit 
t it
t  lti

 l   

 
iti
  it
 
i
 ti   
     &i

ti l
itt
i

ti l
ti ttiti t t

 i l
ti 
i lt
 ti

j  i
 iti ti l 
lt  i

ti li ti

t t       
i  
tti

 l  
t   i i


tl
i
 tti

i 

c
c


cc cc c
c
 c 

c
M
c c
 
 c

 
t  

i ti
  
 l     i
  ' i
lt
 
t iti
l l l i
  ll& l i

t i   t 
 i

t t



 l t   it t it  i
 
 t 
 
  &
i
i
    it 
 
t


  t  t    i
t


 t
 
i ti
it
 i  
 tit

ti
 tit


t
 ll   i

ii
l
  t t t 
 
 i
 
ti


t
t ti
 il i i
 t

iti  j  
 ti
 
i


t
t ti
 ii
 i
 iti  it i
ii
l
  ili t t  
t  
tt

itii itiit
 tl  titi
 


i ti
 i
 it it  l 
$

 ( t 
 
ii l
i  t
i l

i

t l   

cc c
  c

ii
 i
 titi
 iliti
t tit
 lii
i



   i   ti  l
 ti t )
  l i
l
i

   titii
   ttli

  
ll  t
l  $
t
 ti
il t
tt l 

i ti
&c
 c c 

 c

  

   t t  il 
l t it 
t
 
i


lii

iti
' 
lt l l  i 
 Àc


c*l
 

lll t
l
i 
t
 t
l
ll
 it t
ti  tl

 
 „
c  c

 c  ëi

 l   
it ti
  i
  l 
i
ti
tt
t  i tiliti
  tltiit

 i l  l 

cc cc c
c
 c 

c


'
  

()*
$  


$
+ 

 
   
 Since the number of people competing for jobs is more than
jobs available, unemployment is an inevitable problem.
 ë  Slum conditions make maintenance of law and order difficult.
Patrolling of slums is not a priority of law enforcing officers. Unemployment
and poverty force people into anti-social activities. Slums become a breeding
ground for criminal activities.

M          

 M  
  Due to factors such as paving over formerly vegetated land,

increasing number of residences and high-rise apartments and industries,
temperature increases drastically.
c

cc
cc c
c
 c 

c


,

 

-$

.
*   




$

/#
.
&
 
  
0$* 


. 

 × 
  Factories and automobiles are symbols of urbanization. Due to
harmful emissions of gases and smoke from factories and vehicles, air pollution
occurs. ëurrent research shows high amount of suspended particulate matter in
air, particularly in cities, which contributes to allergies and respiratory problems
thereby becoming a huge health hazard. Water issues - When urbanization takes
place, water cycle changes as cities have more precipitation than surrounding
areas. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water body, water pollution
occurs which can lead to outbreaks of epidemics.

 u 

  


  To make an area urbanized, a lot of forested areas are
destroyed. Usually these areas would have been habitats to many birds and
animals.

cc
cc c
c
 c 
 
c
w c c  c




i ti
   it it 
it 

 M

c ëiti t lii
tti
t
l i

iti
  t
ltiitR 
li
 
i l
li
iti
 titil t i

t )
l

    tit i
  lll
  

 ë 
c't
 ti
 lti li

lt
 l tiiti
i  il  il l t l i
 iti t
 i
 ill  i i
 iti i

 
 iti t
  t l    t li i
 i ll 
ëiti  


i ti

t
t
t 

 ë 



 c c
 

c  *i
 j 

 ttl 
t  t li

 
t
 l
 
i
tti  lt
   il li




 iti ' lt   iliti t lit t 
 l it 
l i

iti

 M

 c 

c  *l ll


iiti  t li i

iti tl

 
 '  it
 ti
l

 il
  il li
t

t iiti
t
  

 V
c


 cl
 t
lii
li
tt
i
itii t tt

t
i

  

l  

i l

lt
 l i

 Ã

 
cc
 c i&ti

ti 
 l
li



lt 
 

ti
tt t 

c


c c
 
 c

i ti
ittt  l
ti t l
t
l
t

 i
  ti
 
 +,-. /.0  t l 
l ti
 t  i
 iti
*i
titti tt t120tl
l ti
ill it &ll 323.

cc cc c
c
 c 

c

M


1 2
$

 
*





The main goal of urban planning is to make all amenities and comforts available
to the public without imposing many negative effects on society and environment,
aptly referred to as ³V   ´. The cardinal rule is to plan cities
beforehand, rather than let them grow spontaneously and haphazardly. During city
planning it should be ensured that adequate infrastructure is available to support the
population. Residences should be conveniently located near the civic bodies. This
could improve effective provision of the necessary services.

Opportunities can be created within rural areas to reduce stress on cities. This
also results in a higher standard of living for the people of the country as a whole.
Some of the villages in South Kanara district of Karnataka set a good example for
this. They have efficient transport and communication system and electricity. ëo-
operatives have been set up to provide financial aid to peasants. The rural people
have been encouraged to engage in cottage industries and commercial activities
such as making pickles, handicrafts, sweets and savories. Through cooperative
agencies, marketing of these goods also has become easy. This is an efficient

cc
cc c
c
 c 

c
method of curbing urbanization, by creating opportunities for people in villages.
This reduces the rate of migration. ëurrently, planning cities for sustainable
growth, mainly in the third-world societies, is a major challenge for humanity.
Restricting the population boom is another major issue of the third millennium. All
these vital factors would decide what the future would look like for humankind and
our planet.

c
M

"##!. 


 #


3
$





Rapid urbanization puts stress on the provision of basic infrastructure services-
water, sanitation, electricity, and roads- as well as leaves many fast-growing cities
with disorderly and unplanned growth, sprawling slums, rising levels of inflation,
poverty and crime and environmental damage. Given the current and projected global
trends in urbanization, it is important to understand and resolve these opposing
viewpoints and develop effective programs and policies for sustainable economic
development in the years ahead.

Although it is impossible to restrict urbanization it can be ensured that the path

of the development can move in the right path.

cc
cc c
c