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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 December 2001
Specifications
R-4RM
Length: 5.45 m
Body diameter: 315 mm
Wing span: 1.32 m
Launch weight: 512 kg
Warhead: 53.5 kg HE blast
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: Semi-active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 40 km
R-4TM
Length: 5.20 m
Body diameter: 315 mm
Wing span: 1.32 m
Launch weight: 502 kg
Warhead: 53.5 kg HE blast
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 20 km
Contractor
It is believed that the original design was by the Bisnovat OKB-4, Moscow, and is now supported by Vympel, NPO, Moscow.
UPDATED
A semi-active radar-guided AA-5 Ash (R-4R) missile under a Tu-28 Fiddler aircraft (Steven Zaloga)
(1994)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 December 2001
Description
The R-3S closely resembled the AIM-9B and had the same blunt, rounded nose as the US missile, with an identical control
surface layout - right down to the Sidewinder's innovative tail fin 'rollerons'. The R-3S had a fixed tail, but the four triangular
forward fins were articulated. Like the AIM-9B, the R-3S was a first generation IR-guided missile that was only effective when
fired from the rear hemisphere, against a non-manoeuvring target at relatively close range. The low altitude performance of the
R-3S IR seeker was poor and the effect of ground clutter reduced its effective range to as little as 300 m at low level.
Performance improved at higher altitudes, and at 18,500 m the missile had a potential range of 8,000 m. The SARH R-3R had a
similar level of performance, but at low-level its effective range could be even less than the R-3S, making it most useful as a
medium altitude look-up/shoot-up weapon. Under ideal circumstances the R-3R's maximum range was in excess of 8,000 m.
The R-13M most closely resembled the AIM-9E Sidewinder, with a tapered nose (slightly longer than the R-3S) housing an
improved IR seeker. This provided significantly better performance with the missile effective to 1,500 m at low level and up to
15 km at high altitudes (20,000 m). The R-13M was claimed to be effective down to 50 m.
Operational status
The R-3S equipped the MiG-21PF, MiG-21bis, MiG-23S, MiG23MS, MiG-23M, MiG-23MF, MiG-23B, MiG-27, Su-17,
Su-20 and Su-22. The R-3R was generally carried by the MiG-21S (SM, SMT, and MiG21bis) and the MiG-23S (MS). The
R-13M and R-13M1 was typically carried by late model MiG-21s, MiG-23s, MiG-27s, Su-17s, Su-20s and Su-22s. The earliest
AA-2 `Atoll' entered service with the Russian Air Force in 1962, the semi-active radar R-3R entered service in 1966 and the
R-13M entered service in the mid-1970s. The improved R-13M1 missile is believed to have entered service in 1980. The
`Atoll' was used extensively by North Vietnam, and in 1970 and 1973 by Egypt. All three variants have been exported to the
following countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Congo,
Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Georgia, Guinea, Hungary, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, North Korea,
Laos, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan,
Syria, Ukraine, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and Zambia. Production probably ceased around 1983,
although refurbished missiles were exported until the late 1980s.
Specifications
R-3S
Length: 2,837 mm
Body diameter: 127 mm
Wing span: 528 mm
Launch weight: 75.3 kg
Warhead: 11.3 kg HE blast/fragmentation
Fuze: contact
Guidance: IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 3 km
R-3R
Length: 3,417 mm
Body diameter: 127 mm
Wing span: 528 mm
Launch weight: 82 kg
Warhead: 11.3 kg HE blast/fragmentation
Fuze: contact and radar proximity
Guidance: semi-active radar homing
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 8 km
R-13M
Length: 2,870 mm
Body diameter: 127 mm
Wing span: 632 mm
Launch weight: 88 kg
Warhead: 11.3 kg HE blast/fragmentation
Fuze: contact
Guidance: IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 8 km
Contractor
Designed by the Turopov OKB-134 Bureau at Tushino, and supported now by Vympel NPO, Moscow.
UPDATED
An R-3S IR guided missile on the underwing pylon of a Russian Air Force MiG-21 `Fishbed', displayed at
Moscow in August 1989 (Nick Cook)
(1989)
A MiG-21 Fishbed carrying two radar-guided R-3R missiles on the outer wing pylons, and two IR-guided
AA-8 `Aphid' missiles inboard (John Taylor)
(1994)
AA-2 `Atoll'
(1989)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
S-25LD
Type
Short-range air-to-surface missile.
Development
This new missile was first seen in 1993, and it was developed from the unguided S-250 FM rocket. The missile has the Russian
designator S-25LD, but the NATO designator is unknown. It is believed that the development was completed in the late 1980s,
using the semi-active laser seeker from the AS-10 `Karen' missile. The missile has been cleared for carriage on Su-17 `Fitter',
Su-24 `Fencer' and Su-25 `Frogfoot' aircraft.
Description
The S-25LD missile has four small delta shaped moving control fins at the nose and four clipped-tip delta wings at the rear.
The unusual aspect of the design is that the nose section, containing the semi-active laser seeker and moving control fins, is
hinged under a support arm running forwards from the larger diameter main body. The missile is 4.1 m long, has a body
diameter of 340 mm, a wing span of 1.17 m and a launch weight of 400 kg. The warhead is a 155 kg HE penetration type, and
the missile has a solid-propellant motor. The guidance uses the 24NI semi-active laser seeker from the AS-10 missile, which
can be designated from the carrier aircraft, from a different aircraft, or from a ground laser marker. The missile has a minimum
range of 2 km and a maximum range of 10 km. An accuracy of 8 m CEP has been reported from Russia.
Operational Status
The missile was developed from the S-250 FM unguided rocket and is believed to have entered service in 1989. There are no
known exports.
Specifications
Length: 4.1 m
Body diameter: 340 mm
Wing span: 1.17 m
Launch weight: 400 kg
Warhead: 155 kg HE penetration
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: Semi-active laser
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 10 km
Contractor
Precision Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau
Moscow.
VERIFIED
An S-25LD missile (left) and eight AT-12 missiles (right) on wing pylons under an Su-25 `Frogfoot'
aircraft (Christopher F Foss)
(1999)
S-25LD
(1999)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The ZB-500's appearance is different to most napalm type fire bombs in that it has a smaller body diameter to length ratio and a
small distinctive vertical rear end stabilising fin. It has a symmetrical aerodynamically shaped body made from thin aluminium
sheet. Instead of the normally pointed ends, the bomb has an ogival section welded on both ends. Inside the top surface of the
centre section is a hard saddle back to which are attached the 250 mm spaced suspension lugs. The filling cap is situated in the
bottom of the centre section beneath the front suspension lug. The fuze system, which is activated on bomb release by a top
mounted lanyard device, is inserted in the centre port side of the bomb, along with a safe arming device and the igniting charge.
Both ZB-500 incendiary canisters are 2.5 m long and have a body diameter of 500 mm. The ZB-500GD is filled with 216 or
303 kg of an unspecified incendiary gel and weighs 256 or 343 kg depending on mixture used. The ZB-500ShM is filled with
260 kg of an unspecified incendiary gel and weighs 317.5 kg.
Details of the type of fuzing system are uncertain, but it is believed to be contact only. However, as the bombs are normally
released during low-level passes it is believed that some form of delay and safety device is incorporated in the final stages of
arming/fuzing. When the bomb impacts the target, the body is broken apart by inertial force and the incendiary agent is spread
over the surrounding area. At the same time the igniter charge is activated which immediately causes the incendiary agent to
ignite thus enveloping the target in flames. The incendiary agent is expected to have a thickening additive, which enables the
agent to cling to all suitable surfaces so as to ensure that maximum conflagration damage to exposed personnel, material and
equipment is caused.
The ZB-500 bombs can be released from an aircraft at altitudes above 30 m and at speeds up to 1,000 km/h.
Operational Status
Both the above fire bombs are in service with Russian Federation and allied air forces. In the mid-1990s they were advertised
in the Incendiary Air Bomb section of a Russian Federation air arms catalogue and were offered for export. There are no
known exports.
Specifications
ZB-500GD ZB-500ShM
Length 2.5 m 2.5 m
Body diameter 500 mm 500 mm
Tailspan n/a n/a
Lug spacing 250 mm 250 mm
Weight 256 or 343 kg 317.5 kg
Filling 216 or 303 kg incendiary mixture 260 kg incendiary mixture
Contractors
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Operational Status
The RBK-250 ZAB-2.5M and the RBK-500 ZAB-2.5SM cluster bombs are in service with the Russian Federation and allied
air forces. In the mid-1990s both were advertised in the Incendiary Air Bomb section of a Russian arms catalogue. There are no
known exports.
Specifications
RBK-250 ZAB-2.5M RBK-500 ZAB-2.5SM ZAB-2.5 bomblet
Length 2.12 m 2.5 m 0.135 m
Body diameter 325 mm 450 mm 91 mm
Tailspan n/k n/k n/a
Lug spacing 250 mm 250 mm n/a
Weight 194 kg 435 kg 2.7 kg
Filling 48 ZAB-2.5 bomblets 117 ZAB-2.5 bomblets 1.72 kg incendiary mix
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Line drawings of the RBK-250 ZAB-2.5M showing payload of ZAB-25M bomblets (top), and RBK-500
ZAB-2.5SM (bottom)
(1999)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
FZAB-500 BOMB
Type
Penetrating fire bomb.
Development
There are reported to have been several hundred types of air-carried, free-fall weapons to have been held by former Warsaw
Pact countries, with more than three-quarters of them being of former Soviet Union design. The most numerous of these were
naturally the FAB series of bombs. FAB stands for fugasnaya aviabomba meaning `aerial demolition bomb' which is known as
a general purpose bomb in the West. The designation letters are followed by numbers that refer to the bomb size category.
Little is known of the development of this family of conventional free-fall general purpose bombs other than it has been a
continuing process since the First World War. Before the 1940s, the known FAB bombs were the FAB-50, FAB-250 and
FAB-500 (these early bombs are covered in a separate entry). Some FAB bombs developed since the early 1940s had an
additional letter `M' followed by a further number in its designation, that signified the year that range of FAB bombs entered
operational service. Others have special indices explaining design or combat features. The FAB M-62 series of bombs were
developed in the early 1960s to provide the former Soviet Union with a range of streamlined low-drag general purpose bombs,
and to take advantage of newly developed more powerful explosives like `torpex.' These are covered in a separate entry.
In 1996, a 500 kg size bomb, designated FZAB-500, appeared in the FAB section of a Russian air armament catalogue listed
as a demolition incendiary bomb. From its appearance the bomb is believed to be a further development of the FAB-500M-62.
Developed in order to provide the Russian Federation with a penetrating incendiary bomb for use against concrete fortified
targets such as munition and fuel depots, aircraft shelters command bunkers and so on. The bomb's design allows it to be
carried under the wings or fuselage of high-speed aircraft with minimum performance degradation and is fitted with standard
Russian spaced suspension lugs.
The FZAB-500 can also be carried in bomb bays of larger bombers. It is believed that the FZAB-500 has been cleared for
carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed' MiG-23B `Flogger', MiG-25 `Foxbat', Su-17 `Fitter', Su-24 `Fencer', Su-25 `Frogfoot', Tu-95
`Bear', and Tu-16 `Badger' aircraft.
Description
Except for having a special shaped hardened nose the FZAB-500 is similar in appearance to the FAB-500M-62 demolition
bomb. The main body, which is divided into two sections, has an aerodynamic shape similar to the US Mk 83 bomb and is
fitted with 250 mm spaced suspension lugs. However, the tail unit has retained the familiar Russian four fin and drum
configuration although somewhat streamlined. The FZAB-500 is 2.5 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm and weighs 500
kg. The front section of the bomb, which has a tapering thickened skin and a hardened nose, is filled with 200 kg of torpex high
explosive. The rear section of the bomb itself is filled with 100 pieces of an unspecified incendiary material. Details of the
fuzing are not known. The FZAB-500 is credited with the ability to penetrate 200 mm of reinforced concrete and can be
released at altitudes from 200 m to 22 km at speeds between 500 and 2,100 km/h.
Operational Status
The FZAB-500 is in service with Russian Federation and allied air forces. In the mid-1990s it was offered for export, but as yet
there have been no reported orders.
Specifications
Length: 2.5 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.22 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 500 kg
Filling: 200 kg HE and incendiary agent.
Contractors
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
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GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A Russian GUV helicopter pod fitted with a single 12.7 mm YakB 12.7 and two GSh G 7.62 mm
machine guns, on display at the 1995 Paris Air Show. Beside the pod is the centre-mounted alternative
AIC-17 30 mm grenade launcher (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
GUV helicopter pod fitted with only a single AIC-17 (AGS-17 `Plamya') 30 mm grenade launcher on
display in 1994 (Charles Bickers)
(1998)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
Length: 1.69 m
Body diameter: 72 mm
Wing span: 0.25 m
Launch weight: 10.8 kg
Warhead: 2.0 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Impact
Guidance: IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 5 km
Contractor
SA-16 and SA-18 missiles were designed by the KBM Engineering Design Bureau, Kolomna, and manufactured by the VA
Degtyarev Plant, Korov.
The seekers are manufactured by LOMO, St Petersburg and CDO Arsenal, Kiev, Ukraine.
UPDATED
A twin helicopter launch assembly with an SA-18 `Grouse' (Igla) missile in front, showing the
distinctive nose spike (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
An SA-16 `Gimlet' (Igla 1) missile with its double cone-shaped nose spike (Christoper F Foss)
(1998)
An SA-18 `Grouse' twin launcher assembly with eight IR seeker coolant bottles mounted above (Peter
Humphris)
(1998)
A rear view of a four-missile launcher assembly for SA-16 `Gimlet' on an Mi-17MD helicopter (Peter
Humphris)
(1997)
Two IR seekers used with the SA-18 `Grouse' (Igla) missile system. On the right is the operational seeker, and on
the left a seeker used for training (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A photograph showing the three small Russian surface-to-air missile launchers, from the top the SA-16
`Gimlet', SA-14 `Gremlin' in the middle, and SA-7 `Grail' at the bottom. These are export versions, and
the air-to-air missile launchers may have a different appearance (Jane's Defence Weekly)
(1992)
SA-14 'Gremlin'
(1996)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
SA-7b `Grail' mounted between two AT-3 `Sagger' air-to-surface missiles, on a Yugoslav Gazelle
helicopter mounting using the older 9P53 grip-stock and tube assembly (Paul Beaver)
(1992)
Two SA-7b `Grail' launch tubes with the 9P54 glass fibre launcher assembly and rotating double nose cap
(1998)
SA-7 `Grail'
(1992)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
R-37 (AA-X-13)
Type
Long-range, radar-guided, air-to-air missile.
Development
First seen in 1992, the R-37 was being developed by Vympel NPO as a replacement for the AA-9 `Amos' (R-33) semi-active
radar-guided missile. It is believed that this missile has been given the NATO designator AA-X-13. The R-37 is similar in size
to the AA-9 `Amos', but has an active radar terminal seeker and a longer range. Designed in the early 1980s, the missile was
first flown in 1989. Flight trials continued until around 1998, and it was presumed that the missile would be carried by the
MiG-31M `Foxhound B' aircraft, which has carriage points under the fuselage for six missiles, and later by the Su-35.
Unconfirmed reports suggest that a further version was proposed, with the designator R-37M, with a jettisonable booster
assembly, increasing the range to between 300 and 400 km. This longer range version is expected to be fitted to modified
MiG-29SMT `Fulcrum' or MiG-31BM `Foxhound' aircraft.
Description
R-37 has four long-chord clipped-tip delta-wings at mid-body, and four rectangular moving control fins at the rear. The missile
is around 4.2 m long, has a body diameter of about 380 mm, and a wing span of about 0.7 m. The rear control fins are hinged to
facilitate clearance when the missiles are loaded on the aircraft. R-37 appears to use the same semi-recessed carriage with
trapeze launch rails below the fuselage as AA-9 `Amos' on the MiG-31 `Foxhound A' aircraft. It is believed that the missile
launch weight is 600 kg, and that a 60 kg HE fragmentation warhead is fitted. However, the design bureau suggested in 1995
that a redesign was being investigated to reduce the launch weight to 450 kg. Guidance is inertial in mid-course with command
updates from the aircraft, with small link antenna located at the rear of the missile just below the motor nozzle. A dual-mode
active/semi-active radar seeker, 9B-1388, is fitted to the missile for both mid-course and terminal guidance. Lock on range for
the semi-active radar is probably 75 km and, for the active radar seeker, is probably 25 km. The weight of the seeker assembly
is 45 kg, excluding the radome. The command datalink has a range of 100 km. A solid propellant motor is expected to give the
R-37 a range of about 150 km, although reports in 1995 indicated that following careful trajectory shaping a range in excess of
250 km had been achieved.
Operational status
The R-37 programme is a further development of the AA-9 `Amos' (R-33) missile. R-37 design was started in the early 1980s,
and the missile first flew in 1989. In 1994 a series of trials was made with launches from a MiG-31M aircraft, with one
intercept at 250 km range. By 1995 it was reported that delays to the MiG-31M `Foxhound B' aircraft's Zaslon-M radar could
delay entry of R-37 into service. It is believed that the original R-37 programme was terminated in 1998, but it is possible that
the dual-mode seekers could be retrofitted into upgraded AA-9 `Amos' missiles. R-37M missiles might be fitted to upgraded
MiG-31M `Foxhound B' aircraft at some time in the future.
Specifications
Length: 4.2 m
Body diameter: 380 mm
Wing span: 0.7 m
Launch weight: 600 kg
Warhead: 60 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: Inertial with command updates, semi-active radar and active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 150 km
Contractors
Vympel NPO
Moscow (prime contractor).
MRI Agat
Moscow (radar seeker).
UPDATED
The missile on the left of the picture is an R-37 under the fuselage of a MiG-31M `Foxhound B'; the
missile in the centre is a modified R-33S (AA-9 `Amos') but with its wings not fitted (Yefim Gordon)
(1993)
The two outer missiles are R-37s with their rear control fins folded, the central missile is a modified
R-33S (AA-9 `Amos') (Yefim Gordon)
(1993)
R-37
(1994)
The combined active/semi-active radar seeker assembly, 9B-1388, for the R-37 air-to-air missile (Duncan
Lennox)
(1997)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The AA-12 `Adder' has straight rectangular long-chord, narrow-span wings (not unlike the French MICA air-to-air missile) and
an unusual set of four rectangular control fins at the rear. The missile is 3.6 m long, with a body diameter of 200 mm, a wing
span of 0.4 m, an extended rear fin span of 0.7 m, and a launch weight of 175 kg. The guidance is inertial with mid-course
updates from the launch aircraft, followed by a terminal active radar phase from an acquisition range of about 15 km. The
9B-1348 active radar seeker is a multifunction Doppler monopulse system, believed to operate in J-band (10 to 20 GHz), with a
home-on-jam mode capability. The seeker weight is 16 kg, without a radome. Reports indicate that early MiG-29 and Su-27
aircraft radars could only launch AA-12 missiles at a single target, but later radar modifications allow two separate targets to be
engaged simultaneously. The aircraft datalink has a maximum range of 50 km, although a later modification is reported to
increase this range to 100 km. From photographs, there appear to be four update command link antennas on the forebody
assembly, similar to those seen on AA-7 `Apex' and AA-10 `Alamo', and an active laser fuze is located next to the warhead
section. The warhead is a HE blast fragmentation type weighing 22 kg, and reports suggest that a directional warhead may be
fitted as an improvement. The rear control fins have an extended span of 0.75 m but are folded for aircraft carriage. Each fin
consists of five thin aerofoil sections mounted in a rectangular cage assembly measuring about 240 × 105 mm, with aerofoils
set at 45º and 135º to the line of the relevant wing. A round collar at the base of each fin probably holds the outer fin cage
together and is mounted onto an electrical actuator stub shaft. The propulsion system is reported to be a two-stage solid
propellant motor giving the missile a range in the region of 75 km, and a snap-up/snap-down capability of 10 km (33,000 ft).
The AA-12 has a probable maximum velocity of about M3.0. Higher speeds have been reported but these are thought to be
unlikely because of the problems associated with radome heating rather than with motor performance. Unconfirmed reports
suggest that AA-12 has been designed for internal carriage on new aircraft, as the rear control fins fold down. It is believed that
the missiles will be ejected from the internal carriage bay using ejection release units, but the carriage on Su-27 and MiG-29
aircraft is on APU series rail launchers. The minimum launch range is 300 m and the maximum around 75 km, with intercepts
against targets at altitudes from 20 m up to 30 km (100,000 ft). AA-12 is reported to have the capability to intercept aircraft
manoeuvring up to 12 g, and to have a maximum flight time of 100 seconds.
Operational status
It is believed that AA-12 `Adder' started development in 1982, with the first flight test in 1984, and with development
completed in 1991. A small number of missiles, believed to be around 200, were built in the Ukraine between 1984 and 1994.
These missiles were used for the Russian Air Force initial operational evaluation, which used around 100 missiles and was
completed in 1996. Further missiles were probably used for export sales demonstrators up to around 1999. Manufacture and
further development was transferred to Vympel NPO in Russia in 1993, and the first new evaluation missiles started to be
delivered from 1998. The AA-12 is not yet in operational service with the Russian Air Force, although some pre-production
missiles are believed to be being used for evaluation and aircraft clearance trials in Russia. It is expected that a Russian Air
Force order would be for the improved R-77M version. The missile has been offered for export since 1992, as the R-77E, and
reports in 1995 indicated that China, India and Malaysia would probably receive AA-12 missiles. Malaysia received a small
number of Ukrainian-built missiles for evaluation in 1996, and these were fitted to MiG-29N aircraft. Confirmation of a
production order by Malaysia for the Russian-built version has not been made public. China is believed to have ordered 100
missiles for evaluation on Su-30MKK aircraft, and it is expected that if this is successful then China will start to build the
R-129 version under license. Indian aircrew have tested AA-12 missiles in Russia from MiG-29SE and modified MiG-21/93
aircraft in 1999 and 2000. An unconfirmed report in 2000 suggested that Peru ordered 30 missiles for evaluation.
Specifications
Length: 3.6 m
Body diameter: 200 mm
Wing span: 0.4 m
Launch weight: 175 kg
Warhead: 22 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Active laser
Guidance: Inertial, command and active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 75 km
Contractors
It is believed that the initial design of AA-12 was made by the Molniya OKB in Ukraine, and that later design and production
was transferred to Vympel NPO, Moscow.
MRI Agat
Moscow (radar seeker).
UPDATED
An AA-12 (R-77) medium-range air-to-air missile under an Su-27 `Flanker' aircraft at Farnborough Air
Show in 1994 (Duncan Lennox)
(1994)
A close-up view of the rear control fins of the AA-12 `Adder' (R-77) missile (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
AA-12
(1994)
AA-12 `Adder' (R-77) missile displayed at Farnborough in 1996, mounted on an AKY-170E pylon
(Duncan Lennox)
(1997)
A trial launch of an AA-12 (R-77) missile from a MiG-29 `Fulcrum' (via Nick Cook)
(1996)
The active radar seeker assembly, 9B-1348, for the AA-12 `Adder' missile (Duncan Lennox)
(1997)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractors
Initial design was by the Molniya OKB, completed by Vympel NPO, Moscow (prime contractor).
The seeker assembly is manufactured by CDO Arsenal
Kiev, Ukraine.
UPDATED
Two AA-11 `Archer' (R-73) missiles fitted to an Su-27 `Flanker' aircraft (Paul Beaver)
(1998)
The nose section of an AA-11 `Archer' missile, showing the angle of incidence sensors, fixed fins and
moving fins. The radar fuze antenna is behind the umbilical cable connector, fitted to an extension
section (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
A rear view of AA-11 `Archer', showing the control surfaces on the wing trailing edges and the thrust vector
control vanes (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
AA-11 `Archer'
(1992)
The wingtip pylon assembly on an Su-32FN aircraft displayed at Paris in 1997. It is believed that this
pylon can rotate through 180º to launch an AA-11 missile at a following aircraft target (Duncan
Lennox)
(1998)
Two seekers displayed by CDO Arsenal in 1997, for the AA-11 `Archer' (left) and AA-8 `Aphid' (right). It is
believed that two externally mounted detectors have been added to the AA-11 missile seeker assembly, similar to
the four shown around the AA-8 missile seeker assembly in this picture (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
The active laser fuze window on a modified AA-11 missile, displayed at Paris in 1999 (Duncan Lennox)
(2000)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
R-27T R-27R R-27ET R-27ER R-27AE R-27EM
Length 3.8 m 4.08 m 4.5 m 4.7 m 4.78 m 4.78 m
Body diameter 230 mm 230 mm 260 mm 260 mm 260 mm 260 mm
Wing span 0.77 m 0.77 m 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m
Launch weight 245 kg 253 kg 343 kg 350 kg 350 kg 350 kg
Warhead 33 kg expanding 33 kg expanding 39 kg expanding 39 kg expanding 39 kg expanding 39 kg expanding
rod rod rod rod rod Rod
Fuze Active radar Active radar Active radar Active radar Active radar Active radar
Inertial, Inertial, Inertial, Inertial,
Guidance IR IR
command command command command
and SAR and SAR and active radar And SAR
Propulsion Solid propellant Solid propellant Solid propellant Solid propellant Solid propellant Solid propellant
Range 30 km 40 km 70 km 75 km 80 km 110 km
Contractors
Vympel NPO
Moscow (prime contractor).
MRI Agat
Moscow (radar seekers).
UPDATED
Su-27 `Flanker' carrying six AA-10 `Alamo' missiles; two medium-range IR (R-27T) on the wing pylons,
two extended-range semi-active radar (R-27ER) under the engines, and two medium-range semi-active
radar (R-27R) in the tunnel between the two engines (Soviet Military Power)
(1987)
An AA-10 `Alamo' missile on an ejection launcher beneath an Su-27 `Flanker' aircraft (Nick Cook)
(1998)
A medium-range IR-guided AA-10 `Alamo' (R-27T) showing behind an extended-range motor assembly
indicating the different length and diameter of the rocket motors (Christopher F Foss)
(1992)
The semi-active radar seeker assembly 9B-1101K used in AA-10 `Alamo' R-27R, R-27ER and R-27EM (Duncan
Lennox)
(1997)
The active radar seeker assembly 9B-1103M used in the AA-10 `Alamo' R-27AE (Duncan Lennox)
(1997)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
Length: 4.15 m
Body diameter: 380 mm
Wing span: 0.9 m
Launch weight: 490 kg
Warhead: 47 kg HE blast/fragmentation
Fuze: Active radar
Guidance: Inertial, command updates and semi-active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 120 km
Contractor
Vympel NPO
Moscow.
VERIFIED
AA-9 `Amos' long-range air-to-air missiles mounted under fuselage on a MiG-31 `Foxhound', pictured in
1985 over the Norwegian Sea (RNoAF)
(1985)
An AA-9 missile displayed at Moscow in 1992, showing the radar fuze and command update antenna
between the nose radome and wing assemblies (Christopher F Foss)
(1997)
AA-9 `Amos'
(1993)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
R-60T
Length: 2.08 m
Body diameter: 130 mm
Wing span: 0.43 m
Launch weight: 63 kg
Warhead: 3 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Active radar
Guidance: IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 3 km
R-60TM
Length: 2.09 m
Body diameter: 120 mm
Launch weight: 43 kg
Warhead: 3.5 kg HE rod
Fuze: Active laser
Guidance: IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 10 km
Contractors
It is believed that the design may have been from the Molniya OKB, and it is now supported by Vympel NPO, Moscow.
The seeker assembly was manufactured by CDO Arsenal
Kiev, Ukraine.
UPDATED
Two AA-8 `Aphid' air-to-air missiles on the inner wing pylon of a MiG-31 `Foxhound' aircraft (Duncan
Lennox)
(1998)
AA-8 `Aphid'
(1993)
The rear view of an AA-8 missile, showing the motor exhaust nozzle and rear wings (Nick Cook)
(1997)
An upgraded IR seeker for the AA-8 `Aphid' missile, displayed in 1997, showing the four additional detectors (Duncan
Lennox)
(1998)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
`Apex' (IR) R-24T
Length: 4.16 m
Body diameter: 200 mm
Wing span: 1.04 m
Launch weight: 235 kg
Warhead: 35 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Active radar
Guidance: Command and IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 50 km
`Apex' (radar) R-24R
Length: 4.46 m
Body diameter: 200 mm
Wing span: 1.04 m
Launch weight: 235 kg
Warhead: 35 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Active radar
Guidance: Command and semi-active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 50 km
Contractor
Believed to be Vympel NPO
Moscow.
VERIFIED
AA-7 `Apex', the semi-active radar missile version, on the underwing pylon of a MiG-23 `Flogger' (Paul
Beaver)
(1992)
AA-7 `Apex', the IR missile version, on the underwing pylon of a MiG-23 `Flogger', with two AA-8 `Aphid'
missiles behind (Nick Cook)
(1992)
AA-7 `Apex'
(1998)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
`Acrid' (IR) (R-40T/R-46TD)
Length: 6.2 m
Body diameter: 355 mm
Wing span: 1.8 m
Launch weight: 467 kg
Warhead: 35 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Radar and active laser
Guidance: Command, inertial and IR
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 35 km (R-40), 50 km (R-46)
`Acrid' (radar) (R-40R/R-46RD)
Length: 6.2 m
Body diameter: 355 mm
Wing span: 1.8 m
Launch weight: 472 kg
Warhead: 55 kg HE fragmentation
Fuze: Radar and active laser
Guidance: Command, inertial and semi-active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 35 km (R-40), 60 km (R-46)
Contractor
Not known, but probably designed by the Bisnovat OKB-4 ; it is now supported by Vympel NPO, Moscow.
VERIFIED
An IR version AA-6 `Acrid' missile on a MiG-31 `Foxhound' wing pylon (Christopher F Foss)
(1998)
Close-up of the rear end of AA-6 `Acrid', showing the sustainer motor nozzles between the wings and what
appears to be a command link receiver on the boat tail end (Duncan Lennox)
(1994)
AA-6 `Acrid' (IR version) on display in 1993, showing the fuze and command link aerials just forward of
the rear wings (Christopher F Foss)
(1997)
Diagrams of AA-6 'Acrid' missiles
(1994)
Two AA-6 Acrid (semi-active radar versions) being carried beneath a Libyan MiG-25 Foxbat aircraft (US
Navy)
(1997)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
AA-3 `Anab' IR-guided missile mounted on an Su-15 `Flagon' aircraft (Swedish Coastguard)
(1990)
AA-3 `Anab'
(1990)
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UNDERWATER WEAPONS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
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UNDERWATER WEAPONS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
RUSSIAN TORPEDOES
Type
Air-launched torpedoes.
Development
Information on air-launched torpedoes of the former Soviet Navy and its naval air arm is limited. It is generally believed that during
and after the Second World War the former Soviet Union was unique in developing a series of torpedoes specially adapted to be
dropped from high altitude and long range. One example (see picture) was rocket-propelled and had a special nose brake to reduce
the impact of hitting the water. Although the torpedo has a tail shroud, it has no propeller. The photograph is believed to have been
taken in the 1950s, and the aircraft is an Il-28 `Beagle', which is thought might still be in service for torpedo training. The early
Soviet designations, especially for thermal (steam) powered torpedoes, indicated the body diameter and the year of origin, for
example, 53-39 was 53 cm diameter and originated in 1939. It is generally believed that the majority of the early post-Second World
War air-launched torpedoes were in the 450 mm (45 cm) diameter class and were either propelled by solid-propellant rocket motors
or had thermal (steam) power plants. The forerunner of these 450 mm torpedoes was the pre-war 45-36 NU which was introduced in
1936 and became the standard Second World War motor torpedo boat/air-launched torpedo. The reinforced ANU version of this
torpedo could be dropped at up to 360 km/h, and in the Northern Fleet, torpedoes were typically dropped from 1.5 to 3 km (5,000 to
10,000 ft) altitude, gliding in from beyond the enemy's anti-aircraft range.
In the 1950s the former Soviet Union concentrated on developing air-launched torpedoes of 450 mm diameter with steam or solid
propellant motors. In the 1960s most torpedoes were launched from 400 mm diameter tubes, designed to fit in the first generation
nuclear submarines. The first of these was the SET 40, developed by Dvigatel OKB, and was the first true Russian lightweight
torpedo, appearing in the 1960s on board small combatants such as the `Petya' and `Mirka' class corvettes. Reports suggest that its
maximum acquisition range was about 580 m, and the operating depth about 300 m. Its seeker used an active 65 kHz acoustic
proximity fuze. The apparent successor still in service is the E40-75A, mounted in such craft as the `Poti' and `Pauk' class corvettes.
It is believed that these torpedoes could be fitted with parachute packs and delivered by such ASW helicopters as the Ka-25
`Hormone' and Ka-27 `Helix', and air-launched versions were offered for export in 1994 by the Russian Central Scientific Research
Institute `Gidropribor' as the APSET-95 torpedo system.
In parallel with the SET 40 development, efforts were underway to develop effective air-launched anti-submarine torpedoes. This
resulted in the 450 mm AT-1 torpedo that is reported to have entered service around 1962 and the 533 mm AT-2 with improved
charateristics, in 1965. It is believed that these two torpedoes were also known as the Type E45 and Type E53 respectively. Later,
only small air-launched torpedoes such as the VT-1 and others were developed. In the 1970s the development of torpedoes powered
by heat engines resulted in the creation of multipurpose torpedoes capable of attacking both surface and underwater targets. The first
multipurpose torpedo designed for self-defence of submarines was the 400 mm SET-72 which entered service in 1972. This was
later adapted for airborne use and designated UMGT-1 ME.
The limited diving depth of the above torpedoes allowed deeper diving submarines to escape, and by the late 1960s the Russians
were seeking a deeper diving torpedo. Unconfirmed reports suggest that former Soviet intelligence gained access to technical
information on the US Mk 46 torpedo propulsion system in the 1970s. Projects `Vodopod' and `Veder' were inspired by the news
that Western nuclear submarines could dive below exisiting Soviet ASW torpedoes. If reports are correct, the former Soviet Navy
developed an equivalent to the Mk 46, designated Type 40. This torpedo is said to be 4.5 m long, to have a diameter of 406 mm, and
to have an acoustic seeker operating at 12 kHz, which is capable of acquiring a target at 1,200 m. The Type 40 is reportedly used
with some light destroyers, and is also fired from special stern countermeasure tubes in `Echo II' class missile submarines. However,
its size would allow it to be carried by some large aircraft including the Mi-14 `Haze' ASW helicopter. In 1997 it was reported that
the Moscow Institute of Heat Technology was seeking export applications for the Medvedka shipborne anti-submarine missile
system. The rocket-powered missile, which had been undergoing sea trials aboard a Russian Navy hydrofoil since 1993, carries a
Type 40 torpedo. The Medvedka's (also known as Griltalpa) missile is 5.5 m long, has a body diameter of around 400 mm and
weighs 800 kg at launch. It is credited with a maximum engagement range (a combination of the airborne and underwater segments)
of 20 km, and the Type 40 torpedo can attack targets at depths of 15 to 500 m.
In the late 1990s, the Russians stated that their main air-launched torpedo was the 350 mm diameter APR-2. This is believed to be
an improved version of the APR-1, which entered service in 1964 and was used on the Tu-142 'Bear F' ASW aircraft. A third
member of the APR family is being developed, designated APR-3. This torpedo is powered by a water-jet motor, replacing the
solid-propellant rocket motor used in APR-2. Further details about the APR family of torpedoes can be found in a separate entry. In
2000, two further APR torpedoes were reported, the APR-23 and APR-33, and these were being carried by Tu-142 'Bear F' aircraft
and Ka-28 'Helix' naval helicopters.
Although it is believed that most Russian Federation air-launched weapons fall in the lightweight 350 to 450 mm diameter class,
knowing the previous Russian philosophy of long-range attack there are probably more substantial weapons, with a diameter of 650
to 660 mm, for use against larger surface ship targets. Some of these may be capable of carrying small nuclear warheads.
At the 1992 Moscow Air Show, officials from Russia's torpedo facility stated that several underwater weapons, including
torpedoes, had been produced for the former Soviet navy that were capable of homing on to ship signatures other than those detected
by conventional passive and active sonars. These signatures include low-level radioactive contamination in water (created by a
nuclear-powered ship), turbulence caused by the passage of a surface ship, and changes in the `conductivity' or the characteristics of
turbulent water. All three methods may be used in Russian wake homing torpedoes or as auxiliary techniques on conventional
torpedoes.
Description
Detailed information on Russian air-launched torpedoes is limited. Most of the current ones are expected to be of 350, 406 or 450
mm diameter, although there is a Type E53 with a body diameter of 533 mm. Some of the weapons are believed to possess a wire
guidance option, but the standard homing is sonar (active or passive), though there have been reports of wake homing on recently
developed weapons. The fuzing systems employ a magnetic proximity device backed up by an impact system, the primary objective
being to pierce the hull of a submarine or break the back of a surface vessel.
Apart from the APR-2 torpedo (covered in a separate entry) there are believed to be five other current in-service air-launched
torpedoes on which limited descriptive details are available: the Type E45 and Type E53 (the E is believed to stand for electric
drive), the APSET-95, the APR-23 and the APR-33. The E45-70A was primarily used as the payload for the SS-N-14 `Silex'
missiles, analogous in function to the Western ASROC, Ikara or Malafon sea-launched missiles. Its upgraded version is the
E45-75A, retrofitted to the SS-N-14 and installed as new to the SS-N-16 `Stallion'. Although these two torpedoes were designed
primarily as payloads for anti-submarine/ship missiles, some reports suggest they may also be delivered by ASW fixed-wing aircraft
such as the Be-12 `Mail', Il-38 `May' and Tu-142 `Bear'. There are conflicting reports that suggest the Type E53 torpedo was used as
the payload of the SS-N-14 as well as being launched from ASW fixed-wing aircraft.
The Type E45-75A is 3.9 m long and has a body diameter of 450 mm. It is fitted with an active/passive homing head and carries a
100 kg warhead. Speed is 30 kt and the range is 15 km (8.1 n miles).
The Type E53 is 4.7 m long, has a body diameter of 533 mm and a 150 kg warhead. Propulsion is believed to be electric and the
final stage of guidance is by active/passive homing. The torpedo is credited with a range of 15 km and a maximum speed of 40 kt.
The APSET-95 is reported to have an unusual pointed nose shape. It has a sea water scoop on the underside, four clipped-tip delta
fins, a shrouded propulsor and parachute pack at the rear. The torpedo is 3.84 m long, has a body diameter of 406 mm and weighs
720 kg. The active/passive sonar seeker with guidance electronics is in the nose section; a 60 kg HE warhead with proximity and
impact fuzes and battery in the centre section; and the electric motor propulsion unit and fin actuators are in the rear. The parachute
pack is discarded just before the torpedo enters the water.
The APR-23 is 3.7 m long, has a body diameter of 350 mm, weighs 575 kg and has a 100 kg HE warhead. Propulsion is believed
to be by solid-propellant motor, and the final stage of guidance by active/passive sonar. This torpedo has an underwater range of 0.6
km. The APR-33 is 3.6 m long, has a body diameter of 350 mm, weighs 550 kg, and has a 100 kg HE warhead. Propulsion is
believed to be by solid-propellant motor, and the final stage of guidance by active/passive sonar. The torpedo has an underwater
range of 0.6 km.
Operational status
The above weapons are believed to be in service with Russian Federation and allied navies. The APSET-95 torpedo was offered for
export in 1994, but there are no known sales.
Specifications
Contractor
Central Scientific Research Institute `Gidropribor'
St Petersburg (APSET-95).
UPDATED
An air-launched APSET-95 torpedo is in the foreground of this picture, with two ship-launched Russian
torpedoes behind
(1997)
A 1950s picture of a torpedo of unknown designation under preparation for loading on an Il-28 `Beagle'
aircraft of the former AV-MF (Soviet naval air force)
(1994)
Line diagram of APSET-95 showing the major assemblies. A, homing head; B, control system; C, warhead;
D, battery; E, electric motor; F, rudder drive; G, propeller; H, drag parachute (Peter Humphris)
(2001)
Line diagram of APR-23 lightweight torpedo
(2001)
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UNDERWATER WEAPONS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Jane's Air-Launched Weapons 38
RUSSIAN MINES
Type
Air-launched mines.
Development
The development of Russian Federation sea mines dates back to at least 1908, when Russia's first known medium-sized moored mine, the
M-08 series, was introduced for use in coastal defence barriers. There are reported to be over ten different contact mines in the Russian
inventory, most of which are believed to be fitted with an inertia-type firing mechanism, either galvano-contact, contact-mechanical or
contact-electrical. There are numerous types of Russian moored mines. The smaller mines, such as the MyaRM and MyaM were intended
for use in shallow waters, and both have been exported.
The M-08 was a robust, reliable spherical mine filled with 115 kg of explosive and had five Hertz chemical horns as a firing
mechanism. Despite its old design, it was used by Iran during the 1980s, possibly with North Korean supplied components. It was also
used by Iraq in 1991. Later developments, which were simple improvements of the M-08, were the M-12 and the M-16, both with a
contact-chemical horn firing mechanism and longer cables. These were followed by the M-26, which was the first Russian moored mine
with an inertial contact firing mechanism. Since those early mines the Russians have developed many different types of sea mines, small
and large, which can be laid by aircraft, surface vessel or submarine. The current ones fall into four major categories: defensive moored,
offensive moored, ground (seabed) and nuclear.
The defensive moored types cover a wide range of small to medium mines, some of which could be laid by light aircraft and
helicopters. Most of these are designed to use an inertial piston using mechanical, electrical or magnetic firing influences. The only
air-launched moored mine on which there is any detailed information is the AMG-1, which is fairly old and thought to be the largest of its
class. It is an air-launched version of the M-KB, which is a large mine with a 262 kg explosive charge and developed for use in deep
waters down to 300 m. The M-KB was designed to operate in the same way as the early M-08 series and even used some of the M-08's
components. Because of this the AMG-1 is a primitive weapon not suited for deployment from modern high-speed aircraft. There are also
smaller versions of the M-KB mine, such as the M-KB3, which has a smaller HE charge, and M-AG that has an antenna firing device.
The offensive moored mines are a large group, among which at least two particular types have been developed in recent years that are
suitable for air delivery. They are designated rising mines. One type (believed to have the codename `Cluster Bay') is designed for use on
the continental shelf and the other is an improved version (believed to be codenamed `Cluster Gulf') for use in deeper waters. They have
been designed mainly for the ASW barrier role, but have a secondary anti-ship capability.
The first Russian ground influence mine was the KMD series, which was developed in the late 1940s. The AMD series is an aircraft
delivered version of the KMD and was first identified in the late 1950s but may have entered service earlier in the decade. Some sources
have the designations the other way round, that KMD is air-launched. Two sizes of mine were developed, the AMD-500 and AMD-1000,
the number being the mass in kilograms. Both sizes were designed to be fitted with one of four different types of sensor: acoustic,
magnetic, pressure, or a combination of two or all three different influences.
The Russians are known to have developed additional ground influence mines in the past 30 years. The first of these was identified in
1985 after being used by the Libyans in the Red Sea. However, according to reports the mine was 533 mm in diameter, suggesting it was
designed for submarine deployment. The mine, which carried a charge of 680 kg, was of modular design with replacement circuit boards.
This enabled the sensitivity to be altered according to the type of target to be encountered.
In 1994 the Central Scientific Research Institute `Gidropribor' exhibited several ground mines for export. Among these were the
MDM-3, MDM-4 and MDM-5 which are capable of being dropped from aircraft. All three are designed for use against surface ships, with
the MDM-4 and MDM-5 having an anti-submarine capability down to depths of 125 m and 300 m respectively. It is believed that the
MDM designators are for export, and that the Russian designators for these mines are UDM-500 (MDM-3), UDM (MDM-4) and UDM-2
(MDM-5). There is also a self-propelled ground mine, which uses elements of the MDM but is designated SMDM, and is designed to
travel up to 15 km underwater after launch.
Nothing is known of the nuclear mines other than that they are believed to be in the 5 to 20 kT range and designed for use against
high-value surface units or base targets. Such mines, when air laid, would be carried by strategic naval aircraft including the Tu-16
`Badger A/G', Tu-22 `Blinder A' and Tu-26 `Backfire'.
Description
The AMG-1 was a version of the M-KB moored mine adapted for air-delivery. It was a large mine with a 262 kg HE charge and was
intended for use against surface ships. The laying depth of the AMG-1 was between 13 and 100 m with the case depth at between 2 and 9
m. The firing mechanism was by five chemical contact horns of the Second World War vintage. Not being fitted with a retarding
parachute, this mine had to be laid at low altitude and slow speeds. However, because of its high impact velocity it can penetrate several
inches of ice. It is possible that it is this feature that keeps an otherwise obsolescent mine still operational.
The two known air-launched offensive ground mines, AMD-500 and AMD-1000, had 299 kg and 782 kg HE charges respectively.
Normal laying depth for both mines is 4 to 70 m but the AMD-1000 can be used in the ASW role down to 200 m. The two types are
produced in four variants according to their activation mode:
. Magnetic influence relying on intensity of horizontal or vertical component of the target's magnetic field
b. Acoustic influence using either or both low-frequency and high-frequency noise generated by the target
c. Pressure influence resulting from passage of nearby target
d. Combination influence in which two or three of above influences are combined in a single sensor unit.
The MDM-3, MDM-4 and MDM-5 are all of metal construction and cylindrical in shape. The MDM-4 and MDM-5 have fixed
cruciform stabilising tail units fitted with retarding parachutes and blunt flat noses, while the MDM-3 has the more conventional Russian
bell shaped nose. All three are fitted with standard Russian suspension lugs enabling them to be carried on standard aircraft pylons or in
bomb racks.
The MDM-3 (UDM-500) is 1.58 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm and, with an explosive charge of 300 kg of TNT, weighs 525
kg. Its effective laying depth is between 15 and 35 m and is for use against surface vessels. The MDM-4 (UDM) is 2.78 m long, has a
body diameter of 630 mm, an overall weight of 1,370 kg and has an explosive charge of 950 kg of TNT. Its operating depths are from 15
to 125 m. The MDM-5 (UDM-2) is 3.05 m long, has a body diameter of 630 mm, a total weight of 1,500 kg and contains an explosive
charge of 1,350 kg of TNT. Its operating depths are from 15 to 300 m.
All three of these mines feature a three-channel influence detonator system, with acoustic, electromagnetic and hydrodynamic channels,
together with a delay device, a ship-counter and a self-destruct mechanism. The mines also self-destruct if they are accidentally
air-dropped onto land or in shallow water.
The NATO designated `Cluster Gulf' and `Cluster Bay' offensive mines are specialised and of a fairly recent design. They are intended
for deep water ASW roles and are torpedo-shaped, rocket-propelled, tethered rising devices. Both weapons have a 230 kg HE charge and
the `Cluster Bay' operates in water 80 to 200 m deep, whereas the `Cluster Gulf' can be laid at depths down to 2 km. Targets are initially
detected by a passive acoustic sensor and then tracked by transmissions from an active acoustic sensor. If the target signature is identified
as being unfriendly and is confirmed as being within the vertical attack zone, the tether is cut, the rocket motor ignited and the torpedo-like
device homes on to the target. The fast upward speed allows little time for the target to evade the weapon even if its launch has been
detected.
Operational status
In 1987 the US DoD estimated that the former Soviet Union possessed an inventory of some 300,000 naval mines. According to US
intelligence the inventory includes about 100,000 moored contact mines. In addition, mines have been provided to other former Warsaw
Pact navies and also exported to many other countries.
Among countries outside the Warsaw Pact that are believed to have received stocks of former Russian mines, many of which are
capable of being laid by aircraft, are China, Egypt, Finland, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea and Syria. It is also likely that other navies
possess mines of Russian design, and some of these countries have set up production lines to manufacture mines based on these designs.
Since the mid-1980s Russian AMD bottom influence mines have been sold on the international market by China as the Type 500 (Type
1) and Type 1000 (Type 2).
Specifications
AMG-1 AMD-500 AMD-1000
Length n/k n/k n/k
Body diameter n/k n/k n/k
Weight 1,034 kg n/k 987 kg
Warhead 262 kg HE 299 kg HE 782 kg HE
Operating depth 13-100 m 4-70 m 4-200 m
Contractor
The MDM-3/-4/-5 (UDM) mines are produced by Dvigatel, St Petersburg and marketed by Central Scientific Research Institute
`Gidropribor', St Petersburg.
UPDATED
An Egyptian KMD mine on display in 1977. The air-launched version of this mine is designated AMD. Note the five
chemical contact horns are not fitted
(1994)
Three Russian mines; MDM-3 (UDM-500) (top), MDM-5 (UDM-2) (centre) and MDM-4 (UDM) (bottom)
(Rosvoorouzhenie)
(1998)
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3 Images
UNDERWATER WEAPONS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Guidance n/k active and passive sonar active and passive sonar
Contractor
Designed by Zvezda OKB, Moscow, and marketed by Region, Moscow.
UPDATED
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4 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A six-canister pylon load of AT-16 missiles on the outboard stub-wing of a Ka-50 `Hokum A' helicopter at
Farnborough in 1996 (Duncan Lennox)
A six missile launcher and AT-16 missile canisters on a Ka-50 `Hokum A' helicopter in Paris in 1997
(Peter Humphris)
(1998)
AT-16
(1998)
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4 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A rear view of the AT-12 missile canisters showing the rear end caps (Nick Cook)
Eight AT-12 anti-tank missile canisters mounted on the centre pylon of an Su-25 `Frogfoot' aircraft (Nick
Cook)
An AT-12 missile, the continuous rod warhead version, shown next to its canister at an exhibition in 1997 (Duncan
Lennox)
(1998)
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5 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Jane's Air-Launched Weapons 38
Contractor
The missile was designed by the KBM Engineering design Bureau, Kolomna, and built at the Schit Machinery Plant, Izhevsk.
UPDATED
A four-canister AT-6 `Spiral' launcher on a Mi-8 AMTS helicopter at Farnborough in 1996 (Duncan Lennox)
A close-up view of the twin AT-6 `Spiral' launch tubes on the Mi-24 `Hind' helicopter (Paul Beaver)
Four AT-9 `Shturm 3' missile canisters displayed at Paris in 1997 (Peter Humphris)
(1998)
AT-6 Spiral
An eight-missile launch rack with AT-9 `Shturm 3' mounted on a Mi-28 `Havoc'. Inboard is a B-8V-20 rocket pod and above is a
UV-26 chaff and flare dispenser (Peter Humphris)
(1998)
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AIR-LAUNCHED ROCKETS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The S-13 is a conventional 122 mm calibre unguided rocket with a solid-propellant motor and fitted with folding fins for
ballistic stability. From information released in 1993 it would appear that the S-13 series of three rockets each use the same
basic rocket motor and exhaust nozzle.
The S-13B penetration rocket is 2.63 m long and weighs 60 kg. The 23 kg warhead contains 1.92 kg of explosive charge and
is credited with the ability to penetrate a combined thickness of at least 3 m of earth and 1 m of concrete. The range for this
rocket is 1.1 to 4 km.
The S-13T is a tandem warhead anti-runway or anti-shelter rocket, and is 2.99 m long and weighs 75 kg. The warhead
consists of two tandem charges, weighing 21 kg and 16.3 kg, which contain1.8 kg and 2.7 kg of HE respectively. When used
against shelters, its effectiveness is given as a combined penetration of 6 m earth and 1 m concrete, and when used against
runways a demolition area of 20 m2. The range for this rocket is 1.1 to 3 km.
The S-13OF is an Anti-Personnel/Anti-Material (APAM) rocket that is 2.97 m long and weighs 69 kg. The 33 kg warhead
contains a 7 kg HE charge surrounded by a prefragmented case made up of 450 preset fragments each weighing between 23
and 35 g. The range of this rocket is 1.6 to 3 km.
The S-13D is a fuel air explosive rocket for use against buildings and troops in the open. It has a length of 3.12 m and
weighs 68 kg. The 32 kg warhead contains 14.6 kg of fuel, which is mixed with air before ignition. The S-13D has a maximum
velocity of 620 m/s, and a range of 1.6 to 3 km.
The S-13 series of rockets are fired from B-13L or B-13L-1 launchers, which have been specifically designed for use by
fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters. The B-13L aircraft launcher is a metal cylinder that contains five 122 mm calibre launch
tubes arranged in a single circle. The nose of the B-13L is conical in shape, with the tube exits flush to the skin and the rear end
is slightly tapered. The launcher, which has 250 mm spaced suspension lugs, is 3.56 m long, has a body diameter of 410 mm
and when empty weighs 160 kg. The B-13L-1 helicopter launcher is similar to the B-13L, but with the nose and tail cone
fairings removed. The length of this launcher is 3.06 m, the body diameter is 410 mm, and the unloaded weight is 140 kg.
Both rockets and launchers have an operating temperature range of -60 to +60ºC.
Operational Status
The S-13 series of rockets and associated B-13L launchers are believed to have entered service with Russian and allied air
forces in the mid-1980s. The rockets and the launchers were offered for export in 1993, but to date no sales have been reported.
Specifications
Rockets S-13B S-13T S-13OF S-13D
Contractor
It is believed that the rockets and launchers were originally manufactured by Vympel NPO, Moscow, but they are now offered
for export by the JSC Institute of Applied Physics, Moscow.
UPDATED
S-13 rocket and warheads, from left to right: S-13OF, S-13B and S-13T
Five-tube B-13L launcher for S-13 rockets fitted beneath the wings of a Su-25 `Frogfoot' ground attack
aircraft. Note AA-11 `Archer' on its left and AS-10 `Karen' (ML) on its right (Christopher F Foss)
(1998)
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6 Images
AIR-LAUNCHED ROCKETS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractor
Originally manufactured by Vympel NPO, Moscow, and offered for export by Rosvoorouzhenie, Moscow, but from 1997 offered
for export by the JSC Institute of Applied Physics, Moscow.
UPDATED
Rear view of a Russian helicopter 20-tube launcher for S-8 rockets fitted to a Kamov Ka-27 `Helix' helicopter
displayed at the 1993 Moscow Air Show. The rear fairings have been removed
Close-up view of a B-8V20A launcher fitted to a Mi-35M attack helicopter, displayed at Paris in 1995
(Duncan Lennox)
Four sectioned S-8 rockets, from left to right: S-8 KO (anti-tank), S-8 D (FAE), S-8 O (illuminating) and S-8 B
(penetration)
(1998)
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AIR-LAUNCHED ROCKETS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
Length: 1.0 m
Body Diameter: 55 mm
Tailspan: n/k
Launch weight: 4 kg
Warhead: nine types (see text)
Contractor
Vympel NPO
Moscow.
UPDATED
A Russian S-5 UB-32-57 rocket launcher on a mid-wing pylon of a Romanian MiG-21 on display at the
1996 Farnborough Air Show (Peter Humphris)
(1998)
UB-16-57 rocket launcher on a Romanian IAR Puma 330L helicopter on display at the 1997 Paris Air
Show (Peter Humphris)
(1998)
A Russian Mi-8 `Hip' with three UB-32-57 rocket launchers on each weapon rack
(1998)
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3 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Two AT-3 `Sagger' anti-tank missiles mounted on a former Yugoslav-built SA 342 Gazelle helicopter, with
an SA-7 `Grail' under the centre of the rail assembly (Paul Beaver)
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4 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
Length: 9.74 m
Body diameter: 760 mm
Wing span: 2.1 m
Launch weight: 4,500 kg
Warhead: 320 kg HE blast/fragmentation
Fuze: Impact
Guidance: Inertial with active/passive radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant and ramjet
Range: 250 km
Contractors
The Kh-41 overall design was by the Raduga Machine-Building Design Bureau, Moscow.
The propulsion system was designed by the Soyuz Turaevo Machine Design Bureau, Lytkarino.
Missiles have been built at the Progress Plant, Arsenyev.
VERIFIED
Close-up of the Kh-41 missile under a Su-27K `Flanker' aircraft on display at the 1992 Moscow Air Show.
The other two missiles are AA-10 `Alamo' air-to-air missiles
Rear end view of Kh-41 air-to-surface missile showing the integration of the solid-propellant rocket
nozzle in the aft end of the missile (note the folded wings and rear fins along the body)
Kh-41
A side view of a Kh-41 Moskit missile, displayed in Moscow in 1997 (Paul Jackson)
(1998)
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4 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
The boost-assisted ship/coastal-launched Kh-35 with its wings and fins extended on display at the 1992
Moscow Air Show. The rear boost motor assembly, with tied-in stabilising fins, would not be fitted to
air-launched missiles unless they were to be carried by helicopters (Christopher F Foss)
An AS-20 `Kayak' air-to-surface missile with wings folded for aircraft carriage (Paul Jackson)
(1998)
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5 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
An AS-18 `Kazoo' (Kh-59M) missile displayed at Farnborough in 1996, showing the front fins extended
and the turbojet engine inlet cap fitted for carried flight (Duncan Lennox)
The nose section of the AS-18 missile, showing the TV camera assembly and the nose fins in the stowed
position (Peter Humphris)
The turbojet and rear section of an AS-18 `Kazoo' missile, with the engine inlet cap in the carried flight
position. The cap is jettisoned at missile launch (Peter Humphris)
A view of the rear of an AS-18 `Kazoo' missile, showing what is believed to be the TV datalink radome on
the end of the missile body (Duncan Lennox)
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5 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Operational Status
The AS-17 `Krypton' (Kh-31) missile was displayed and offered for export at the 1991 Dubai Air Show, along with a variety of
other air-to-surface missiles, all of which are in service and still in production. Reports from Russia indicate that the Kh-31A
version entered service in 1988, and the Kh-31P entered service in 1989. The missiles in service in Russia are all believed to be
of Mod 1 standard. In 1997, only the shorter range, Mod 1 standard, were being offered for export but, by 1998, the longer
range Mod 2 missiles were also offered for export. The US Navy is evaluating the MA-31 air target version of this missile, and
flight tests started in August 1996 using 13 missiles. In 1999, a further 34 missiles were ordered for conversion to air targets,
with options for a total of 100 missiles over a five year period.
In 1998, a small number of improved Kh-31P missiles, designated KR-1, were exported to China, where it is believed they
will be built under licence.
Specifications
Kh-31A
Length: 4.7 m (Mod 1), 5.23 m (Mod 2)
Body diameter: 360 mm
Wing span: 1.15 m
Launch weight: 610 kg (Mod 1), 700 kg (Mod 2)
Warhead: 95 kg HE penetration (Mod 1), 110 kg HE penetration (Mod 2)
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: Inertial with active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant and ramjet
Range: 70 km (Mod 1), 100 km (Mod 2)
Kh-31P
Length: 4.7 m (Mod 1), 5.23 m (Mod 2)
Body diameter: 360 mm
Wing span: 1.15 m
Launch weight: 599 kg (Mod 1), 625 kg (Mod 2)
Warhead: 87 kg HE blast/fragmentation
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: Inertial with passive radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant and ramjet
Range: 110 km (Mod 1), 200 km (Mod 2)
Contractors
Zvezda-Strela
Korolev (prime contractor).
Soyuz Turaevo NPO
Lytkarino (ramjet motors).
UPDATED
A rear view of the Kh-31 showing the rear control surfaces and the large exhaust nozzle (Nick Cook)
A close-up view of the ramjet air inlets, with the carriage inlet caps fitted, on the AS-17 missile (Duncan
Lennox)
AS-17'Krypton' (Kh-31)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Six AS-16 `Kickback' missiles in the rotary launcher of a Tu-26 (22M3) `Backfire' aircraft (ITAR-TASS)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The AS-15 missile has two straight rectangular wings, with rounded tips, that fold out from the body after launch. The
extended wing span is 3.1 m. There are two tailplanes and a fin, that move for control, and are also folded during aircraft
carriage. The bypass turbojet engine is stowed in the rear body during carriage, and is lowered into the air stream just after
launch. It is believed that the engine is an Omsk MKB, designated TRDD-50, which gives the missile a cruise speed of M0.8.
AS-15A (Kh-55 or RKV-500A) is 6.04 m long, has a body diameter of 514 mm and a launch weight of 1,210 kg. A single
nuclear warhead is carried, with a weight of 410 kg, and reported to have a yield of between 200 and 250 kT. Guidance is
inertial, with a TV/imaging IR terrain comparison system to update the inertial system and provide terminal guidance. The
AS-15 has a radar altimeter and flies at between 40 to 110 m. AS-15A has a maximum range of 2,500 km. It is reported that the
AS-15 has a CEP of 150 m, although a figure of 45 m has also been quoted in the USA.
AS-15B (Kh-55SM or RKV-500B) is 6.04 m long or 7.1 m with a tandem boost motor fitted, has a body diameter of 770
mm and two additional conformal fuel tanks either side of the centre body of the missile. Without the tandem boost motor the
missile has a launch weight of 1,500 kg, and with the boost motor the weight is 1,700 kg. The tandem boost motor is to assist
with low level launches, to maintain the increased range of this version, which is 3,000 km. This missile has an improved
nuclear warhead, with a yield of 200 kT.
AS-15C (Kh-555 or Kh-55SE) is similar to AS-15B, but carries a unitary HE warhead or submunitions. In addition there are
two nose-mounted canard control surfaces, and a new terminal seeker, to improve the accuracy of this version.
Operational Status
It has been reported that flight trials of AS-15A `Kent' started in 1976 and that the missile entered service in 1984. AS-15B
entered service in 1987, and it is possible that a small number of AS-15C missiles became available in 1997. In 1994, it was
reported that Ukraine had 565 nuclear warheads for cruise missiles, and these may have been a mixture of AS-4, AS-6 and
AS-15 missile warheads. In 1999, it was reported that Ukraine had 1,612 AS-15 missiles in 1991, and that it had been agreed
that 575 would be returned to Russia together with three Tu-95 and eight Tu-160 bombers. The remaining 1,037 missiles in
Ukraine would either be scrapped or converted to AS-15C standard. In 1995, there were AS-15 missiles at Mozdok, Ukrainka,
Engels, and Zhukovskiy (flight test centre), for a total of 1,168 AS-15A and -15B missiles. In 1998, it was reported that the
base at Mozdok will be closed and that there were 28 `Bear H6', 35 `Bear H16' and 7 Tu-160 `Blackjack' aircraft in service in
the Russian Federation. In 1996, two trial launches of AS-15B were reported, two AS-15A were launched in June 1999 and, in
April 2000, two AS-15C missiles were launched.
Specifications
AS-15B (Kh-55SM/RKV-500B) and
AS-15A (Kh-55/RKV-500A)
AS-15C (Kh-555 or Kh-55SE)
Length 6.04 m 6.04 m (or 7.10 m with boost)
Body diameter 514 mm 770 mm
Wing span 3.1 m 3.1 m
1,500 kg (no booster),1,700 kg (with boost
Launch weight 1,210 kg
motor)
200 kT nuclear (AS-15B) or 410 kg HE or
Warhead 200 to 250 kT nuclear
submunitions (AS-15C)
Fuze n/k n/k
Guidance Inertial and terrain comparison Inertial and terrain comparison
Propulsion Turbojet Turbojet
Range 2,500 km 3,000 km
Contractor
Raduga NPO
Moscow.
UPDATED
This picture, released in 1987, shows the GLCM variant; but it is believed that AS-15 `Kent' is similar but
without the boost motor assembly mounted behind the tail and fins in this picture (Soviet Military Power,
1988)
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5 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractor
Vympel NPO
Moscow.
UPDATED
AS-14 `Kedge', semi-active laser version, on the wing pylon of an Iraqi Air Force Mirage F1 (Christopher
F Foss)
A close-up of the nose assembly of a TV-guided AS-14 (Kh-29T) missile, displayed at Paris in 1997
(Peter Humphris)
(1998)
A rear view showing the solid-propellant motor nozzle of AS-14 `Kedge' (Peter Humphris)
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4 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
The AS-13 `Kingbolt' air-to-surface missile, displayed at the 1991 Dubai Air Show as the X-59 (Nick
Cook)
A rear view of the AS-13 `Kingbolt' showing the booster and sustainer motor exhausts. It is believed that
the rear boost motor assembly is jettisoned, to reveal the datalink antenna at the base of the missile (Nick
Cook)
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4 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractor
Zvezda-Strela
Korolev.
UPDATED
An AS-12 `Kegler' anti-radar missile shown on display at Moscow in 1992 (Christopher F Foss)
The rear wings and motor exhaust nozzles of an AS-12 (Kh-25 MP) missile (Peter Humphris)
(1998)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
An AS-11 `Kilter' anti-radar air-to-surface missile displayed in Dubai in 1991, shown here as the X-58, an
export version (Nick Cook)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A radio command-guided AS-10 `Karen' (Kh-25 MR) missile on display at Moscow in 1992 (Christopher
F Foss)
A nose view of AS-10 `Karen' (Kh-25ML), with a semi-active laser seeker fitted, on display in Dubai in 1991
(Nick Cook)
A rear view of AS-10 `Karen', showing the distinctive side location of the motor exhaust nozzles and the rear
body shape of the Kh-25ML version (Nick Cook)
AS-10 `Karen', from top to bottom, Kh-25MR, Kh-25ML, Kh-25MT, Kh-25MTP, and Kh-25MA
(2001)
A radio-command guided Kh-25 MR (AS-10) missile, showing the rear guidance antenna (Christopher
F Foss)
(1999)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
The Iraq Air Force version of AS-9 `Kyle', called `Nisan 28' in Iraq, seen in the foreground on a ground
handling trolley (Tony Banks)
A rear view of AS-9 `Kyle', showing the liquid-propellant motor nozzles and folded lower fin (Tony Banks)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
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GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Two SPPU-22 gun pods fitted to an Su-22 `Fitter' along with an AA-8 `Aphid' air-to-air missile and 57
mm rocket pod. Note the gun pods are both forward and rear firing
Close-up of an SPPU-22 mounted on the inboard wing pylon of an Su-17 `Fitter'. Note the GSh-23
twin-barrelled cannon in the depressed position
A UPK-23 gun pod displayed at Paris in 1995, with the capacity for 250 rounds of ammunition
(Duncan Lennox)
Side view of a UPK-23 gun pod displayed at Farnborough in 1996 (Peter Humphris)
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2 Images
GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
An SPPU-6 gun pod with six-barrelled 23 mm cannon in the depressed firing position
Line diagram of an SPPU-6 gun pod for port side mounting, with the GSh-6-23 cannon in the stowed
position (Peter Humphris)
(2000)
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2 Images
GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
An Mi-28 `Havoc' helicopter with an NPPU-280 gun turret on display at Paris in 1997 (Peter
Humphris)
(2000)
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GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A front view of a 9A-4273 aircraft gun pod, displayed in Moscow in 1993 (Christopher Foss)
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GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
2A42 30 mm CANNON
Type
30 mm cannon.
Development
In the early 1970s Russian gun and cannon designers were commissioned to design a 30 mm cannon in order to increase the
combat effectiveness of the combat vehicle codenamed BMP-1. Development proceeded in two directions. First of all, a
smoothbore gun was updated, the prototype of which was nicknamed `Zarnitsa'. Secondly, a small calibre rifled automatic gun
was also updated. The eventual cannon chosen was designed by the Instrument Design Bureau at Tula, headed by V Gryazev.
It was chambered for the 30 mm cartridge AO-18. The long barrel and short automatic receiver facilitated its arrangement
inside armour, and allowed delivery of fire at high elevations. Testing in the mid-1970s proved that the firepower of the BMP-1
vehicle, armed with the new cannon, was greatly increased.
In 1980 a new vehicle, named BMP-2, came into service and the 30 mm cannon fitted to it was designated 2A42. The
BMP-2 was used extensively in Afghanistan, and proved so effective that the 2A42 cannon attracted the attention of the
helicopter designers. As a result, the 2A42 was adapted for helicopter use, and incorporated into the NPPU-280 gun turret
which is fitted beneath the chin of the Mi-28 `Havoc' attack helicopter and the Mi-40 infantry combat helicopter. The
NPPU-280 turret was first seen in the West at the 1989 Paris Air Show. Full details of the NPPU-280 turret can be found under
a separate entry. The 2A42 was also seen at the 1992 Farnborough Air Show fitted externally to the starboard side of a Kamov
Ka-50 `Hokum' attack helicopter just aft of the cockpit.
Description
The 2A42 is a single-barrelled, gas-operated automatic cannon that uses 30mm-type ammunition. It consists of three main
assemblies: the basic gun, the gun cradle/mounting system, and an electrical fire-control system. The long barrel has 16
grooves and the total weight of the cannon itself is reported to be 115 kg. The electrical fire-control panel is connected to the
cannon and enables the selection of single shot, or continuous low- or high-rate fire until the ammunition is exhausted. The
2A42 cannon is belt fed by two metallic cartridge belts that consist of separate `Crab'-type 9H-623 links. The links are locked
together by the cartridges themselves. The belts are fed to the cannon's breech in succession by a switch located in the
backplate of the cannon. The cartridge is rammed by the bolt from the belt into the chamber and, after firing, the spent
cartridges are ejected forwards, away from the cannon. The cannon's low rate of fire is given as between 200 and 300 rds/min,
and the high rate 600 and 800 rds/min. The muzzle velocity is between 940 and 990 m/s depending on ammunition used. There
are at least three types of 30 mm ammunition developed for use with the 2A42 cannon. A high-explosive incendiary (HE-I) for
use against light armoured ground targets, has a length of 291mm, weighs 0.85 kg, and has an explosive weight of 0.13 kg. The
HE-I round has an effective range of 1,500 m. A one-piece armour-piercing-tracer round (AP-T) for use against ground and air
targets, is 291 mm long, has a weight of 0.84 kg, and a maximum range of 2,000 m. A proximity-fuzed round for air-to-air
engagements has a maximum range of 2,000 m.
The 2A42 is designed to have a blocking mechanism, which stops the cannon firing, when the last cartridge of one of the
two cartridge belts comes to the chamber. The bolt is stopped in the rear position and, as a consequence, when the gunner
presses the firing button after the switch over to another belt, the firing continues without any reloading. The cannon's design
also permits manual fire in the event of power failure, but this can only be achieved at the higher rate of fire.
The mounting system used on the Ka-50 `Hokum' helicopter is similar to the French 22A gun mounting, with the cannon
cradle mounting fixed in azimuth and trainable in depression to 30º.
Because the Ka-50 uses two contra-rotating coaxial rotors, the aircraft can position its nose independently of the flight vector
and thus can bring the cannon to bear in the azimuth plane. The 2A42 is fed from two separate ammunition containers that can
carry both armour-piercing rounds for ground targets and proximity-fuzed rounds for air-to-air engagements. It has been
cleared for operational use throughout the temperature range -50 to +50ºC, and has a service life of 6,000 rounds.
Operational status
The 2A42 automatic cannon is in service with the Russian Air Force, carried by the Ka-50 `Hokum', Mi-28 `Havoc' and Mi-40
helicopters.
Specifications
Calibre: 30 mm
Number of barrels: 1
Length: 3.03 m
Weight: 115 kg
Rate of fire: Single, 200-300 rds/min low rate; 600-800 rds/min high rate
Muzzle velocity: 940-990 m/s depending on ammunition
Contractors
The 2A42 was designed by the Instrument Design Bureau, Tula, and is believed to be manufactured by the Moscow Aggregate
Plant, Dzerzhinets, Moscow.
UPDATED
A 2A42 30 mm cannon fitted on a Kamov Ka-50 `Hokum' helicopter at Paris in 1997 (Peter Humphris)
(2000)
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7 Images
GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Operational status
All the above weapons are believed to be in service with Russian and allied air forces.
Specifications
Not known.
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
Su-25 `Frogfoot' displayed at Paris in 1989 with a twin-barrel GSh-2-30 30 mm cannon fitted in the
lower nose fuselage (Duncan Lennox)
The twin-barrel GSh-2-30 cannon fitted to an Mi-24P `Hind' helicopter. The weapon sighting assembly
is below the barrels
A YakB 12.7 mm four-barrel Gatling-type gun in a USPU-24 turret of Mi-24/-35 helicopter at Paris in
1999 (Peter Humphris)
(2000)
GSh-301 cannon fitted in the starboard wingroot of an Su-30 MK displayed at the Farnborough Air Show
in 1994 (Peter Humphris)
The tail gun installation on a Tu-16 `Badger' aircraft, with two remotely controlled 23 mm NR-23 cannon
Current Russian aircraft cannon designed by the Instrument Design Bureau at Tula. 1. Six-barrel 30 mm GSh-6-30, 2.
Twin-barrel 30 mm GSh-30, 3. Single-barrel 30 mm GSh-301, 4. Twin barrel 30 mm GSh-30K, 5. Six-barrel 23 mm
GSh-6-23
(2000)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The ZAB-250 bomb has a thin walled canister type body with a slightly rounded nose and an old-fashioned fin/ring stabilising fin
combination. The bomb is fitted with both single and Russian standard 250 mm twin-point suspension lugs which allows it to be
carried on several different types of bomb racks or pylons. It is 1.51 m long, has a body diameter of 325 mm, a tailspan of 0.41 m
and weighs around 250 kg. The incendiary filling is believed to be a nominal 135 kg of jellied petrol (type of napalm). No details are
available on the type of fuzing used but it is likely to be of the tail-mounted variety.
The ZAB-100-105 has a welded heavy metal, cylindrical body with a bell shaped nose and a four-fin/ring tail unit. It is fitted with
a nose-mounted fuze and a single suspension lug. The ZAB-100-105 is 1.06 m long, has a body diameter of 273 mm, contains 47 kg
of an unspecified incendiary agent and weighs 106.3 kg. Details of the weapon's fuzing are not known but it can be released from
altitudes above 20 m and at speeds up to 1,000 km/h.
The ZAB-250-200 has a welded heavy metal, cylindrical body with a flattened bell shaped nose and an eight-fin/ring tail unit. It is
fitted with both single and Russian standard 250 mm twin-point suspension lugs. The ZAB-250-200 is 1.5 m long, has a body
diameter of 325 mm, contains 68 kg of an unspecified incendiary agent and weighs 202 kg. The unspecified nose mounted fuze is
attached to an ignition tube that passes through the full length of the incendiary warhead. The bomb can be released from altitudes
above 20 m and at speeds up to 1,000 km/h.
The ZAB-1E is a small incendiary bomblet designed for being distributed in large numbers over a wide area. It has a cylindrical
body with a nose fuze and a three rectangular stabilising fin assembly. The bomblet is 0.36 m long, has a body diameter of 65 mm
and weighs around 1.5 kg. No details are available on the incendiary agent filling or the type of fuzing. As the ZAB-2.5 incendiary
bomblet has not been displayed outside its storage and transportation container, descriptive details are not available at this time.
However, the bomblet is reported to be 0.135 m long, have a body diameter of 91 mm and weigh 2.7 kg. Its 1.72 kg incendiary type
warhead is reported to have a destructive area of 350 m2. Fuzing details of the ZAB-2.5 are not known.
Operational Status
All the above mentioned ZAB fire bombs are believed to be in service with Russian and former allied air forces. In 1996, the
ZAB-100-105 and ZAB-250-200 incendiary bombs were offered for export. There are no known exports.
Specifications
ZAB-1E ZAB-2.5 bomblet
ZAB-100-105 ZAB-250 ZAB-250-200
bomblet
Length 1.06 m 1.51 m 1.5 m 0.36 m 0.135 m
Body diameter 273 mm 325 mm 325 mm 65 mm 91 mm
Tailspan n/k 0.41 m n/k n/k n/k
Single and 250
Lug spacing Single Single and 250 mm n/a n/a
mm
Weight 106 kg 250 kg 202 kg 1.5 kg 2.7 kg
47 kg incendiary mix 68 kg incendiary
Filling incendiary mix incendiary mix 1.72 kg incendiary mix
mix
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Line diagrams of ZAB-100-105 (top), ZAB-250-200 (centre) and ZAB-250 incendiary bombs
(1999)
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3 Images
BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Close-up of an SPBE-D anti-tank sensor-fuzed submunition sitting on a representative piece of armour plate.
Note deployed sensors and canted rectangular wings (Peter Humphris)
Top to bottom; OFAB-2.5 fragmentation submunition, OFAB-50 dual-purpose fragmentation submunition, BETAB
concrete penetration submunition, and PTAB anti-tank submunition. These pictures are not to scale (SRPE Bazalt)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
SPBE-D cluster bomb
Length: 2.48 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.63 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 500 kg
Filling: 15 bomblets
SPBE-D SFW bomblet
Length: 0.28 m
Body diameter: 255 × 186 mm
Tailspan: n/a
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 14.9 kg
Filling: HE shaped charge
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Cutaway line drawing of a RBK-500 SPBE-D cluster bomb showing distribution of anti-tank bomblets
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The RBK-500 SPBE cluster bomb has a canister shaped body, with a conical nose and an eight-fin drum tail unit similar to that
used on many Russian conventional bombs. The bomb, which is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced suspension lugs,
is 2.50 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a tailspan of about 0.55 m and when loaded weighs 467 kg. The cluster bomb's
nose section houses the proximity fuzing system for triggering the bomblet ejection system and the container compartment
holds 14 SPBE bomblets and one command unit. The bomblets themselves are somewhat cylindrical in shape and contain a 4.5
kg HE shaped charge. They are 0.29 m long, have a body diameter of 186 mm and weigh 15.6 kg. The command unit has the
same dimensions, weight and descent velocity as the actual bomblets.
After the cluster bomb is released from the parent aircraft it follows a spinning ballistic trajectory towards the target area. At
the appropriate moment the bomb's proximity fuze triggers the weapon's extraction system. This is different from that
employed by the rest of the RBK-500 family of cluster bombs. In this case the bomblets are extracted from the rear of the
bomb container by parachure after the tail unit has been discarded. As both the bomblets and the command unit descend
towards the targets by their individual parachutes, it is thought that the command unit acquires the targets and causes the
bomblets to be armed. In turn, the bomblets then use their own IR sensors to select the target and subsequently activate their
shaped charge warheads. The RBK-500 SPBE cluster bomb can be released from an aircraft at altitudes between 400 to 5,000
m throughout the speed range of 500 to 1,400 km/h.
Operational Status
The RBK-500 SPBE cluster bomb is believed to be in service with Russian and allied air forces. There are no known exports.
Specifications
SPBE cluster bomb
Length: 2.50 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.55 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 467 kg
Filling: 14 bomblets, 1 command unit
SPBE bomblet
Length: 0.29 m
Body diameter: 186 mm
Tailspan: n/a
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 15.6 kg
Filling: 4.5 kg HE shaped charge
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
A sectioned RBK-500 SPBE cluster bomb showing the main assemblies, and in the foreground an SPBE
anti-tank bomblet (Bazalt)
(1999)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The RBK-500 ShOAB-0.5 is the same size and shape as the FOZAB-500 incendiary bomb. It has a canister shaped body, with
a blunt high-drag nose and a four-fin drum tail unit that accounts for almost one third of the bomb's total length. The bomb,
which is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced suspension lugs, is 1.5 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a tailspan
of about 0.56 m and weighs 334 kg. The nose section houses an electromechanical fuze for triggering the bomblet ejection
system and the container compartment holds 565 ShOAB-0.5 bomblets. The only information currently available on these
bomblets is they are fragmentation devices weighing 0.5 kg. After release from the parent aircraft the cluster bomb follows a
normal spinning ballistic trajectory. At an altitude determined by the nose-mounted fuze the outer `skin' of the container is
opened and the bomblets dispersed over the target area. The method used to dispense the bomblets is not known but is believed
to be done simply by centrifugal forces. The individual bomblets on reaching the ground are activated by their own mechanical
fuze system. It is reported that a single cluster bomb with its load of 565 bomblets has a destructive area of 300 × 400 m.
Operational Status
The RBK-500 ShOAB-0.5 is in service with the Russian Air Force and is offered for export. There are no known exports.
Specifications
RBK-500
Length: 1.5 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.56 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 334 kg
Filling: 565 bomblets
ShOAB-0.5 bomblet
Length: n/k
Body diameter: n/k
Tailspan: n/k
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 0.5 kg
Filling: HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
The second bomb from the front is the RBK-500 ShOAB-0.5 cluster bomb containing 565 bomblets. In the
foreground is an RBK-500 AO-2.5 cluster bomb containing 108 bomblets
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Specifications
Cluster bomb
Length: 1.95 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.56 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 427 kg
Filling: 268 bomblets
PTAB-1M bomblet
Length: 0.26 m
Body diameter: 42 mm
Tailspan: 0.04 m (stowed); 0.08 m (unfolded)
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 0.94 kg
Filling: HE shaped charge
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Cutaway line drawing of an RBK-500 PTAB-1M cluster bomb showing distribution of anti-tank bomblets
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The RBK-500 BetAB cluster bomb has a canister shaped body, with a conical nose and an eight-fin drum tail unit similar to
that used on many Russian conventional bombs. The bomb, which is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced suspension
lugs, is 2.50 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a tailspan of about 0.55 m and when loaded weighs 525 kg. The cluster
bomb's nose section houses an electromechanical fuze for triggering the bomb's submunition ejection system and the container
compartment holds 12 concrete-piercing bomblets. These bomblets are aerodynamically shaped with long slender bodies and a
pointed nose. They are 0.66 m long, have a body diameter of 76 mm and weigh 25 kg. After release from the parent aircraft the
cluster bomb follows a normal spinning ballistic trajectory. At an altitude determined by the nose-mounted fuze the outer `skin'
of the container is opened and the 12 bomblets are dispersed over the target area. The method used to dispense the bomblets is
not known and it is unclear if the bomblets are rocket-assisted. However, it is clear from Russian documentation that the
bomblet is released from the cluster bomb within another tapered container tube that has a diameter of about 140 mm.
This container tube is stabilised by a retarding parachute and the bomblet is fired at the runway to give it sufficient kinetic
energy to penetrate the concrete to a sufficient depth for cratering. It is probable that the bomblet is detonated below the
runway by a delayed contact fuze, resulting in a large hole with its attendant `heave'. It is reported that each bomblet is capable
of penetrating 400 mm concrete and causes a damage area of 4 m2. The RBK-500 BetAB cluster bomb can be released from an
aircraft at altitudes between 300 m to 10 km throughout the speed range of 500 to 1,000 km/h.
Operational Status
The RBK-500 BetAB cluster bomb is in service with Russian and allied air forces.
Specifications
Cluster bomb
Length: 2.50 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.55 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 525 kg
Filling: 12 bomblets
Bomblet
Length: 0.66 m
Body diameter: 76 mm
Tailspan: n/k
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 25 kg
Filling: HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Cutaway line drawing of an RBK-500 BetAB cluster bomb showing a concrete penetrating submunition
within its own container tube
Line diagram of BetAB bomblet and firing container, showing major components
(1999)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
In the foreground is an RBK-500 AO-2.5 RTM cluster bomb containing 108 AO-2.5 RTM bomblets.
Behind it is an RBK-500 ShOAB-0.5 containing 565 0.5 kg bomblets
Cutaway line drawing of an RBK-500 AO-2.5 RTM cluster bomb showing the distribution of the AO-2.5
RTM bomblets
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The RBK-250-275 and the RBK-500 have similar canister shaped bodies, with a conical nose and are fitted with standard
Russian 250 mm spaced suspension lugs. The RBK-250-275 has a four-fin drum tail unit similar to that used on many Russian
conventional bombs. It is 2.12 m long, has a body diameter of 325 mm and a loaded weight of between 250 and 275 kg
depending on the submunitions carried. The RBK-500 has an eight-fin tail unit, is 2.5 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm
and weighs around 500 kg. There are four known submunitions/bomblets that have been credited to these particular cluster
bombs: AO-2.5 fragmentation bomblet, AO-1SCh fragmentation bomblet, PTAB-2.5 anti-armour bomblet and the ZAB-2.5
incendiary bomblet.
There are two types of AO-2.5 bomblets the AO-2.5 and the AO-2.5-2. The AO-2.5 has a cylindrical body with a four-fin
tail unit and a nose fuze. It is 0.378 m long, has a body diameter of 69 mm and weighs 2.88 kg. The AO-2.5-2 is believed to be
the same basic bomb with a different tailfin assembly in that it has four flat and rather longer steel tail fins. The arming wind
vane aperture in the nose fuze is covered by a thin piece of metal foil which is removed as the bomblet falls to earth, allowing
the wind vane to rotate and arm the fuze before impact. Performance details for the AO-2.5 bomblets are not known.
The AO-1 SCh is a miniature bomb in the true sense of the word. It has a cylindrical steel body that has been serrated for
enhancement of the fragmentation, a four-fin drum tail unit and is fitted with an AMA nose fuze. The bomblet is 0.156 m long,
has a body diameter of 49 mm and weighs 1.2 kg. It is filled with a 70/30 mixture of Amatol/TNT. The destructive area
covered by a single bomblet is said to be 156 m2. The RBK-250-275 carries 150 AO-1 SCh bomblets, and is reported to have a
destructive footprint of 4,800 m2. There are no reports of this bomblet being carried by the RBK-500.
The PTAB-2.5 anti-armour bomblet is produced in two versions, the PTAB-2.5 and the PTAB-2.5M, which in turn is
available with two different tail units, short and long. The PTAB-2.5 has a cylindrical body with a four-fin drum tail unit and
has a domed shaped ballistic cap over its nose. It is 0.356 m long, has a body diameter of 60 mm, a tailspan of 0.087 m and
weighs 2.5 kg. Behind the nose cap and contained in the body is a shaped charge warhead which contains 660 g of an
RDX/TNT 40/60 mixture. The ADTS-583 impact fuze is armed by an air-rotated arming vane concealed in the drum fin
assembly. The RBK-250-275 carries 30 of these bomblets, and the RBK-500 carries 75. It is reported that the PTAB-2.5 can
penetrate up to 120 mm of armour.
The PTAB-2.5M is similar in shape to the PTAB-2.5 with its cylindrical body and four-fin drum tail unit. However, it has a
distinctive protective tube-like shield surrounding the nose fuze. The bomb is fitted with either short or long tail assemblies
which give it an overall length of 0.374 and 0.395 m respectively. The body diameter of 90 mm and approximate weight of 2.5
kg is the same for both variants. The body holds a shaped charge containing 454 g of an RDX/TNT 52/48 mixture and the
impact fuze fitted is an AVM-524M.
After release from the parent aircraft the cluster bomb follows a normal spinning ballistic trajectory. At a predetermined
altitude the outer `skin' of the container is opened and the bomblets dispersed over the target area. The method used to dispense
the bomblets is not known but is believed to be done simply by centrifugal forces. Details of fuzing are not known.
Operational Status
The RBK-250-275 and the RBK-500 cluster bombs and their various submunitions are in service with Russian and allied air
forces.
Specifications
Contractor
The RBK family of cluster bombs are marketed by VO GED, General Export for Defence, Moscow and Bazalt State Research
and Production Enterprise, Moscow.
UPDATED
A line diagram of an RBK-250/275 cluster bomb
Close-up of a PTAB-2.5M anti-armour bomblet (note protective cover round nose fuze)
In the foreground an RBK-500U cluster bomb, with a KAB-500 behind, on display at Paris in 1995
(Duncan Lennox)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
OFAB BOMBS
Type
General purpose bombs.
Development
This range of conventional free-fall bombs was developed to provide the Russian Federation with heavier fragmentation
weapons than the AO range of bombs (see separate entry). Although classified as fragmentation/blast bombs under the Russian
`type' system they are designated general purpose bombs. Their design is similar to the FAB series of demolition bombs, but in
general they have thicker skins in order to produce a greater fragmentation effect. Little is known of their development other
than it has been a continuing programme and they are designed for use against lightly armoured vehicles, vulnerable material
and personnel in the field. Originally there were seven known bombs in this range: OFAB-100M; OFAB-100MH;
OFAB-100NV; OFAB-100-120; OFAB-250M; OFAB-250-270 and OFAB-500U. The letters OFAB stand for
oskolochno-fugasnaya aviatsionnaya bomba meaning `fragmentation/high-explosive aircraft bomb'. The number in the
designation refers to the bomb size category, and any additional letters signify special applications. In the case of these bombs
it is unclear what these additional letters stand for. The design of the bombs dates back to the Second World War, and allows
them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of small aircraft, or in bomb bays of larger bombers. One unique feature was the
development of a long detonator probe that allows the OFAB-250M to be detonated about 1.5 m above the ground for
maximum effect. A parachute retard system was also developed for fitting to the full range of bombs when required. In 1996,
five more OFAB bombs were displayed. These were designated OFAB-500U (but with a more streamlined shape than the
original), OFAB-250T (similar to the FAB-250M-62), OFAB-250 ShN, OFAB-250 ShL and OFAB-500ShR (three retarded
low-level delivery bombs). It is believed that all versions have been cleared for carriage on some or all of the following aircraft
of the Russian and former allied air forces; MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-23B `Flogger', MiG-27 `Flogger D', Su-17 and Su-22
`Fitter', Tu-95 `Bear', Tu-95M `Bear', Tu-16 `Badger', Tu-22 `Blinder' and Tu-22M `Backfire'.
In 1996, a dual-purpose OFAB-50 bomb and submunition was reported, the submunition for use with the RBK-500U cluster
bomb (see separate entry). A Russian bomb, believed to be an OFAB-120, was exhibited in 1996 in South Africa with a South
African Jupiter fuze fitted.
It is reported that a variant of the OFAB-100MH with a standoff nose probe is manufactured in Poland but no details are
available.
Description
All of the early OFAB fragmentation bombs have the same unsophisticated high-drag shape of many of the early Russian
bombs. They are cylindrical with flattened rounded or bell shaped noses, and have an old-fashioned fin and drum stabilising fin
combination. The 100 kg bombs have single suspension lugs, and the 250 and 500 kg bombs the Russian standard 250 mm
spaced suspension lugs. When fitted with the standoff nose probe the OFAB-250M has an ogival nose to which is attached the
1.5 m probe. The detailed specifications of the original seven individual bombs are listed below. Fuzing details are not known,
however all these bombs can be fitted with a parachute retard system for low-level release. The parachute is contained in a
cylindrical drum assembly attached to the rear edge of the outer ring of the tail. The OFAB-100-120 is credited with the ability
to penetrate lightly armoured material within a range of 32 m and easily vulnerable targets up to 135 m. It is released at
altitudes between 500 m and 15 km at speeds up to 1,150 km/h. The OFAB-250-270 is credited with the ability to penetrate
lightly armoured material within a range of 40 m and easily vulnerable targets up to 155 m. It is released at altitudes between
500 m and 12 km, at speeds between 500 and 1,200 km/h.
Details of the OFAB-500U bomb were released in 1996. This bomb has a more modern low-drag shape than the other OFAB
bombs, and is made in two almost equal length assemblies. The front assembly is a constant diameter bomb shell with a double
tapered nose fitted with a Russian fuze well; the rear assembly contains a parachute system, and has a four-fin and ring tail
unit. The OFAB-500U is 2.3 m long, has a body diameter of 400 mm, a tailspan of 0.45 m, 250 mm spaced suspension lugs,
and a weight of 515 kg. The filling contains 155 kg of high explosive. The bomb can be released from altitudes between 30 and
10,000 m with a speed range of 500 to 1,200 km/h. The fragments are reported to have the ability to penetrate lightly armoured
vehicles to a radius of 90 m, and soft materials to a radius of 210 m.
The OFAB-250T is different from the above bombs in that it has a prefragmented skin, and is more aerodynamic. It has a
modernised four-fin/ring, welded tail unit and a pointed shaped nose with a conventional fuze well. The OFAB-250T is 2.05 m
long, has a body diameter of 300 mm, contains 95.7 kg of an unspecified HE and weighs 256 kg. Details of the weapon's
fuzing are not known but it can be released from altitudes between 50 and 1,200 m at a release speed of around 2,500 km/h.
The OFAB-250ShN is a parachute-retarded bomb designed for low-level release. It has a constant diameter prefragmented
body and a pointed nose with a fuze well. The tail unit is similar to one used on the FAB-250ShN and could be the same. The
OFAB-250ShN is 1.99 m long, has a body diameter of 325 mm, a weight of 275 kg and has 95.7 kg of high explosive. It can be
released at altitudes between 25 and 500 m at speeds between 530 and 1,200 km/h.
The OFAB-250ShL is similar in size and shape to the OFAB-250ShN but has a mechanical retarding system instead of the
parachute. It is 1.99 m long, has a body diameter of 325 mm, a weight of 268 kg and has 94 kg of high explosive. It can be
released at altitudes between 25 and 1,000 m at speeds between 550 and 1,200 km/h.
Externally the OFAB-500ShR looks like a larger version of the above two retard bombs. However, internally it is quite
different. It is made up of several sections, including two separates stages of retard each using a parachute and what appears to
be up to three separate warheads. The OFAB-500ShR is 2.49 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a weight of 497 kg and a
total of 126 kg of high explosive. It can be released at altitudes between 50 and 750 m at speeds between 750 and 1,100 km/h.
On release from the aircraft the first parachute is deployed and stabilises the bomb. The tail section is then jettisoned and the
bomb continues in an arch towards the target. At a predetermined height the second parachute deploys further retarding the
bomb, which then ejects the warheads. From the information available it is unclear if there are one, two or three warheads.
Operational Status
All of these fragmentation bombs are believed to be in service with Russian and former allied air forces. The OFAB-100-120
and the OFAB-250-270 bombs were offered for export in 1993. In 1995, a similar family of OFAB bombs was exhibited in
Romania by a Bulgarian manufacturer. In 1996, the OFAB-250T, OFAB-250ShN, OFAB-250ShL and OFAB-500ShR were
also offered for export.
Specifications
3.0 m (with
Length 1.07 m 1.19 m 1.07 m 1.065 m
probe)
Lug spacing single point single point single point single point 250 mm
Body
325 mm 300 mm 325 mm 325 mm 400 mm 450 mm
diameter
Lug
250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm
spacing
Weight 275 kg 256 kg 275 kg 268 kg 515 kg 497 kg
Contractors
OFAB fragmentation bombs are now offered for export by VO GED, General Export for Defence, Moscow, and by the Bazalt
State Research and Production Enterprise, Moscow.
UPDATED
Line diagrams of four OFAB bombs. OFAB-100-120 (top), OFAB-250-270, OFAB-250T, and OFAB-250M
with a nose probe and retard parachute assembly (bottom)
(1999)
An OFAB-120 bomb on display in South Africa in 1996, with a South African Jupiter fuze fitted (Michael J
Gething)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
ODAB-500 PM BOMB
Type
Fuel-air explosive bomb.
Development
The ODAB-500 PM bomb has been developed by Russia to provide the Russian Air Force with a high-speed low-level attack
fuel-air explosive weapon for use against troops and material in the field, minefield clearance, parked aircraft and other
exposed soft targets. When development took place is unclear, but from Russian documentation released in the early 1990s it is
evident that the bomb follows the same basic design of the RBK family of cluster bombs developed by Russia in recent years.
The designation letters ODAB stand for obyomno-detoniruyushchaya aviatsionnaya bomba meaning `volume-detonation
aircraft bomb'. The designation numbers refer to the bomb size category, and any further letters usually signify special
applications or modification state. The bomb has been designed to withstand the high g forces encountered by combat
manoeuvres of high-speed attack aircraft, and are fitted with standard Russian spaced suspension lugs. The ODAB-500 PM
bomb is believed to have been cleared for carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-27 `Flogger', MiG-29 `Fulcrum', Su-17 and
Su-22 `Fitter', Su-24 `Fencer', Su-25 `Frogfoot' and Su-27 `Flanker' aircraft of the Russian and allied air forces.
Description
The ODAB-500 PM fuel-air explosive bomb has a canister shaped body, with an ogival nose and a four-fin drum tail unit
similar to that used on many Russian conventional bombs. The bomb is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced
suspension lugs, is 2.28 m long, has a body diameter of 500 mm, a tailspan of about 0.5 m and has a launch weight of 520 kg.
The nose section houses a sophisticated electromechanical system for arming the weapon, and activating the fuel-air dispensing
system. The body container is filled with 193 kg of an unknown high-energy explosive fuel, and the tail section contains a
retarding system which involves the use of a parachute. After the ODAB-500 PM is released from the parent aircraft, its safety
and arming mechanism operates and activates the fuel dispensing system and the retarding parachute. It is believed that an
electronic time delay fuze allows the fuel to mix with air, and then ignites the fuel-air mist. The explosive reaction produces an
extremely powerful shockwave overpressure, which in turn is used to injure or damage a wide range of ground targets such as
personnel, aircraft, missile sites, radars and minefields. The bomb's effective blast zone against infantry in the open is a 30 m
radius, against aircraft in the open a 30 m radius, and against trenches and field fortifications a 25 m radius. The ODAB-500
PM bomb can be released from an aircraft at altitudes between 200 to 1,000 m throughout the speed range of 500 to 1,100
km/h.
Operational Status
The ODAB-500 PM is in service with the Russian Air Force and was exhibited in Paris in 1995. There are no known export
orders.
Specifications
Length: 2.28 m
Body diameter: 500 mm
Tailspan: 0.50 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 520 kg
Filling: 193 kg high-energy fuel
Contractor
Not known ; however, the bomb has been offered for export by Aviaexport, Moscow, and by the Bazalt State Research and
Production Enterprise, Moscow.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
The KMG-U dispenser is basically a lightweight canister with a conical nose and a modern type four-fin tail unit. The centre
section, which is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced suspension lugs consists of four compartments and has clamshell
internally rotating doors controlled by a pneumatic actuator. The basic KMG-U dispenser is 3.7 m long, 460 mm wide and 545
mm in height. On reaching the target area the operator activates the dispenser and pneumatic actuators powered by a
high-pressure air bottle open the clamshell doors, and it is believed that the high-pressure air inflates bags that eject the
submunitions over the target area.
When the KMG-U is configured as an AO-2.5RT BLU dispenser, each of the four compartments carries two BLUs, each
holding 12 AO-2.5 bomblets and the weapon's total weight is 525 kg. These bomblets, which are believed to be the same as
those used in the RBK-500 AO-2.5 RTM cluster bomb, are unusual in appearance. They are rounded at both ends and have an
arrangement of six semicircular discs flattened around the centre of the body, on what appears to be a strap type arrangement.
These discs are believed to flip out after the bomblet is dropped to induce a stabilising spin during free-fall. The AO-2.5
bomblet has a prefragmented metal case, is 0.15 m long, has a body diameter of 90 mm and weighs 2.5 kg. An individual
bomblet is reported to have a destructive area of about 210 m2. On reaching the ground the bomblets are activated by their own
mechanical fuze system, It is unclear whether the bomblets are detonated on impact or are contact mines. The AO-2.5RT BLU
dispenser is designed to be operated at altitudes between 30 and 1,000 m, and at speeds up to 1,100 km/h.
When the KMG-U is configured as an ODS-OD BLU dispenser each of the four compartments carries two of the ODS-OD
FAE bomblets, and the weapon's total weight is 526 kg. No details have been released on the ODS-OD bomblets, but from
pictures they appear to be a parachute retarded canister filled with high-energy fuel that has an explosive charge and a
detonation device strapped to the outer casing. When activated by an unspecified timing or height fusing system, the detonation
system will burst open the canister and after a delay will ignite the fuel air mist. This explosive reaction produces an extremely
powerful shockwave overpressure, which in turn will injure or damage a wide range of targets. The ODS-OD BLU dispenser is
designed for use at altitudes between 700 and 4,000 m and at speeds up to 800 km/h.
When configured as a PTAB-2.5 BLU dispenser, each of the four compartments carries two BLUs, each holding 12
PTAB-2.5 bomblets and the weapon's total weight is 470 kg. These bomblets are believed to be an updated version of those
used in the RBK-250/-500 cluster bombs (for details of these see separate entry). They are estimated to be around 0.40 m long,
to have a body diameter of 90 mm and weigh 2.5 kg. The bomblet has a shaped charge warhead for penetration and a
prefragmented case for maximum damage. However, instead of the four fin tail arrangement of earlier PTAB-2.5 bomblets, this
one has five flip up fins that have a `T' shaped cross section. These fins form an umbrella once the bomblet is clear of the BLU
and stabilise the bomblet with a spinning motion during its free-fall to the target. The PTAB-2.5 BLU dispenser is designed for
use at altitudes between 30 and 1,000 m at speeds up to 1,500 km/h.
When configured as a PTAB-1M BLU dispenser, each of the four compartments carries a single BLU containing 62
PTAB-2.5 bomblets and the weapon's total weight is 470 kg. These bomblets are believed to be the same as those used in
RBK-500 PTAB-1M cluster bombs (for details of these see separate entry). These have a shaped charge warhead and are 0.26
m long, have body diameters of 42 mm and weigh 0.94 kg. It is reported that the bomblets have unusual folding stabilising fins
that are extended once they have been released from the BLU. Each PTAB-1M bomblet is credited with the ability to penetrate
up to 210 mm of armour and has a built-in self-destruct of 20 to 40 seconds. The PTAB-1M BLU dispenser is designed for use
at altitudes between 50 and 1,000 m at speeds up to 1,500 km/h. It is believed that there are three different configurations of
dispenser in service. These enable the choice of dispensing to the left, to the right, vertically downward or all three at once in a
single pass.
Operational status
The KMG-U and all the above bomblets are in service with Russian and former allied air forces. These have been offered for
export since 1993, but there have been no reported sales.
Specifications
KMG-U dispenser
Length: 3.7 m
Body diameter: 460 mm
545 mm deep
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 470-526 kg depending on payload
Filling: 96 AO-2.5 bomblets
8 ODS-OD bomblets
96 PTAB-2.5 bomblets
248 PTAB-1M bomblets
Contractor
Designed by the Spetztekhnika Vympel NPO, Moscow, and manufactured by Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise,
Moscow.
UPDATED
Three KMG-U dispensers. Note the black direction arrows on the rear end of the two at the left, which
suggest that bomblets can be dispensed to the left, to the right or vertically downwards. The eight drums
alongside each dispenser contain a cluster of twelve AO-2.5 bomblets
(1994)
A KMG-U bomblet dispenser upside down and showing rotary clamshell doors open. Note the AO-2.5
twelve pack cluster on top of the left-hand black barrels
(1994)
Close-up of a cluster pack of six AO-2.5 bomblets. From these pictures it is unclear whether the complete
pack or individual bomblets are loaded into the dispenser
(1993)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Jane's Air-Launched Weapons 38
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
From top to bottom line drawings of the Russian 100 kg (80), 100 kg, 250 kg and KhAB-200 chemical bombs
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
A KAB-1500L laser-guided bomb with rear wings stowed in the air carriage position (Paul Jackson)
(1998)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractor
The KAB-500Kr was designed by GNPP (State Research Production Association), based in Moscow, but is manufactured by
the Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise, Moscow.
UPDATED
Picture of a KAB-500Kr, taken at the 1992 Moscow Air Show, clearly shows fixed front fins and control
surfaces on tail surfaces (Christopher F Foss)
(1992)
A KAB-500Kr TV-guided bomb on the forward centreline pylon of an Su-30MK aircraft at Farnborough
in 1994 (Peter Humphris)
(1994)
A model of a Su-24MK aircraft with models of three UAB-500 guided bombs under the fuselage, and
what might be an updated KAB-1500Kr on the inboard wing pylon (Piotr Butowski)
(2001)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
FOZAB-500 BOMB
Type
Fire bomb.
Development
The FOZAB-500 bomb was developed to provide the Russian Air Force with a low-level attack incendiary bomb for use
against troops and vulnerable material in the field, such as stores and fuel depots. When development took place is unclear, but
from Russian documentation released in the early 1990s, it is evident that the bomb follows the same basic design of the RBK
family of cluster bombs developed by Russia in recent years. The designation letters ZAB stand for zazhigatelnaya
aviatsionnaya bomba meaning `incendiary aircraft bomb'. The FO stands for fragmentation as the bomb is also known to have
an additional limited fragmentation capability. The designation numbers refer to the bomb size category. The bomb has been
designed to withstand the high g forces encountered by combat manoeuvres of high-speed attack aircraft, and is fitted with
standard Russian spaced suspension lugs. The FOZAB-500 bomb is believed to have been cleared for carriage on MiG-21
`Fishbed', MiG-27 `Flogger', MiG-29 `Fulcrum', Su-17 and Su-22 `Fitter', Su-24 `Fencer', Su-25 `Frogfoot' and Su-27 `Flanker'
aircraft of the Russian and allied forces.
Description
The FOZAB-500 incendiary bomb has a canister shaped body, with a blunt high-drag nose and a large eight-fin drum tail unit
that accounts for about one third of the bomb's total length. The bomb, which is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced
suspension lugs, is 1.5 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a tailspan of about 0.5 m and weighs 450 kg. The nose section
is fitted with an aerodynamically operated arming vane for fuze functioning. The body container is filled with an unknown
incendiary mixture and an unspecified amount of high explosive. Details of the type of fuzing are not known, but on detonation
the incendiary mixture is ignited by the explosive charge and the bomb casing provides a limited fragmentation effect. As the
bomb can be released during low-level passes it is believed that some form of delay and safety device is incorporated in the
final stages of arming/fuzing. It is reported that the FOZAB-500 can be released as low as 200 m at speeds up to 1,100 km/h.
Details of the bomb's destructive capability are not known.
Operational Status
The FOZAB is in service with the Russian Air Force, and was offered for export in 1996.
Specifications
Length: 1.5 m
Body diameter: 450 mm
Tailspan: 0.50 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 450 kg
Filling: HE and incendiary mixture
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
FAB-100M-62/-250M-62/-500M-62/-1000M-62 BOMBS
Type
Demolition bombs.
Development
There are reported to have been several hundred types of air-carried, free-fall weapons held by former Warsaw Pact countries,
with more than three-quarters of them being of Russian design. The most numerous of these were naturally the FAB series of
bombs (sometimes referred to in the West as AB bombs). FAB stands for fugasnaya aviabomba meaning `aerial demolition
bomb' known as a general purpose bomb in the West. The designation letters are followed by numbers that refer to the bomb
size category. Little is known of the development of this family of conventional free-fall demolition bombs other than it has
been a continuing process since the First World War. Before the 1940s, the known FAB bombs were the FAB-50, FAB-250
and FAB-500 (these early bombs are covered in a separate entry). FAB bombs developed since the early 1940s had an
additional letter `M' followed by a further number in the designation that signifies the year that range of FAB bombs entered
operational service. The FAB M-62 series of bombs was developed in the early 1960s to provide the former Soviet Union air
forces with a range of streamlined low-drag demolition bombs, and to take advantage of newly developed more powerful
explosives like `torpex'. There were four known bombs developed: the FAB-100M-62, the FAB-250M-62, the FAB-500M-62
and FAB-1000M-62. The bombs' design allows them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of high-speed aircraft with
minimum performance degradation and they are fitted with standard Russian spaced suspension lugs. The bombs can also be
carried in bomb bays of larger bombers. It is believed that the bombs have been cleared for carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed'
MiG-23B `Flogger', MiG-25 `Foxbat', MiG-27 `Flogger', MiG-29 `Fulcrum', Su-17 `Fitter', Su-24 `Fencer', Su-25 `Frogfoot',
Su-27 `Flanker', Tu-95 `Bear' and Tu-16 `Badger' aircraft.
Description
All four of the M-62 range of FAB bombs are believed to be the same shape and construction, and only differ in their size and
destructive capability. The nose and the main body have an aerodynamic shape similar to the US Mk 82/83/84 series of bombs.
However, the tail unit retained the familiar Russian fin and drum configuration although somewhat streamlined. The three
small bombs are fitted with either single, 250 mm spaced suspension lugs or possibly both. The FAB-100M-62 bomb is 1.69 m
long, has a body diameter of 216 mm, a filling of 44.9 kg of high explosive and weighs 99.8 kg. The FAB-250M-62 bomb is
1.92 m long, has a body diameter of 300 mm, a filling of 100 kg high explosive and weighs 227 kg. The FAB-500M-62 is 2.43
m long, has a body diameter of 400 mm and with a filling of 213 kg high explosive weighs 500 kg. The largest of the M-62
series, the FAB-1000M-62, is 3.56 m long, has a body diameter of 498 mm, and weighs 1,033 kg with 476 kg filling of high
explosive.
Details of the fuzing are not certain, but it is thought to be fuzes from the VDU or APUV range. The FAB-250M-62 can be
released from altitudes between 500 and 12,000 m at speeds between 500 and 1,180 km/h. It is credited with a kill radius of up
to 100 m for soft skinned material and up to 33 m for lightly armoured vehicles. The FAB-500M-62 can be released at altitudes
from 570 and 12,000 m at speeds between 500 and 1,100 km/h. It is credited with a kill radius of up to 140 m for soft skinned
material and up to 60 m for lightly armoured vehicles. Performance details for the rest of the series are not known.
Operational Status
All versions of the FAB M-62 bombs are believed to be in service with Russian and allied air forces. The FAB-250M-62 and
-500M-62 bombs were offered for export in 1996.
Specifications
FAB-100 FAB-250 FAB-500 FAB-1000
M-62 M-62 M-62 M-62
Length 1.69 m 1.92 m 2.43 m 3.56 m
Body diameter 216 mm 300 mm 400 mm 498 mm
Tailspan 0.22 m 0.3 m 0.4 m 0.5 m
Lug spacing n/k 250 mm 250 mm n/k
Weight 99.8 kg 227 kg 500 kg 1,033 kg
Filling 44.9 kg HE 100 kg HE 213 kg HE 476 kg HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
An FAB-500 M62 standard Russian general purpose bomb in the foreground with a BetAB-500 ShP
behind. Third from the front is an FAB-500 ShN bomb
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
FAB-250M-54/-500M-54/-1500M-54 BOMBS
Type
Demolition bombs.
Development
There are reported to have been several hundred types of air-carried, free-fall weapons held by former Warsaw Pact countries,
with more than three-quarters of them being of Russian design. The most numerous of these were naturally the FAB series of
bombs (sometimes referred to in the West as AB bombs). FAB stands for fugasnaya aviabomba meaning `aerial demolition
bomb' known as a general purpose bomb in the West. The designation letters are followed by numbers that refer to the bomb
size category. Little is known of the development of this family of conventional free-fall demolition bombs other than it has
been a continuing process since the First World War. Before the 1940s, the known FAB bombs were the FAB-50, FAB-250
and FAB-500 (these early bombs are covered in a separate entry). FAB bombs developed since the early 1940s had an
additional letter `M' followed by a number in the designation that signifies the year that range of FAB bombs entered
operational service. The FABM-54 series of bombs was developed in the early 1950s to replace some of the earlier FAB family
of bombs. There were three known bombs developed; the FAB-250M-54, the FAB-500M-54 and FAB-1500M-54. The bomb
design allows them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of small aircraft, or in the bomb bays of larger bombers. It is
believed that the -250 and -500 bombs have been cleared for carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-23B `Flogger', MiG-27
`Flogger', MiG-29 `Fulcrum', Su-17 and Su-22 `Fitter', Su-24 `Fencer', Su-25 `Frogfoot', Su-27 `Flanker', Tu-95 `Bear', Tu-22
and Tu-16 `Badger' aircraft. The -1500M-54 bomb has probably only been cleared for the Tu-16, Tu-22 and Tu-95 bomber
aircraft.
Description
All three of the M-54 range of FAB bombs have the same unsophisticated high-drag shape of the early Russian bombs. They
have cylindrical bodies with a flattened bell type nose and an old-fashioned fin/ring stabilising fin combination. The two
smaller bombs can be fitted with parachute retard systems for low-level release, and these are contained in a cylindrical drum
attached to the rear edge of the outer ring of the tail assembly. The smallest one has a four-tail fin arrangement, and the larger
two an eight-tail fin arrangement. The FAB-250M-54 is fitted with 250 mm spaced suspension lugs. It is 1.5 m long, has a
body diameter of 325 mm, a filling of 97 kg of HE and weighs 236 kg. The FAB-500M-54 also has 250 mm spaced suspension
lugs. It is 1.5 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a filling of 201 kg of HE and weighs 483 kg. The FAB-1500M-54 is
2.31 m long, has a body diameter of 570 mm and with a filling of 667 kg of HE weighs 1,392 kg. Details of the fuzing are not
known, but is is probable that these bombs, like their predecessors, have been updated with more modern explosive fillings and
fuzing systems since original manufacture. Most current Russian FAB bombs are reported to be fitted with nose fuzes from the
VDU and APUV series. Information released in 1992 credited the FAB-500M-54 with a destructive area of 1,500 m2.
The FAB-250M-54 bomb can be released at altitudes between 500 m and 12 km at speeds between 500 and 1,200 km/h. The
FAB-500M-54 bomb can be released at altitudes between 500 m and 16.5 km at speeds between 500 and 1,200 km/h.
Operational Status
All versions of the FAB M-54 bombs are believed to be in service with Russian and allied air forces. FAB-250M-54 and
-500M-54 bombs were offered for export in 1996.
Specifications
FAB-250M-54 FAB-500M-54 FAB-1500M-54
Length 1.49 m 1.5 m 2.31 m
Body diameter 320 mm 450 mm 570 mm
Tailspan 0.32 m 0.45 m 0.57 m
Lug spacing 250 mm 250 mm n/k
Weight 234 kg 474 kg 1,392 kg
Filling 94 kg HE 201 kg HE 667 kg HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Line diagrams of a FAB-250M-54 (upper) and a FAB-500M-54 fitted with a retard parachute assembly
(lower)
(1999)
Four FAB-250M-54 bombs on the inner wing pylon of an Su-30MK aircraft at Farnborough in 1994
(Peter Humphris)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
FAB-250M-46/-500M-46/-1500M-46/-3000M-46 BOMBS
Type
Demolition bombs.
Development
There are reported to have been several hundred types of air-carried, free-fall weapons held by former Warsaw Pact countries,
with more than three-quarters of them being of former Soviet Union design. The most numerous of these were naturally the
FAB series of bombs (sometimes referred to in the West as AB bombs). FAB stands for fugasnaya aviabomba meaning `aerial
demolition bomb' known as a general purpose bomb in the West. The designation letters are followed by numbers that refer to
the bomb size category. Little is known of the development of this family of conventional free-fall demolition bombs other
than it has been a continuing process since the First World War. Before the 1940s, the known FAB bombs were the FAB-50,
FAB-250 and FAB-500 (these early bombs are covered in a separate entry). FAB bombs developed since the early 1940s have
an additional letter `M' followed by a number in its designation that signifies the year that range of FAB bombs entered
operational service. The FABM-46 series of bombs was developed in the mid-1940s to increase and improve the former Soviet
Union's family of FAB bombs as jet aircraft were introduced into service. There were at least six bombs developed. They were
the FAB-250M-46, the FAB-500M-46, the FAB-1500M-46, the FAB-3000M-46, the FAB-4000M-46 and FAB-5000M-46.
The bomb design allows them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of small aircraft, or in bomb bays of larger bombers. It
is believed that all the versions up to the -500M-46 would have been cleared for carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-27
`Flogger', Su-17 and Su-22 `Fitter', Tu-95 `Bear', Tu-16 `Badger' aircraft. The larger FAB-1500, -3000, -4000 and -5000 bombs
would only have been carried by the Tu-95 and Tu-16 bomber aircraft.
Description
All of the M-46 range of FAB bombs are believed to have the same unsophisticated high-drag shape of the early Russian
bombs. They have cylindrical bodies and an old-fashioned fin/ring stabilising fin combination. The smaller ones are believed to
have a flattened pointed nose and a four-fin tail arrangement like the M-43 series, whereas the larger ones have an ogival
shaped nose and a four-, six- or eight-tail fin arrangement. The smaller ones are fitted with single, or 250 mm spaced
suspension lugs or both, while the larger ones have different lug spacing depending on size and weight. The detailed
specifications of the four known individual bombs are listed below. Details of the fuzing are not known, but it is probable that
these bombs, like their predecessors, have been updated with more modern explosive fillings and fuzing systems since original
manufacture. Most current Russian FAB bombs are reported to be fitted with nose fuzes from the VDU and APUV series.
Operational Status
Because of the Russian Federation reluctance to discard any weapon that might have some use, it is believed the four smallest
FAB M-46 bombs are still in use with Russian and allied air forces. However, it has been reported that the FAB-4000M-46 and
the FAB-5000M-46 are no longer in general service.
Specifications
FAB-250M-46 FAB-500M-46 FAB-1500M-46 FAB-3000M-46
Length 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.8 m 3.38 m
Body diameter 320 mm 417 mm 622 mm 850 mm
Tailspan 0.32 m 0.42 m 0.62 m 0.85 m
Lug spacing n/k n/k n/k n/k
Weight 220 kg 429 kg 1,347 kg 2,983 kg
Filling 102 kg HE 206 kg HE 658 kg HE 1,465 kg HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Description
All of these early demolition bombs are believed to have the same unsophisticated high-drag shape of the early Russian bombs.
They have cylindrical bodies with a blunt rounded nose, and an old-fashioned fin/ring stabilising fin combination. Both bombs
would be fitted with single, or 250 mm spaced suspension lugs or possibly both. The FAB-100M-43 is 1.06 m long, has a body
diameter of 269 mm and weighs 103 kg. It is filled with 32 kg of HE. The FAB-250M-43 is 2.16 m long, has a body diameter
of 320 mm, is filled with 114 kg of HE and weighs 237 kg. Details of fuzing are not known but should any of these bombs still
exist in service they will probably have been updated with more modern explosive fillings and fuzing systems since original
manufacture. Most current Russian FAB bombs are reported to be fitted with nose fuzes from the VDU and APUV series.
Operational Status
Because of the Russian reluctance to discard any weapon that might have some use, it is possible that some of these bombs
remain available for use with Russian and allied air forces.
Specifications
FAB-100M-43
Length: 1.06 m
Body diameter: 269 mm
Tailspan: n/k
Lug spacing: n/k
Weight: 103 kg
Filling: 32 kg HE
FAB-250M-43
Length: 2.16 m
Body diameter: 320 mm
Tailspan: n/k
Lug spacing: n/k
Weight: 237 kg
Filling: 114 kg HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Second from the front is an FAB-500ShN parachute retarded bomb, while the bomb in the foreground is a
BetAB-500ShP penetration bomb
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
FAB BOMBS
Type
General purpose bombs.
Development
There are reported to have been several hundred types of air-carried, free-fall weapons held by former Warsaw Pact countries, with
more than three-quarters of them being of former Soviet Union design. The most numerous of these were naturally the FAB series
of bombs (also referred to sometimes in the West as AB bombs). FAB stands for fugasnaya aviabomba meaning `aerial demolition
bomb' known in the West as a general purpose bomb. The bombs were designed with thin casings, to maximise the blast effect and
minimise fragmentation. The designation letters are followed by numbers that refer to the bomb size category. Little is known of the
development of this family of bombs other than it has been a continuing process since the First World War. Before 1943, the known
bombs were the FAB-50, FAB-250 and FAB-500. These early bombs were of the high-drag variety and were produced with both
forged or welded steel bodies. FAB bombs developed since the early 1940s had an additional letter `M' followed by a number in its
designation that signified the year that range of FAB bombs entered operational service (these bombs are covered in separate
entries). The bomb design allows them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of small aircraft, or in bomb bays of larger bombers
and they are fitted with single, double or both types of suspension lugs. It is believed that all versions would have been cleared for
carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-27 `Flogger', Su-22 `Fitter', Tu-95 `Bear', Tu-16 `Badger', aircraft of the Russian and allied air
forces.
In 1996, Russia exhibited a new version FAB-500T bomb, believed to be used against soft targets, and a FAB-250TS bomb
believed to have a thick skin for fragmentation effect.
Description
All of these early demolition (blast effect) bombs are believed to have the same unsophisticated high-drag shape of other early
Russian bombs. They are thought to have cylindrical bodies with a rounded nose, have an old-fashioned fin/ring stabilising fin
combination, and be fitted with single, or 250 mm spaced suspension lugs or both. The detailed specifications of the known
individual bombs are listed. Details of fillings and fuzing are not known. However, should any of these bombs still exist they will
probably have been updated with more modern explosive fillings and fuzing systems since original manufacture.
The 250 and 500 kg bombs can be fitted with a parachute retard system for low-level release and air burst operations. This is
contained in a single cylindrical drum attached to the rear edge of the outer ring of the tail assembly.
The FAB-250 TS is different from all the above bombs in that it has a thickened skin and is more aerodynamic. It has a
modernised four fin/ring, welded tail unit and a welded pointed bell shaped nose without the conventional fuze well. The
FAB-250TS is 1.5 m long, has a body diameter of 300 mm, contains 61.4 kg of an unspecified HE and weighs 259.2 kg. Details of
the weapon's fuzing is not known but it can be released from altitudes above 500 m and at speeds up to 1,500 km/h.
The FAB-500T bomb, shown in 1996, was designed for use against lightly armoured vehicles and personnel. The bomb has a
long slender body with four swept fins supported by a narrow ring at their trailing edge. The FAB-500T is 2.43 m long, has a body
diameter of 400 mm, a weight of 477 kg and has 194 kg of high explosive. It can be released at altitudes between 800 and 25,000 m
at speeds between 500 to 2,500 km/h. The warhead is credited with the ability to penetrate lightly armoured vehicles within a radius
of 80 m and soft material within a radius of 175 m.
Operational Status
The FAB class bombs are still in use by the Russian Federation, and in 1996, improved versions of the FAB-500 bombs were
offered for export.
Specifications
FAB-50 FAB-50 FAB-250 FAB-250 FAB-250TS FAB-500 FAB-500T
(welded) (forged) (welded) (forged)
Length 0.95 m 0.94 m 2.16 m 1.82 m 1.5 m 2.41 m 2.47 m
Body 447 mm
241 mm 238 mm 320 mm 325 mm 300 mm 400 mm
diameter
Tailspan n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k 0.42 m
Single or 250 n/k
Lug spacing n/k n/k n/k n/k 250 mm
mm
Weight 60.3 kg 50 kg 249 kg 238 kg 259 kg 506 kg 517 kg
Filling HE HE HE HE 61.4 kg HE HE 194 kg HE
Contractor
Bazalt State Research and Production Enterprise
Moscow.
UPDATED
Two FAB-250 bombs inboard under a Mi-35 helicopter, with a pair of AT-6 `Spiral' missile canisters on the
stub wing tip pylon
(1998)
Line diagrams of the FAB-250TS bomb (top), FAB-250 (centre), and FAB-500 (bottom)
(1998)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 09 November 2001
Contractor
Not known; however, the BetAB-500 is marketed by the VO GED, General Export for Defence, Moscow, and the Bazalt State
Research and Production Enterprise, Moscow.
UPDATED
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UNDERWATER WEAPONS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 06 March 2001
Shkval Torpedo
The Russian Shkval torpedo, which is believed to be in service and carries the designation VA-111, is credited with an
effective range of 6 to 12 km. It is reported to be 8.2 m long, and to have a body diameter of 533 mm. This is the same
diameter but slightly longer than Russia's Type 53 torpedoes. Shkval is powered by a liquid-propellant motor and travels at
around 100 m/s (200 kt). Reports indicate that a super-cavitation gas envelope is created by diverting part of the rocket motor
efflux to the nose of the torpedo, via an internal tube system, to provide a thin layer of gas around the whole weapon. The
rocket motor would generate considerable noise, making the use of an onboard sonar guidance system difficult, and as pointed
out by its critics, make the torpedo easily detectable by the target. However, in view of the high relative speed of the Shkval,
that might make little difference in the outcome. It is not known if the Shkval has been carried by aircraft or helicopters, but
this might be possible.
In early 1998 the ITAR-TASS news agency reported that the first trials of an upgraded Shkval was to be held by the Russian
Federation Pacific Fleet later that year. A prototype of the upgraded Shkval, which was exhibited at the 1995 IDEX exhibition
in Abu Dhabi, has been discarded and has since been radically improved. The upgraded Shkval is reported to use a new
(unidentified) targeting system, and to be available in the conventional (non-nuclear) role.
In August 1998 it was reported that China had obtained a batch of advanced torpedoes particularly suited to attacking large
surface vessels, such as aircraft carriers. These had been purchased from Kazakhstan, which is known to have inherited a
sophisticated production facility following the break-up of the former Soviet Union. The torpedoes are described by sources
familiar with the deal as capable of high speed, but with limited accuracy. The purchase, at an undisclosed cost, involves about
40 units. The Shkval or a variant is thought most likely to be the weapon involved, based on descriptions provided by these
sources.
Line diagram of a Russian Federation Shkval torpedo (Peter Humphris)
(1999)
UPDATED
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RPK-8 Zapad
In 1994, the Russian Federation state research and production enterprise, Splav, disclosed details of a `smart' rocket-assisted
depth charge designated RPK-8 Zapad. The weapon is 1.83 m long, has a body diameter of 212 mm and weighs 112.5 kg.
From its size, weight and the fact that it carries a 19 kg shaped charge and uses a similar guidance system, some western
analysts believe the RPK-8 and the S-3V (see full entry for S-3V) are variants of the same weapon.
In operation the RPK-8 is fired, with a range of between 600 and 4,300 m, into the target's area. Upon arrival in the target
area the tandem-mounted rocket motor is ejected, and the guided warhead section enters the water. This is then believed to
operate in a similar manner to the S-3V bomb system.
VERIFIED
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Zvezda Strela
Ilyich St, 7
Korolev
141070 Moscow Region
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Tel: (+7 095) 519 20 02
Entries: AS-7, AS-10, AS-12, AS-17, AS-20 (ASM); ARP-2E Torpedo (UWW)
VERIFIED
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Vympel NPO
Volokolamskoje sh, 90
123424 Moscow
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Tel: (+7 095) 491 04 64
Entries: AA-6, AA-7, AA-8, AA-9, AA-10, AA-11, AA-12, R-37, AA-X-13, (AAM); AS-14 (ASM); S-5, S-8, S-13 (Rockets);
KMG-U, RBK-250/500, RBK-500 ShoAB (Bombs); GUV (Guns)
UPDATED
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Rosvoorouzhenie
21 Gogolevsky Boulevard
Moscow 119865
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Tel: (+7 095) 202 66 03
Entries: This state corporation supports the export of a wide range of Russian weapon systems.
VERIFIED
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MMPP
Moscow
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Tel: (+7 095) 257 72 92
Entries: AA-8, AA-11 (AAM), USPU-24 Pod, SPPU-6 Pod, SPPU-22 Pod (Guns)
VERIFIED
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Novator NPO
Yekaterinburg
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Entries: KS-172 (AAM)
UPDATED
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Mashinostroenia NPO
33 Gagarin Street
Reutov
Moscow Region 143952
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Tel: (+7 095) 302 11 85
Entries: Alfa, Yakhont 3M55 (ASM)
UPDATED
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Gridropribov
Central Scientific Research Institute
St Petersburg
RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Entries: MDM-3/4/5, APSET-95 (UWW)
VERIFIED
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AT-2 B-13L
SPPU-6 Pod 122 mm
`Swatter'
Pod
AT-3 S-16
UPK-23 Pod
`Sagger' 160 mm
AT-6/-9 S-21
Negev 5.56 mm
`Spiral' 220 mm
AT-12 S-24
`Swinger' 240 mm
AT-16 LR-122
(Vikhr M) 122 mm
LRM-122
S-25LD
Pod
AT-6/-9 NPPU-280
Mi-28 `Havoc' S-8 80 mm
`Spiral' Turret
AT-12 B-8V20A
2A42 30 mm
`Swinger' 80 mm Pod
AT-16 S-13
(Vikhr M) 122 mm
SA-16 B-13L
122 mm
`Gimlet'
Pod
SA-18
`Grouse'
AA-2C/-2D S-24
Aircraft MiG-17 `Fresco' FAB GP NS-37 37 mm
`Atoll' 240 mm
PL-2/PL-3 FAB-250 ShN
PL-5 FAB-500ShN
FAB-M43, FAB-M46
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
ZAB Incendiary
KADAR
AA-2C/-2D 3 × NR-30 TRS-190
MiG-19 `Farmer' FAB GP
`Atoll' 30 mm 190 mm
FAB-500ShN ARS-212
PL-2/PL-3
212 mm
PL-5 FAB-M43, FAB-M46
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
ZAB Incendiary
FAB-500 GP
PLAB-150/-200/-350
NASR GP
NASR-250/400 GP
NASR-500P
MiG-29 `Fulcrum' AA-7 `Apex' BetAB GSh-301 30 mm S-8 80 mm
AA-8 B-8M1
BRAB AT
`Aphid' 80 mm Pod
AA-10 M-100
Chemical Spray Tanks
`Alamo' 137 mm
AA-11 S-24
NOSAB-100 TM
`Archer' 240 mm
AA-12
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
`Adder'
AS-14
FOZAB-500
`Kedge'
AS-17
KhAB Chemical
`Krypton'
AS-20
KMG-U Dispenser
`Kayak'
AS-10
ODAB-500 PM
'Karen'
OFZAB-500
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
OFAB-100
OFAB-100/120
OFAB-250/270
P-50-75 Practice
ZK-300 Kisajno
Cluster Bomb
P-50T Practice
FAB-250 (M72) frag
FAB-100 (M80) GP
FAB-250 (M79) GP
FAB-500 GP
PLAB-150/-200/-350
AA-6
MiG-31 `Foxhound' GSh-6-23 23 mm
`Acrid'
AA-8
`Aphid'
AA-9
`Amos'
R-37
2 × NR-30
Su-7 `Fitter A' AA-2 `Atoll' Aokh Chemical S-5 55 mm
30 mm
UB-16
BetAB
57 mm Pod
S-24
BRAB AT
240 mm
FAB GP
FAB-250 ShN
FAB-500ShN
FAB-M43
FAB-M46
FAB-M54
OFAB
ZAB Incendiary
Su-15 `Flagon' AA-3 `Anab' SPPU-6 Pod
AA-8
SPPU-22 Pod
`Aphid'
2 × NR 30
Su-17/-20/-22 AA-2 `Atoll' AO Frag, BetAB S-8 80 mm
30 mm
AA-8 B-8M1
`Fitter' Aokh Chemical SPPU-6 Pod
`Aphid' 80 mm Pod
AA-11 S-13
BRAB AT SPPU-22 Pod
`Archer' 122 mm
B-13L
AS-7 `Kerry' Chemical Spray Tanks, 122 mm
Pod
S-25
AS-9 `Kyle' FAB GP
325 mm
AS-10 LR-122
FAB-250 ShN
`Karen' 122 mm
AS-11 LRM-122
FAB-500ShN
`Kilter' Pod
AS-12
FAB-M43, FAB-M46
`Keglar'
AS-13
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
`Kingbolt
AS-14
FOZAB-500
`Kedge'
AS-17
KhAB Chemical
`Krypton'
AS-18
KMG-U Dispenser
`Kazoo'
AS-20
ODAB-500 PM
`Kayak'
S-25LD OFAB, OFZAB-500
PROSAB-250
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
ZAB Incendiary
OFAB-100
OFAB-100/120
OFAB-250/270
P-50-75 Practice
P-50T Practice
KADAR
BADR-28 GP
FARIS-250 GP
KAAKAA-500 GP
KAAKAA-100/250
Incendiary
KAAKAA-120/250/500
AP
NOSAB-100 TM
NASR GP
NASR-250/400 GP
NASR-500P
ZK-300 Kisajno
Cluster Bomb
FZAB-500
Su-21 `Flagon' AA-3 `Anab' SPPU-22 Pod
AA-6
`Acrid'
AA-8
`Aphid'
AA-8
Su-24 `Fencer' BetAB GSh-6-23 23 mm S-8 80 mm
`Aphid'
B-8M1
AS-7 `Kerry' BRAB AT SPPU-22 Pod
80 mm Pod
S-13
AS-9 `Kyle' Chemical Spray Tanks
122 mm
B-13L
AS-10
122 mm
`Karen'
Pod
AS-11
FAB-250 ShN
`Kilter'
AS-12
FAB-500ShN
`Keglar'
AS-13
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
`Kingbolt'
AS-14
FOZAB-500
`Kedge'
AS-17
KAB-500L
`Krypton'
AS-18
KAB-500kr
`Kazoo'
AS-20
KAB-1500L
`Kayak'
S-25LD KMG-U Dispenser
ODAB-500 PM
OFZAB-500
FZAB-500
P-50T Practice
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
ZAB Incendiary
AA-8 AO-17A 30 mm
Su-25/-39 `Frogfoot' BetAB S-8 80 mm
`Aphid' Twin
AS-10 B-8M1
BRAB AT UPK-23 Pod
`Karen' 80 mm Pod
AS-11 S-13
Chemical Spray Tanks Plamen Pod
`Kilter' 122 mm
AS-12 B-13L
NOSAB-100 TM 122 mm
`Kegler'
Pod
AS-13 M-21-OF
FAB-250 ShN
`Kingbolt' 122 mm
AS-14
FAB-500ShN
`Kedge'
AS-17
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
`Krypton'
AS-18
FOZAB-500
`Kazoo'
AT-12
KAB-500L
`Swinger'
AT-16
KAB-500kr
(Vikhr-M)
S-25LD KAB-1500L
KMG-U Dispenser
ODAB-500 PM
OFZAB-500
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
OFAB-100
OFAB-100/120
OFAB-250/270
P-50-75 Practice
P-50T Practice
BADR-28 GP
FARIS-250 GP
KAAKAA-500 GP
KAAKAA-100/250
Incendiary
KAAKAA-120/250/500
AP
FZAB-500
NASR GP
NASR-250/400 GP
NASR-500P
Su-27/-30/-32/-33/-34/-35/-37 AA-8
BetAB GSh-301 30 mm S-8 80 mm
`Flanker' `Aphid'
AA-10 B-8M1
BRAB AT
`Alamo' 80 mm Pod
AA-11 S-13
Chemical Spray Tanks
`Archer' 122 mm
AA-12 B-13L
122 mm
`Adder'
Pod
AS-17 M-100
FAB-250 ShN
`Krypton' 137 mm
AS-18 S-25
FAB-500ShN
`Kazoo' 325 mm
AS-20
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
`Kayak'
Kh-41
FOZAB-500
(`Moskit')
S-25LD KAB-500kr
YJ-1 KMG-U Dispenser
YJ-2 ODAB-500 PM
C-701 OFAB, OFZAB-500
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
AS-6 Type E 45
Tu-16 `Badger' AO Frag, BetAB AM-23 23 mm
`Kingfish' Torpedo
FAB GP
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
KhAB Chemical
OFAB
OFZAB-500
Nuclear
ZAB Incendiary
Yak-28 `Firebar' AA-3 `Anab' S-5 55 mm
UB-16
57 mm Pod
AA-8
Yak-36/-38 `Forger' AO Frag, BetAB UPK-23 Pod S-5 55 mm
`Aphid'
UB-16
AS-7 `Kerry' Aokh Chemical
57 mm Pod
BRAB AT
FAB GP
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
KMG-U Dispenser
OFAB
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
ZAB Incendiary
AA-10
Yak-141 `Freestyle' AO FRAG, BetAB 30 mm cannon S-5 55 mm
`Alamo'
AA-11
BRAB AT SPPU-22 Pod S-8 80 mm
`Archer'
AS-12 B-8M1
FAB GP UPK-23 Pod
`Keglar' 80 mm Pod
AS-17
FAB-M54, FAB-M62
`Krypton'
KMG-U Dispenser
OFAB
RBK-250/275,
RBK-500
Cluster Bombs
ZAB Incendiary
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Torpedoes
Torpedo
designator Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance Propulsion Range Speed Status In service
and name
APR-2E 3.7 m 350 mm 575 kg 100 kg HE active sonar solid 3.8 km 115 In 1992
propellant km/h service
RPK-8 1.83 m 211 mm 112.5 kg 19 kg HE active sonar n/k n/k 50 kt In n/k
ZAPAD shaped service
charge
APSET 95 3.84 m 406 mm 720 kg 60 kg HE active/passive electric n/k n/k In n/k
sonar service
Type 45 3.9 m 450 mm n/k 100 kg HE active/passive n/k 15 km 30 kt In n/k
sonar service
Type E53 4.7 m 530 mm n/k 150 kg HE active/passive electric 15 km 30 kt In n/k
sonar service
VA-111 8.2 m 533 mm n/k n/k sonar rocket motor 6-12 200 kt In n/k
`Shkval' km service (unclassified)
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Rockets
Designation Calibre Length Weight Warhead Status Remarks
S-8 HEAT 80 mm 1.57 m 11.3 kg 3.6 kg HEAT in service anti-tank warhead
S-8BM 80 mm 1.54 m 15.2 kg 7.41 kg HE in service demolition warhead
S-8DM 80 mm 1.7 m 11.6 kg 3.63 kg FEA in service fuel-air explosive warhead
S-8 I11 80 mm 1.63 m 12.1 kg 4.3 kg flare compound in service illuminating warhead 2 ×
10-6 candle power
S-13B 122 mm 2.63 m 60 kg 23 kg HE in service anti-shelter warhead
S-13T 122 mm 2.99 m 75 kg 37.3 kg HE in service two module demolition and
fragmentation warhead
S-13-OF 122 mm 2.97 m 69 kg 33 kg APAM in service anti-personnel and
anti-material warhead
S-13D 122 mm 3.12 m 68 kg 32 kg HE in service
ARS-212 212 mm n/k n/k n/k in service unclassified entry
C-25D 265 mm 3.55 m 58 kg n/k in service unclassified entry
S-5 55 mm 1.00 m 4 kg nine types in service wide choice of warheads, for
details see entry text
S-16 160 mm n/k n/k n/k in service unclassified entry
Si-21 220 mm n/k n/k n/k in service unclassified entry
S-24B 240 mm 2.22 m 232 kg 125 kg HE in service
S-25C 266 mm 3.76 m 385 kg 151 kg HE In service uses single rail PU-O-25
launcher
S-25OF 266 mm 3.56 m 380 kg 150 kg HE in service uses single rail PU-O-25
launcher
TRS-190 190 mm n/k n/k n/k in service
M-100 137 mm n/k 15.60 kg HE in service unclassified entry
UPDATED
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Rocket Launchers
No of Remarks
Designation Calibre Length Body diameter Weight Status
rockets
B-8M1 20 80 mm 2.76 m 520 mm 160 kg in service for fixed-wing
(unloaded) aircraft
B-8V20A 20 80 mm 1.7 m 520 mm 123 kg in service for helicopter use
(unloaded) only
B-13L 5 122 mm 3.56 m 410 mm 160 kg in service for both fixed-
(unloaded) and rotary-wing
UB-8-57 8 55 mm n/k n/k n/k in service normally carried
by small
fixed-wing
aircraft
UB-16-57 16 55 mm n/k n/k n/k in service normally seen
carried by
helicopters
UB-19-57 19 55 mm n/k n/k n/k in service normally seen
carried by
helicopters
UB-32-57 32 55 mm n/k n/k n/k in service normally seen
carried by Mi-24
`Hind'
helicopters
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ANALYSIS - MINES AND DEPTH CHARGES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
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37 mm
Designation No of barrels Rate of fire Muzzle velocity Length Weight Status Remarks
N-37 1 400 rds/min n/k n/k n/k in service
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30 mm
Designation No of Rate of fire Muzzle Length Weight Status Remarks
barrels velocity
2A 42 1 200-300 or 940-990 m/s n/k 115 kg in service used in Ka-50
600-800 helicoper and
rds/min in NPPU-280
turret
NR-30 1 1,000 rds/min 780 m/s n/k 66 kg in service
GSh-6-30 6 4,600-5,100 845 m/s 2.04 m 160 kg in service fitted to
rds/min MiG-27
GSh-301 1 1,800 rds/min n/k n/k n/k in development will be fitted
to the Su-27,
-30MK, -32
and -35
`Flanker'
aircraft
GSh-2-30 and 2 3,000 rds/min n/k n/k n/k in service fitted to the
AO-17A Su-25
`Frogfoot'
aircraft
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23 mm
Designation No of barrels Rate of fire Muzzle velocity Length Weight Status Remarks
GSh-23L 2 2,800-3,000 rds/min 890 m/s n/k 65 kg In service
9A-620 6 10,000 rds/min n/k n/k n/k In service used in SPPU-6 pod
AM-23 1 1,200 rds/min 705 m/s n/k 43 kg In service
NR-23 1 690 rds/min n/k n/k 39 kg In service
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12.7 mm
Designation No of barrels Rate of fire Muzzle velocity Length Weight Status Remarks
YAK B 4 4,600 rds/min n/k n/k n/k in service fitted to USPU-24
turret in Mi-24
`Hind' and GUV
helicopter pod
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7.62 mm
Designation No of barrels Rate of Muzzle velocity Length Weight Status Remarks
fire
GSh G7.62 1 n/k n/k n/k n/k in service used in GUV
helicopter pod and on
Ka-29 `Helix'
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ANALYSIS - GUN PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
30 mm
No of Ammunition Remarks
Designation Length Body diameter Weight Status
guns capacity
9A-4273 Pod 1 150 rds 3.03 m 550 mm (height) 480 kg loaded in service
540 mm (width)
NPPU-280 Gun 1 300 rds 1.73 m 750 mm (height) 665 kg loaded in service fitted to Mi-28
Turret 1,100 mm (width) and Mi-40
helicopters
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ANALYSIS - GUN PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
23 mm
No of Ammunition Remarks
Designation Length Body diameter Weight Status
guns capacity
SPPU-6 Pod 1 500 rds 5.0 m 500 mm 525 kg loaded in service fitted with
six-barrelled
Type 9A-620 or
9A-768 gun
SPPU-22 Pod 1 260 rds 3.8 m 400 mm 320 kg loaded in service fitted with
GSh-23
twin-barrelled
gun
UPK-23 Pod 1 260 rds 3.0 m 395 mm n/k in service fitted with
GSh-23
twin-barrelled
gun
UPDATED
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ANALYSIS - GUN PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
20 mm
No of Ammunition Remarks
Designation Length Body diameter Weight Status
guns capacity
USPU-24 1 1,400 rds n/k 630 mm n/k in service fitted to Mi-24
`Hind'
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ANALYSIS - GUN PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
12.7 mm
Ammunition
Designation No of guns Length Body diameter Weight Status
capacity
GBU Pod 2 750 rds n/k n/k 450 kg in service
loaded
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ANALYSIS - GUN PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
7.62 mm
No of Ammunition Remarks
Designation Length Body diameter Weight Status
guns capacity
GUV Pod 2 with 1 1,500 rds 3.0 m 400 mm 452 kg loaded in service for helicopter use
× 12.7
mm
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Guided Bombs
Body Lug
Designation Weight Filling Length Tailspan Status Remarks
diameter spacing
KAB-500Kr 560 kg 195 kg HE 3.05 m 350 mm 0.75 m 250 mm in service
KAB-500Kr-U 85 kg n/a 1.83 m 350 mm n/a 250 mm in service non-releasable
training unit
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Medium range
Missile Length Diameter Weight Warhead Fuze Guidance Propulsion Status In
designator service
and name
AA-3 `Anab' 3.60 m 220 mm 300 kg 40 kg blast n/k semi-active solid operational 1963
(R-98R) radar
AA-3 `Anab' 3.30 m 220 mm 300 kg 40 kg blast n/k IR solid operational 1963
(R-98T)
AA-5 `Ash' 5.25 m 300 mm 483 kg 54 kg blast n/k semi-active solid operational 1965
(R-4R) radar
AA-5 `Ash' 5.16 m 300 mm 483 kg 54 kg blast n/k IR solid operational 1965
(R-4T)
AA-6 `Acrid' 6.20 m 355 mm 472 kg 55 kg radar command, solid operational 1974
(R-40R) fragmentation and inertial and
laser semi-active
radar
AA-6 `Acrid' 6.20 m 355 mm 467 kg 35 kg radar command, solid operational 1974
(R-40T) fragmentation and inertial and
laser IR
AA-7 `Apex' 4.46 m 200 mm 235 kg 35 kg radar command and solid operational 1973
(R-24R) fragmentation semi-active
radar
AA-7 `Apex' 4.16 m 200 mm 235 kg 35 kg radar command and solid operational 1973
(R-24T) fragmentation IR
AA-10 3.8 m 230 mm 245 kg 33 kg radar inertial, solid operational 1985
`Alamo' expanding command and
(R-27T) rod IR
AA-10 4.08 m 230 mm 253 kg 33 kg radar inertial, solid operational 1985
`Alamo' expanding command and
(R-27R) rod semi-active
radar
AA-10 4.50 m 260 mm 343 kg 39 kg radar inertial, solid operational 1985
`Alamo' expanding command and
(R-27ET) rod IR
AA-10 4.70 m 260 mm 350 kg 39 kg radar inertial, solid operational 1985
`Alamo' expanding command and
(R-27ER) rod semi-active
radar
AA-10 4.78 m 260 mm 350 kg 39 kg radar inertial, solid operational 1995
`Alamo' expanding command and
(R-27AE) rod active radar
AA-11 2.9 m 170 mm 105 kg 7.4 kg radar IR solid operational 1987
`Archer' fragmentation
(R-73)
AA-11 2.9 m 170 mm 110 kg 7.4 kg radar IR solid operational 1996
`Archer' fragmentation
(R-73M2)
AA-12 (R-77) 3.60 m 200 mm 180 kg 22 kg laser inertial, solid development 2003
fragmentation command and
active radar
9M96 2.9 m 240 mm 167 kg HE n/k active radar solid development 2003
fragmentation
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Short range
Missile Length Diameter Weight Warhead Fuze Guidance Propulsion Status In
designator service
and name
AA-2C `Atoll' 3.50 m 127 mm 83 kg 11.3 kg IR semi-active solid operational 1961
(R-13) blast/fragmentation radar
AA-2D `Atoll' 2.83 m 127 mm 90 kg 11.3 kg RF IR solid operational 1971
(R-13) blast/fragmentation
AA-8 `Aphid' 2.08 m 130 mm 63 kg 3 kg fragmentation radar IR solid operational 1973
(R-60) or
laser
AA-8 'Aphid' 2.09 m 120 mm 43 kg 3.5 kg rod laser IR solid operational 1982
(R-60M)
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VERIFIED
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VERIFIED
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Fragmentation Bombs
Body Lug
Designation Weight Filling Length Tailspan Status Remarks
diameter spacing
A0-8M2 7.4 kg 0.9 kg HE 0.48 m 104 mm n/k Single in service
A0-10 9.53 kg 0.86 kg HE 0.48 m 91.5 mm n/k Single in service
A0-10-6.5 6.48 kg 0.68 kg HE 0.46 m 76.3 mm n/k Single in service
A0-20 21.3 kg 3.0 kg HE 0.76 m 114 mm n/k Single in service
A0-20M3 21 kg 3.0 kg HE 0.98 m 119 mm n/k Single in service
A0-25M1 23.6 kg 3.6 kg HE 1.06 m 122 mm n/k Single in service
A0-25M2 24.5 kg 3.8 kg HE 1.08 m 122 mm n/k Single in service
A0-100 99.8 kg 49.9 kg HE 1.09 m 282 mm n/k Single in service
0FAB-100M 136 kg 45.4 kg HE 1.07 m 279 mm n/k Single in service
0FAB-100MH 145 kg 45.4 kg HE 1.19 m 279 mm n/k Single in service
0FAB-100NV 113 kg HE 1.07 m 279 mm n/k Single in service
0FAB-100-120 123 kg 42 kg HE 1.065 m 273 mm 0.34 m Single in service
0FAB-250M 268 kg 88 kg HE 3.00 m 325 mm 0.5 m 250 mm in service length includes
1.5 m probe
0FAB-250-270 275 kg 94 kg HE 1.456 m 325 mm 0.5 m 250 mm in service
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Fire Bombs
Body Lug
Designation Weight Filling Length Tailspan Status Remarks
diameter spacing
FOZAB-500 450 kg incendiary 1.5 m 450 mm 0.50 m 250 mm in service also has limited
agent and HE fragmentation
effect
NOSAB-100 100 kg n/k 1.5 m 240 mm n/k 250 mm in service signal bomb
OFZAB-500 500 kg 37.5 kg HE 2.5 m 450 mm 0.50 m 250 mm in service
and 255 kg
incendiary
ZAB-100 100 kg incendiary n/k n/k n/k single point in service
agent
ZAB-250 250 kg incendiary 1.51 m 325 mm 0.4 m 250 mm in service
agent and single
point
ZAB-500T 500 kg incendiary n/k n/k n/k n/k in service
agent
ZAB-1000 1,000 kg incendiary n/k n/k n/k n/k in service
agent
ZB-500GD 256 to 216 to 303 kg 2.5 m 500 mm n/k 250 mm in service
343 kg incendiary
ZB-500ShM 317.5 kg 260 kg 2.5 m 500 mm n/k 250 mm in service
incendiary
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Cluster Bombs
Body Lug
Designation Weight Filling Length Tailspan Status Remarks
diameter spacing
PROSAB-250 250 kg 90 bomblets 1.85 m 400 mm 0.43 m 250 mm in area denial
service fragmentation bomblet
RBK-250 194 kg 48 ZAB 2,5 2.12 m 325 mm n/k 250 mm in
bomblets service
RBK-250-275 250-275 various 2.12 m 325 mm n/k 250 mm in multipurpose with
kg bomblets service several different types
of bomblets
RBK-500 500 kg various 2.5 m 450 mm n/k 250 mm in multipurpose with
bomblets service several different types
of bomblets
RBK-500 A0-2.5 504 kg 108 bomblets 2.5 m 450 mm 0.56 m 250 mm in bomblet is A0-2.5
RTM service RTM
anti-personnel/material
RBK-500 BETAB 525 kg 12 bomblets 2.5 m 450 mm 0.55 m 250 mm in airfield cratering
service bomblet
RBK-500 427 kg 268 bomblets 1.95 m 450 mm 0.55 m 250 mm in anti-tank bomblets
PTAB-1M service
RBK-500 ShOAB 334 kg 565 bomblets 1.5 m 450 mm 0.55 m 250 mm in anti-personnel bomblet
service
RBK-500 SPBE 467 kg 14 bomblets 2.5 m 450 mm 0.55 m 250 mm in anti-tank IR bomblet
service
RBK-500 SPBE-D 500 kg 15 bomblets 2.48 m 450 mm 0.55 m 250 mm in anti-tank smart
service bomblet
RBK-500 U 500 kg submunitions 2.5 m 450 mm 0.65 m 250 mm in multipurpose weapon
service
RBK-500 ZAB 2.5 435 kg 117 ZAB 2.5 2.5 m 450 mm n/k 250 mm in
bomblets service
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Anti-tank bombs
Designation Weight Filling Length Body diameter Tailspan Lug spacing Status
BRAB-200DS 213 kg 12.2 kg HE 2.06 m 203 mm 0.38 m 250 mm In service
BRAB-220 238 kg 38 kg HE 1.68 m 277 mm n/k 250 mm In service
BRAB-500 500 kg 106 kg HE 2.36 m 399 mm n/k 250 mm In service
BRAB-1000 963 kg 207 kg HE 3.08 m 480 mm n/k n/k In service
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Aircraft dispensers
Body Lug
Designation Weight Filling Length Tailspan Status Remarks
diameter spacing
KMG-U 525 kg 48 submunitions 3.7 m 460 mm 0.5 m 250 mm in service carries A0-2.5
bomblets
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ANALYSIS - AUTOMATIC GRENADE LAUNCHERS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 09 February 2001
30 mm
No of Muzzle
Designation Rate of fire Length Weight Status Remarks
barrels velocity
AGS-17A `Plamya' 1 420-500 rds/min 180 m/s n/k 22 kg in service unclassifed entry also built and
used by the Chinese
TKB-722K 1 395-425 rds/min n/k 1.1 m 16 kg in service unclassified entry, is an
improved version of the
AGS-17 `Plamya'
UPDATED
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Long range
Missile
In
designator Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance Propulsion Range Status
service
and name
AS-4A 11.67 m 920 mm 6,000 kg 200 kT inertial liquid 310 km operational 1965
`Kitchen' nuclear
AS-4C 11.67 m 920 mm 5,780 kg 930 kg HE inertial with liquid 400 km operational 1987
'Kitchen' active radar
AS-6 10.56 m 920 mm 4,500 kg 930 kg HE inertial and solid 400 km operational 1969
`Kingfish' kg or 350 kT passive radar or
nuclear active radar
AS-15A `Kent' 6.04 m 514 mm 1,120 kg 200 kT inertial with turbojet 2,500 operational 1984
nuclear terrain km
comparison
AS-15B `Kent' 6.04 m 770 mm 1,500 200 kT inertial with turbofan 3,000 operational 1987
or1,700 nuclear or terrain km
kg 410 kg HE comparison
Kh-65SE 6.04 m 514 mm 1,300 kg 410 kg HE/ inertial with turbofan 600 km development 2002
(Kh-SD) penetration active radar
AS-16 4.78 m 455 mm 1,200 kg 150 kg HE inertial with solid 150 km operational 1980
`Kickback' or 350 kT active or passive
nuclear radar
Kh-37 n/k n/k n/k n/k inertial with IIR solid 250 km development 2002
AS-17 4.7 or 360 mm 610 or 95 or 110 kg inertial with solid and 70 or operational 1988
`Krypton' 5.23 m 700 kg HE active radar ramjet 100 km
(Kh-31A)
AS-17 4.7 or 360 mm 599 or 87 kg HE inertial with solid and 110 or operational 1989
'Krypton' 5.23 m 625 kg passive radar ramjet 200 km
(Kh-31P)
AS-18 `Kazoo' 5.69 m 380 mm 920 kg 320 kg HE inertial with TV turbojet 115 km operational 1991
or 280 kg command
submunitions
AS-20 `Kayak' 3.75 m 420 mm 480 kg 145 kg HE inertial with turbofan 130 km operational 1983
SAP active radar
Kh-41 Moskit 9.74 m 760 mm 4,500 kg nuclear or inertial with solid and 250 km development 2002
145 kg HE active/passive ramjet
radar
Alfa 3M54 6.0 m 550 mm 1,500 kg 300 kg HE inertial with turbojet 300 km development 2001
active/passive
radar
Kh-101 7.45 m n/k 2,400 kg 400 kg HE inertial with EO turbojet 3,000 development 2003
km
3M55 8.3 m 670 mm 2,550 kg 200 kg HE inertial with ramjet 500 km development 2004
(Yakhont) active radar
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Medium range
Missile
In
designator and Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance Propulsion Range Status
service
name
AS-14 `Kedge' 3.87 m 380 mm 670 kg 317 kg HE TV command solid 12 km operational 1980
(Kh-29T)
AS-14 `Kedge' 3.87 m 380 mm 700 kg 317 kg HE TV command solid 30 km operational 1995
(Kh-29TE)
AS-14 `Kedge' 3.87 m 380 mm 657 kg 317 kg HE semi-active solid 12 km operational 1980
(Kh-29L) laser
AS-10 'Karen' 4.04 m 275 mm 300 kg 86 kg HE TV solid 20 km operational 1987
(Kh-25MT)
AS-10 'Karen' 4.15 m 275 mm 300 kg 86 kg HE IR solid 20 km operational 1987
(Kh-25MTP)
AS-13 'Kingbolt' 5.1 m 380 mm 790 kg 148 kg HE TV solid 40 km operational 1980
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Short range
Missile
In
designator and Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance Propulsion Range Status
service
name
AT-2A/B 1.16 m 132 mm 29.40 kg HEAT radio solid 3 km operational early
`Swatter' command 1960s
AT-2C `Swatter' 1.16 m 132 mm 30 kg HEAT radio solid 4 km operational 1968
command
SACLOS
AT-3 `Sagger' 0.86 m 125 mm 10.9 to 2.6 kg HE wire guided solid 3 km operational 1961
11.4 kg hollow
charge
AT-3 0.98 m 125 mm 12.5 kg 3.5 kg HE wire guided solid 3 km operational 1992
(Malyutka-2)
AT-3 (Malyutka 0.98 m 125 mm 11.9 m 3.0 kg HE wire guided solid 3 km operational 1993
2F
AT-6 `Spiral' 1.63 m 130 mm 35.0 kg 5.4 kg radio solid 5 km operational 1978
HEAT command
AT-9 `Spiral 2' 2.04 m 130 mm 40 kg 7.4 kg radio solid 7 km operational 1988
(Shturm 3) HEAT command
AT-12 `Swinger' 1.70 m 130 mm 49.5 kg 7.4 kg radio solid 6 km operational 1985
HEAT command
AT-16 2.8 m 130 mm 72 kg 8 kg HE semi-active solid 10 km operational 1990
laser
AS-7 `Kerry' 3.59 m 280 mm 286 kg 108 kg HE radio solid 8 km operational 1973
(Kh-23) hollow command
charge
AS-10 `Karen' 3.83 m 275 mm 310 kg 140 kg HE radio solid 10 km operational 1974
(Kh-25MR) command
AS-10 'Karen' 3.75 m 275 mm 300 kg 86 kg HE semi-active solid 10 km operational 1974
(Kh-25L) laser
S-25LD 4.1 m 340 mm 400 kg 155 kg HE semi-active solid 10 km operational 1989
laser
UPDATED
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Long range
Missile Length Diameter Weight Warhead Fuze Guidance Propulsion Status In
designator service
and name
AA-9 `Amos' 4.15 m 380 mm 490 kg 47 kg HE radar inertial, solid operational 1989
(R-33) command and
semi-active
radar
AA-10 4.78 m 260 mm 350 kg 39 kg radar inertial, solid operational 1990
`Alamo' expanding command and
(R-27EM) rod semi-active
radar
AA-X-13 4.20 m 380 mm 600 kg 60 kg n/k inertial, solid development 2003
(R-37) fragmentation command and
active radar
AAM-L 7.4 m n/k 750 kg 50 kg n/k inertial and solid development 2004
(KS-172) fragmentation active radar
R-77M-PD 3.7 m 200 mm 225 kg HE n/k inertial and ramjet development 2005
active radar
UPDATED
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 January 2001
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 January 2001
TM-62M AT blast mine with MVCh-62 fuze and safety clip (Colin King)
(2001)
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 January 2001
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 January 2001
PTM-1S (PGMDM) anti-tank blast mine. Note end mounted clockwork mechanism
(2001)
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9M100 SRAAM
Fakel MKB exhibited a short-range air-to-air missile in 1996, which was about 2.5 m long with a diameter of 125 mm. The
missile had four tail control fins and no wings. It is believed to have been fitted with an imaging IR seeker and was probably in
competition with the Vympel K-30 programme. There have been no further reports about this missile and its current status is
unclear.
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K-30
Reports from Russia indicate that Vympel is developing a successor to the R-73 (AA-11 `Archer') short-range AAM, with a
possible in-service date of 2002. This missile is believed to have the designator K-30, although this is probably the Vympel
project number. The new missile is reported to have a fully steerable motor nozzle system, using gas dynamic control, to give
improved range and agility over the R-73. It is believed that the missile is tail controlled with no front fins and just four
rectangular wings with control surfaces at the rear. A dual mode passive radar/imaging IR seeker may be an option for this
missile, although imaging IR is the more likely selection. K-30 is expected to be cleared for carriage on MiG-29 'Fulcrum',
MiG-31 'Foxhound' and Su-27 'Flanker' aircraft.
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Kh-31 (AS-17)
There are unconfirmed reports that the Zvezda OKB designed Kh-31 air-to-surface missile (AS-17 'Krypton') is being
developed for use against aircraft targets, using either the Kh-31A active radar or Kh-31P passive radar terminal seeker
versions. The Kh-31 missile has a ramjet motor and a range up to 100 km for Kh-31A and up to 200 km for Kh-31P. The
Kh-31 missile has been seen fitted to both Su-27IB `Flanker' and MiG-29K `Fulcrum' aircraft at recent exhibitions, and an
improved version has been developed for China. The improved version is designated KR-1, and is reported to use a passive
radar seeker and to have a range of 400 km. It is possible that the KR-1 will be built in China, and could be fitted to J-10 or
J-11 (Su-27/-30MKK 'Flanker') and used in the long-range air-to-air role.
UPDATED
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES
(CIS)
Date Posted: 16 January 2001
R-77M-PD
An improved AA-X-12 `Adder', known as R-77M-PD, is being developed by Vympel as a private venture, even though the
present design has still not been ordered by the Russian Air Force. This improved missile will have a solid propellant ramjet
motor with a maximum range of 150 km. In 1999 a model was displayed, with four air inlets for the ramjet motor, a length of
3.7 m, a body diameter of 200 mm, and a launch weight of 225 kg. The air inlets also act as small rectangular wings, providing
aerodynamic lift, and have a span of 0.39 m. This ramjet powered version has the AA-12 control system with the four
distinctive rectangular moving control fins at the rear with a span of 0.82 m. It uses the same warhead, active laser fuze and
power supply system as the AA-12. The missile has either active or passive radar seekers and might have a dual mode seeker.
The solid propellant generates gaseous fuel and oxygen, which is mixed with air prior to combustion. A variable thrust can be
produced by controlling the flow of the gas to the combustion chamber, giving a thrust variation of 7:1. The missile has a
maximum speed of 1,333 m/s, and takes around 60 seconds to fly out to 100 km. Test launches for the ramjet motor were
started in 1995 and full flight tests of the missile are reported to have started in 1998. It is believed that a surface-to-air version
with vertical launch is also being developed.
UPDATED
A ramjet powered version of AA-12 'Adder' displayed at Paris in 1999 (Duncan Lennox)
(2000)
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AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES
(CIS)
Date Posted: 16 January 2001
AAM-L (KS-172)
Novator NPO has exhibited a long-range AAM development, with the Russian designator KS-172, since early 1993. This
missile has a launch weight of 750 kg and is 7.4 m long, including a solid propellant boost assembly that is believed to be
jettisoned after use. Guidance is inertial with updates in mid-course, followed by active radar terminal guidance. The AAM-L
design is for a 400 km range, with intercepts from 3 m to 30,000 m altitude; probably with the aim of intercepting high-flying
reconnaissance aircraft, AEW and standoff jammers as well as cruise missile launching bombers. The missile has a radar
proximity fuze and a directional HE fragmentation warhead, probably weighing about 50 kg. AAM-L is expected to be carried
by Su-27 `Flanker', Su-30 and Su-35 aircraft. The status of this programme is unclear, but the missile is not thought to be in
service. An export version, with a range of 300 km, was reported in August 1999, and it is assumed that this missile is still
available.
VERIFIED
A model of a Russian long-range AAM, KS-172, shown at Moscow in 1993 (Christopher F Foss)
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 04 December 2000
Two AT-2 `Swatter B' anti-tank missiles on the wingtip pylon of an Mi-24 `Hind D' helicopter
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 08 November 2000
Description
The AS-7 `Kerry' has four small delta control fins at the nose and four clipped-tip delta-wings at the rear with elevators for
control. The Kh-66, Kh-23 and Kh-23M versions are 3.6 m long, have a body diameter of 280 mm and a wing span of 0.81 m.
The Kh-66 missile weighed 273 kg and had an HE hollow charge warhead weighing 103 kg. The Kh-23 and -23M missiles
weigh 286 kg and have an HE hollow charge warhead weighing 108 kg. Guidance for the earlier Kh-66 version used the
aircraft's radar in a form of beam riding, which was inaccurate. Guidance for the later Kh-23 and -23M versions is by
radio-command link, with the pilot lining the missile flare up with the target and adjusting the trajectory by use of a joystick.
This severely limits the standoff range and makes the launch aircraft vulnerable as it cannot break away until the missile has hit
the target. The aircraft-mounted system was known as Delta-N. A solid-propellant motor exhausts through sidebody nozzles
that probably contain moving control vanes. The Kh-66 and Kh-23 missiles had a maximum range of about 8 km.
The Kh-23L version has semi-active laser guidance and is slightly shorter in length at 3.59 m. Otherwise it is identical to the
Kh-23 missile and has a maximum range of 8 km. The Kh23PS, anti-radar version, has what is believed to be an X-band
passive radar seeker, although unconfirmed reports suggest that there were possibly three interchangeable seekers covering S,
C and X bands. This version has a length of 3.6 m and a maximum range of 10 km.
Operational Status
The initial Kh-66 version entered service in 1968, with the Kh-23 version following in 1973, and the Kh-23M in 1974. The
Kh-23L, semi-active laser guided version, entered service in 1973, and the Kh-23PS, anti-radar version, entered service in
1974. It is reported that the AS-7 missile was widely exported; probably to Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Bulgaria, Cambodia, Congo, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, India, Kazakhstan, North
Korea, Libya, Nigeria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sudan, Syria, Ukraine, Vietnam and Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro).
AS-7 was built under licence in Romania and was given the Romanian designator A-921. It is believed that these missiles are
no longer in service in Russia, but may remain in use in other countries with some retained for training.
Specifications
Length: 3.63 m (Kh-66, -23, -23M), 3.59 m (Kh-23L), 3.6 m (Kh-23PS)
Body diameter: 280 mm
Wing span: 0.81 m
Launch weight: 273 kg (Kh-66), 286 kg (Kh-23,-23M, -23L,-23PS)
Warhead: 103 kg (Kh-66), 108 kg (Kh-23, -23M,-23L,-23PS) HE hollow charge
Fuze: Impact
Guidance: Beam riding (Kh-66), radio-command (KH-23,-23M), SAL (Kh-23L), passive radar (Kh-23PS)
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 8 km (Kh-66, Kh-23, -23M, -23L), 10 km (Kh-23PS)
Contractor
It is believed that the initial Kh-66 design was by Vympel NPO, with the later Kh-23 by Zvezda-Strela, Kaliningrad.
UPDATED
Two AS-7 `Kerry' air-to-surface missiles carried on an Su-17 `Fitter H' aircraft
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 08 November 2000
AS-4 (Kh-22)
(1999)
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AIR-LAUNCHED ROCKETS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 August 2000
AIRCRAFT ROCKETS
Type
Unguided aircraft rockets
Description
Currently, the Russian Federation inventory comprises around 110 models of unguided air weapons (with various
modifications taken into account), including more than 80 per cent general purpose weapons and the remaining 20 per cent
special purpose weapons. Bombs constitute about 65 per cent of the total number of unguided air weapons in service, with
rockets and dispenser weapons more than 20 per cent.
Unguided aircraft rockets are classified according to their use as general purpose or special to type. General purpose rockets
are designed to engage single small targets (soft, hard, armoured) and enemy personnel. Aircraft rockets in service with the
Russian Federation armed forces have the following types of warheads: high explosive (F), fragmentation (C), high
explosive-fragmentation (OF), HEAT-fragmentation (KO), tandem charge (T), penetration (B), flechette (S), fuel-air explosive
(D), illumination (O) and chaff (P) warheads.
The rocket calibre is the maximum diameter of its motor expressed in millimetres. The rockets most commonly used and
currently operational with the Russian Federation have calibres of 57, 80, 122, 240 and 266 mm, and are respectively
designated S-5, S-8, S-13, S-24 and S-25. Some other Russian rocket types are detailed in the Unclassified Projects section.
The rocket designation is usually followed by letters indicating the warhead type. For example, S-8 KO means an 80 mm
rocket with HEAT-fragmentation warhead, while S-25-OF indicates a 266 mm rocket with HE-fragmentation warhead.
Details of the S-5, S-8 and S-13 are covered by separate entries. However, only limited information is available on the S-24
and S-25 rockets. There is only one known 240 mm rocket designated S-24B, indicating a HE concrete piercing (penetration)
weapon. The rocket has the general appearance of a long slender bomb with four fixed rectangular fins at the rear end. The
nose mounted 125 kg warhead is shaped like a penetration bomb, and is fitted with a sharply pointed delayed action contact
fuze. At launch the S-24B is 2.22 m long, has a motor body diameter of 240 mm and at launch weighs 232 kg. The motor has a
burn time of 1.1 seconds and gives the rocket a maximum speed of 410 m/s and a firing range of 2 to 3 km. The S-24B is
launched from a single-rail launcher designated APU-68, and has been fitted to MiG-21 'Fishbed' aircraft and Mi-24 and Mi-35
'Hind' helicopters.
There are two known S-25 aircraft rockets, designated S-25-C and S-25-OF, indicating fragmentation and fragmentation/HE
weapons. From pictures and drawings released in 1996 the S-25 rockets appear to have no rear stabilising fins. The nose
mounted 151 kg warhead of the S-25-C is shaped like a grenade, has a pointed nose fuze and a prefragmented steel body with a
diameter of 420 mm. At launch the S-25-C is 3.76 m long, has a motor body diameter of 266 mm and weighs 385 kg. The
motor has a burn time of 1.95 to 2.86 seconds, which gives the rocket a maximum speed of 540 m/s and a firing range of 2 to 3
km. The nose mounted 150 kg warhead of the S-25-OF has a 340 mm diameter cylindrical body with a long cone shaped nose
with a rounded nose fuze. The S-25-OF is 3.56 mm long, has a motor body diameter of 266 mm and at launch weighs 380 kg.
The motor has a burn time of 1.95 to 2.86 seconds and gives the rocket a maximum speed of 550 m/s and a firing range of 2 to
3 km. The S-25 rockets are launched from a single-rail launcher designated PU-O-25 and have been cleared for launching from
Su-17 'Fitter', Su-24M 'Fencer' and Su-25 'Frogfoot' aircraft. A modified S-25 rocket was adapted as an air-to-surface missile,
using a semi-active laser seeker from the AS-10 'Karen' missile. This is described in the Air-to-Surface missiles section.
NEW ENTRY
A S-24 unguided aircraft rocket displayed at Paris in 1995 between (left) a KMG-U dispenser pod and
(right) a GUV helicopter gun pod (Duncan Lennox)
(2000)
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 August 2000
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Nuclear Bombs
The Russian Federation classifies their nuclear bombs in two categories: strategic, which carry the designation letter 'N'; and
tactical weapons carrying the designation 'TN'. It is not known how many types of the 'N' class strategic nuclear bombs are still
held in the Russian Federation inventory. It is believed that 5, 20 and even perhaps 50 megaton yield weapons could be carried
by long range heavy bombers, such as the Tu-95 'Bear H', (three bombs per aircraft), and Tu-160 'Blackjack' (probably four or
six bombs per aircraft), and by medium range bombers such as the Tu-22M 'Backfire' (two bombs per aircraft).
It is reported that there were at least 14 different types of TN classified bombs, but there is only data available on two. They
are a 1,000 kg weapon with a yield of 350 kT that is designated TN-1000, and a 700 kg weapon with a yield of 250 kT. There
is also a TN-1200 for which no other details are available. As well as the medium range bombers listed above, some of the
following tactical aircraft were also qualified to carry two of these weapons: MiG-27 'Flogger' and possibly MiG-29 'Fulcrum',
plus the Su-24 'Fencer' and possibly Su-27 'Flanker'. Anti-submarine nuclear bombs are covered in the same TN category, and
it is known that two such bombs could have been carried by the Be-12 'Mail', Il-38 'May' and Tu-142 'Bear-F', and one each on
the Ka-25 'Hormone-A', Ka-27 'Helix-A' and M-14 'Haze-A' helicopters.
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Chemical Dispensers
Since the Second World War, Russia has developed a large number of chemical weapons, several of which are covered in
separate entries within the Bombs section. However, there is insufficient information on the following three aircraft-carried
chemical dispensers to merit a full entry.
The AK-2 is a dispenser weapon that is loaded with 240 × 1 kg bomblets, which are filled with a mixture of mustard gas and
Lewisite.
The VAP-200 weighs a nominal 200 kg, and is filled with persistent Toxic-B agents.
The VAP-1000 (BATT) dispenser weighs a nominal 1,000 kg when filled with 700 litres (154 gallons) of stabilised
hydrogen cyanide. This weapon is normally carried by aircraft in groups of four, and dispensed from low-altitude spraying into
the air over the battlefield.
VERIFIED
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 August 2000
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Underwater
AAM ASM Bombs Guns Rockets
Weapons
AAM-L (KS-172) AS-19 `Koala' GSh-301
AA-10 (R-27AE) KAB-500Kr (powered)
AA-X-13 (R-37) Kh-65SE
Kh-31 variant Kh-101
9 M100 Kh-38
K-30 Kh-SD
R-77M-PD KR-1 (AS-17 plus)
Kh-36
Kh-37
Alfa 3M 51
AT-X-15
3M55 Yakhont
Kh-41 Moskit
UPDATED
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ANALYSIS - COUNTRY INVENTORIES - IN SERVICE, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 August 2000
Jane's Air-Launched Weapons 36
Underwater
AAM ASM Bombs Guns Rockets
Weapons
AS-4 `Kitchen' AO Frag 2A42 30 mm ARS-212 212 mm AMD-500 Mine
AS-7 `Kerry' AOKh 9A-4273 Pod B-8V20A 80 mm Pod AMD-1000
AS-10 `Karen' BetAB B-8M1 80 mm Pod AMG-1 Mine
AA-6 `Acrid' AS-11 `Kilter' BRAB AT AM-23 23 mm B-13L 122 mm Pod ARP-2E Torpedo
GSh-2-30 (AO-17A)
AA-11 `Archer' AS-16 `Kickback' FAB-M43 NPPU-280 Turret S-13 122 mm 3SV Bomb
AA-12 `Adder' AS-17 `Krypton' FAB-M46 NR-23 23 mm S-16 160 mm RPK Zapad
SA-7 `Grail' AS-18 `Kazoo' FAB-M54 NR-30 30 mm S-21 220 mm APSET-95 Torpedo
SA-14 `Gremlin' AS-20 `Kayak' FAB-M62 NS-23 23 mm S-24 240 mm MDM-3/4/5 Mine
SA-16 `Gimlet' AT-3 `Sagger' FOZAB-500 NS-37 37 mm S-25 325 mm Shkval Torpedo
FZAB-500 UMGT-1 Torpedo
SA-18 `Grouse' AT-6/9 `Spiral' KAB-500L LGB SPPU-6 Pod TRS-190 190 mm
AT-12 'Swinger' KAB-500Kr SPPU-22 Pod UB-8-57 57 mm Pod
AT-16 KAB-1500L LGB UBK 12.7 mm UB-16-57 57 mm Pod
S-25LD KhAB Chemical UPK-23 Pod UB-19-57 57 mm Pod
KhAB-25 GUV Pod UB-32-57 57 mm Pod
KhAB-100 USPU-24 Turret
KhAB-200 YakB-12.7 mm
KhAB-500 AIC-17
KMG-U Dispenser
KraB-25 PV-23 23 mm
ODAB-500 PM
OFAB
OFZAB-500
OKT-1.5 Bomblet
P-50T
PFM-1 Bomblet
PROSAB-250
RBK-250/275 Cluster
RBK-500 Cluster
RBK-500 AO-2.5
RTM
Cluster
RBK-500 BetAB
Cluster
RBK-500 PTAB-1M
Cluster
RBK-500
ShOAB-0.5 Cluster
RBK-500 SPBE
Cluster
RBK-500 SPBE-D
Cluster
RBK-500 U Clusters
ZAB-100/-250
Incendiary
ZB-500
AK-2
VAP-200
VAP-1000
UPDATED
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BOMBS - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 16 August 2000
KRAB-25 YaD
The toxic smoke bomb, (Kuryashchaya Aviabomba Yadovitogo Dyma) KRAB-25 YaD is believed to date back to the early
1950s, with only one known type in service. This bomb has been used to lay toxic smoke over the enemy, with a view to
wearing them down, to impede their movements and impair the accuracy of their fire. KRAB-25 YaD consists of a blunt nose
section, a 5 mm thick cylindrical centre section, tailcone, fin assembly, filling/discharge tube and a inner casing. The nose
section is turned and provided with a threaded opening for insertion of the fuze. The centre section is welded to the nose
section and contains the perforated inner casing that serves as the receptacle for the toxic smoke mixture. The four rectangular
fins are attached around the filling and discharge tube, which is welded to the conical tailcone. The bomb is suspended by a
single lug located 260 mm from the nose, near the centre of gravity. The KRAB-25 YaD is around 0.88 m long, has a
maximum body diameter of 203 mm, a fin span of 0.22 m and when filled weighs around 34 kg. The filling for the KRAB-25
YaD consists of three parts: the ignition charge, combustion charge and approximately 2.7 kg of `KIN-2' (Adamsite Mixture)
toxic smoke. When dropped from an altitude of 2,000 m, the KRAB-25 YaD takes approximately 21 seconds to impact. Upon
impact the AGM-1 or AM-B fuze activates the ignition charge which ignites the combustion charge, initiating the production
of toxic smoke. With a wind speed of 3 to 4 m/s one KRAB-25 YaD will produce a smoke cloud 500 to 1,000 m long, 50 to
60 m wide and 15 to 20 m high.
VERIFIED
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Tu-243
Tupolev exhibited a model of its proposed Tu-243 reconnaissance UAV at the 1995 Paris Air Show. This appears to be similar
in size and shape to the earlier T-143/DR-3, but with improved sensors and an increased range. The Tu-243 will be 8.06 m
long, have a wing span of 2.25 m and a launch weight (excluding a solid-propellant boost motor) of 1,400 kg. The boost motor
weighs an additional 200 kg.
The turbojet-powered UAV can carry IR and TV cameras a range of 360 km at a speed of 900 km/h at altitudes between 50
and 5,000 m. It is believed that development has been completed, but that no production orders have yet been made.
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UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 21 July 2000
E85/E95
The Russian unmanned air vehicle known as the ENICS 85, was first seen by the West when it was shown at the 1992 Moscow
Air Show. It was displayed by a Kazan-based company called ENICS (Experiments New Ideas Co-operation Science) and
advertised as a remotely piloted vehicle, target drone/cruise missile or guided bomb. ENICS is co-located with the Sokol
Design Bureau, began operating in 1988, and is probably a private venture using some earlier design experience. Nothing is
known of the vehicle's development other than the fact that the engine was developed by ENICS as part of a family of straight
and U-form pulse jet engines. The ENICS 85 is designed to be air launched and is very similar in appearance to a cruise
missile. The vehicle has two narrow tapered wings, with swept up tips, mounted under the fuselage at mid-body and a
conventional all-flying tail arrangement. There are two air intakes for the pulse jet engine, one on either side of the fuselage
just forward of the horizontal tailplanes. The engine has two exhausts, situated on top of the fuselage on either side and to the
rear of the vertical fin. The E85 is 3.05 m long, has a wing span of 2.0 m, a launch weight of 120 kg and a speed range of 250
to 600 km/h. The payload is 40 kg. The guidance system uses GPS and preprogrammed way-points, or the UAV can be radar
tracked and command guided. The pulse jet engine operates at 120 Hz, has an electronic starter and gives the E85 an estimated
range of 70 km when operating at altitudes between 200 and 3,000 m.
A second ENICS design, displayed in 1995, was for an E95 UAV. It is 2.1 m long and has a wing span of 2.4 m. The launch
weight is 60 kg, including a payload of 12 kg. Powered by a small pulse jet engine, the E95 reaches a speed of 220 km/h and
has a range of 200 km.
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UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 21 July 2000
Tu-143/DR-3 Reys/Tu-141
The Tu-143, which belongs to the DR-3 Reys (Dalniy Razvedchik-3/long-range scout-3) Voyage system is a jet-powered
tactical reconnaissance UAV, developed by the Tupolev OKB-116 Design Bureau. Development is believed to have started in
the early 1970s, to meet the Russian Air Force requirement for a UAV replacement for the earlier TBR-1 UAV, a modified
version of the La-17MM aerial target, which was withdrawn from service in 1973. It is reported that the DR-3 Reys system
includes both air-launched and ground-launched vehicles. It had been thought that the Tu-143 vehicle was a Chelomei Design
Bureau drone derived from the SS-N-3 `Shaddock' anti-ship missile, but more recent information indicates it is of Tupolev
design. The UAV is configured with rear-mounted clipped delta-wings and small canard delta fins positioned in the long
pointed nose that has a probe. The air intake for the TR-3-117 turbojet is located above the rear half of the fuselage, with a
large recovery parachute system in an ogival fairing behind it and between the vertical fin and engine exhaust. The Tu-143 is
8.29 m long, has a main body diameter of 610 mm, a wing span of 2.25 m and weighs 1,400 kg at launch. Guidance is
preprogrammed and the vehicle flies at speeds of between 850 and 940 km/h, at altitudes normally between 50 and 5,000 m,
with a maximum range of around 360 km. When ground launched, the DR-3 Reys vehicle uses a solid-fuel rocket booster for
take-off.
Series production of the DR-3 system started in 1973 and continued until 1989, with a total of 1,000 vehicles built. In 1996
about a third of these were still in Russian service as the standard Russian Air Force tactical reconnaissance/surveillance UAV
system, but are reported as being phased out. The system was exported to several former Warsaw Pact countries in the early
1980s and some are still used in the Ukraine. Czechoslovakia, where it is called the VR-3 Rejs, received the system in 1984.
The DR-3 was also supplied to Syria in 1984 and was reported to have been used by Iraq for flights over Iran in the 1980-88
Iran-Iraq War.
In the late 1970s, Tupolev introduced an extended-range UAV for the system, known as the Tu-141 (KR-17) Strizh. This
version was similar in shape but was considerably larger than the Tu-143, with a length of 14.33 m, a span of 3.87 m and a
launch weight of 6,215 kg. The Tu-141 is powered by an R9A-300/KR-17A engine and has a significantly longer range of
1,000 km. It was accepted into service in 1983 and 152 UAVs were built. Tu-141 were still being offered for export in 1997.
UPDATED
A line diagram of the Russian DR-3 Reys UAV, without a boost motor
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UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 21 July 2000
Dan (Tribute)
The Dan aerial target system has been developed by the Sokol Design Bureau as a replacement for the 1950s' vintage La-17
UAV and is manufactured by the Strela Production Association of Orenburg in Russia. It was first unveiled at the 1993
Moscow Air Show, and although promoted as an aerial target system to emulate tactical aircraft and cruise missiles, the Dan
was reportedly initially designed as an anti-radar drone similar to the US AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow. The Dan aerial vehicle,
which is similar in appearance to a small cruise missile, is powered by an MD-120 turbojet and launched with rocket
assistance. It is 4.6 m long, has a body diameter of 450 mm, a wing span of 2.68 m and weighs 345 kg at take-off. Guidance
can be preprogrammed or by radio-control. The Dan flies at speeds of between 300 km/h and 710 km/h and at altitudes of 50 to
9,000 m, with an endurance varying from 25 to 40 minutes. The Dan, which is recovered by parachute, has a maximum life of
10 missions.
Additional system elements include the launcher vehicle and associated ground support equipment, together with a control
station and radars for surveillance and target trajectory measurement.
The prototype flew for the first time in January 1993 and the target is reported to have entered production at the end of 1994.
The system has been offered for export from 1995 to 1998, but there are no known export orders.
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Aircraft Rockets
The former Soviet Union is reported to be one of the first users of unguided rockets for both air-to-air and air-to-surface use.
Development is believed to have started during the Russian Civil War. Early rockets produced were 75 mm (2.95 in) for
air-to-air use, and 82 mm (3.23 in) and 130 mm (5.2 in) calibres for air-to-surface. These weapons are reported to have been
used by the former Soviet Union against Japan in 1938-39, and again during Second World War. Development of Russian
air-launched rockets continued after the Second World War, the most important of these weapons being the M-100, TRS-190
and ARS-212 which were fired from single underwing launchers from aircraft such as the MiG-19 `Farmer'.
In more recent years, Russian air-launched unguided rockets have all carried the `S' designation. The best known of these are
the 57 mm S-5, 80 mm S-8 and the 130 mm S-13, all three of which are covered in separate entries in the Russian section,
other identified types are listed below.
. 137 mm - known as M-100, with launch weight of 15.6 kg
b. 160 mm - no information available except designation (S-16) and the fact that it can be launched from the Mi-24 `Hind
A' helicopter
c. 190 mm - designated TRS-190, has a launch weight of 46 kg and could be launched from the MiG-19 `Farmer' aircraft
d. 212 mm - designated the ARS-212, has a launch weight of 116 kg, and was used with the MiG-19 `Farmer' aircraft
e. 220 mm - little data available but some sources report the existence of a 220 mm rocket known as the Si-21 used with
the Mi-24 `Hind A' helicopter
f. 265 mm - designated C-25D, is 3.55 m long and weighs 58 kg
g. 325 mm - no details available.
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 13 May 2000
Yakhont 3M55
Yakhont is the export name for a new air-to-surface anti-ship missile first displayed in 1999. The missile, which has the
Russian designator 3M55, has been in development since 1985 by NPO Mashinostroenia as the Oniks system.
The NATO designators for the Oniks system are SS-NX-26 for the ship-launched version, and SSC-X-5 for the coastal
defence version. The export variant of the ship-launched missile is called Yakhont, and the coastal defence version is called
Bastion. It was thought that the 3M55 missile would be too heavy for air-launch, but flight trials are expected to start as soon as
an export order has been placed.
A modified version of the Yakhont missile is being offered for the ASM role, with a length of 8.3 m, a body diameter of 670
mm and, a launch weight of 2,550 kg. The missile has a 200 kg HE warhead, probably an SAP type. This version has covers
over the ramjet air inlet and rear nozzle exhaust for air carriage which are jettisoned at launch. The missile itself has a ramjet
air inlet at the nose, with a radar antenna inside the nose cone assembly. There are four clipped-tip delta wings aft of the
mid-body, and four moving delta control fins at the rear. The ramjet exhaust is straight through the boat tail. Yakhont cruises at
M 2.6 at around 15 km altitude, or at M 2.0 at low level. Mid-course guidance is inertial, with a dual mode active/passive radar
for the terminal phase. A land attack version may be developed later, with INS/GPS guidance. The missile has a radar altimeter
to control the low level cruise at 5 to 10 m altitude, and pre-programmed evasive manouevres can be made during the terminal
phase to avoid air defences. The ASM version is reported to have a maximum range of 500 km when cruising at high level, or
200 km when at low level. The missile is expected to be fitted to MiG-29 'Fulcrum', Su-27/-30/-32 'Flanker' aircraft, and it is
believed to be aimed specifically at exports to India or China.
An air-to-surface version of the Russian 3M55 Yakhont missile, displayed in 1999 (Piotr Butowski)
(2000)
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Kh-37
There have been reports that an improved version of the Kh-35 missile (AS-20 'Kayak') is being developed, with the Russian
designator Kh-37. This missile will have a longer range, possibly 250 km, and the ability to attack land targets as well as ships.
It is reported that the Kh-37 has INS/GPS mid-course guidance, with an imaging IR terminal phase seeker.
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Kh-36
A report in 1999 stated that a Kh-36 air-to-surface missile was being developed in the Russian Federation, and that it would be
fitted with either a TV or imaging IR seeker. This missile is expected to be carried by MiG-29 'Fulcrum' and Su-27 'Flanker'
aircraft.
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Kh-101
In October 1995, it was reported that Russia was testing a next-generation air-launched, conventionally armed, long-range
cruise missile at the air force's Ahktubinsk Air Weapons Centre.
The development programme, thought to have been initiated in the late 1980s, is believed to be the subsonic Raduga
Kh-101. The Kh-101 was selected as a priority system for the air force following the cancellation of the AS-19 `Koala' or
Kh-90 in 1992. The primary task for the designers has been the development of guidance and homing capable of accuracy to
around 12 to 20 m, compared with around 100 m required for a nuclear weapon. Such accuracy suggests the weapon is
intended for use against large infrastructure targets rather than hardened targets which require even greater precision. No
details of the missile design have been released, but it is believed to be 7.45 m long and weigh between 2,200 and 2,400 kg.
Guidance is thought to be inertial with GPS and terrain comparison updates, and a TV picture comparison terminal guidance
system. The guidance systems and onboard software will also be used for the new Kh-SD (srednei dalnosti - medium-range)
missile. The Kh-101 and the Kh-SD will also share the same Sigma mission planning system. The penetrating HE warhead
weighs 400 kg. The missile has a cruise altitude of between 30 and 70 m at a speed of M 0.75, although there are reports that a
high level (15 km) cruise option is also available. No details on range are available, but this is believed to be around 3,000 km.
The Kh-101 will probably be carried by Tu-160 'Blackjack' strategic bombers (12 missiles), Tu-95MS 'Bear-H' (eight missiles)
and Tu-22M5 'Backfire' (four missiles) aircraft.
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 13 May 2000
Kh-65SE/Kh-SD
A conventional cruise missile version of the AS-15 `Kent', was displayed in 1992 with an external turbojet engine mounted
beneath the rear body. This version of AS-15 was given the Russian designator Kh-65SE; the missile was 6.04 m long, had a
body diameter of 514 mm, a wing span of 3.1 m and a launch weight of 1,650 kg. A 410 kg penetrating HE warhead was
proposed, and a model of the missile shown in 1993 included a stealth design radome with an active radar terminal seeker for
use against ship targets.
The missile was being marketed by the Raduga NPO, Moscow, and was reported to have a range of 600 km. However, in
1995 a similar missile called Kh-SD (srednei dalnosti - medium range) was reported to be in development, but with a reduced
range of 300 km, and with the turbojet engine retained inside the missile body. Kh-SD is believed to have inertial mid-course
guidance with Glonass GPS and terrain comparison updates, followed by a TV picture comparison terminal guidance system.
An active radar seeker may be fitted for use against ship targets.
The Kh-SD missile is believed to cruise at M 0.75 at altitudes up to 15 km, and it is believed that the Kh-SD missile
maximum range has been increased to 600 km following a high level cruise. Several common system components are being
shared with the larger and longer range Kh-101 programme, including the Sigma mission planning system. Kh-SD missiles are
expected to be carried by Tu-95 'Bear-H' aircraft with up to 14 missiles, and by Tu-22M 'Backfire' with up to 8 missiles.
UPDATED
A Kh-65SE missile exhibited by Raduga NPO in 1992, showing the turbojet engine locked down in the
flight position (Alan Luto)
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Kh-38
A report in 1996 suggested that a new Russian ASM, with the designator Kh-38, was in development, with a weight around
300 kg and an imaging IR seeker.
Initial flight tests have been reported from a Su-25 `Frogfoot' aircraft, but it is expected that these missiles will be carried by
MiG-29 'Fulcrum' and Su-27 'Flanker' aircraft. However, a report in 1999 states that the Kh-38 has a passive anti-radar seeker.
It is possible that a dual mode IIR/passive radar seeker is being developed for this missile, so that non-transmitting radars can
also be attacked.
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GELA
Raduga NPO revealed its GELA (hypersonic, experimental, flying testbed) programme in August 1995. It is possible that this
trials programme was based on the earlier AS-X-19 `Koala' design. The GELA test vehicle has a single large ramjet engine,
two delta-wings, a vertical tail and a long pointed high nose above the ramjet engine air inlet. GELA was carried on a modified
Tu-95 `Bear' aircraft on two large inboard wing pylons. It is estimated that GELA is about 10.0 m long and weighs 3,500 kg. It
has been suggested that this programme is a prototype for a high-altitude supersonic cruise missile programme, but it is
believed that smaller and less expensive missiles will be developed instead. It was reported in 1998 that the GELA test vehicle
was still being used as a test bed for a future M 5.0 air-to-surface missile research programme.
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AT-X-15 (Chrysanthemum)
Development started in 1990 for a new anti-tank guided missile, but details were not released until 1996. KBM Engineering
Design Bureau (Kolomna NPO) has developed the Chrysanthemum ATGW system, believed to has been given the NATO
designator AT-X-15. The new missile is similar in appearance to the earlier AT-12 (9M120 Vikhr) but with four moving
rectangular tailfins at the rear of the missile located behind four wrap-around stabilising fins and two motor exhaust nozzles.
The missile has a solid propellant motor with exhaust nozzles on the side body, just aft of the stabilising fins. A data link
antenna is at the rear of the missile. Chrysanthemum has the Russian designator 9M 123. The missile is 2.06 m long, has a
body diameter of 150 mm, and a launch weight of around 45 kg.
There are two guidance modes; a CLOS using a millimetric-wave radar on the launch vehicle to track both the target and the
missile, or a laser beam rider mode with a laser designator mounted on the launch vehicle. There are also two warhead options,
either HEAT or HE, depending on the target, and unconfirmed reports suggest that a fuel-air explosive warhead may also be
developed for soft targets. AT-X-15 has a maximum range of 6 km, and a maximum velocity of 400 m/s.
The initial development programme has been to fit AT-X-15 to a converted BMP-3 tracked chassis (Russian designator 9M
157P), with a two-man crew and carrying a two missile launcher assembly that can be raised and lowered. It is believed that a
helicopter-launched version is also in development, and that the missile might be fitted to Mi-24 `Hind', Mi-28 `Havoc', Mi-35,
Ka-29 `Helix', Ka-50 and Ka-52 `Hokum' helicopters by 2000.
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AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES - UNCLASSIFIED PROJECTS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED
STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 13 May 2000
Alfa
Novator NPO exhibited a new design for a supersonic air-launched, ship-launched or ground-launched cruise missile, known as
Alfa, in 1993. The Alfa missile is believed to have the Russian designator ASM-MS (air launched), but the designator for the
ground-launched version is not known. The ground-launched and ship-launched version is about 6 m long, has a body diameter
of 550 mm and weighs 2,500 kg. The missile has a 300 kg warhead, a maximum speed of M3.0, and a range of 300 km. The
air-launched version is shorter at about 5.0 m, and is believed to have the air inlet feature forward; this version has a launch
weight of 1,600 kg. Alfa has two delta-wings at mid-body and a turbojet engine with a rectangular air inlet below the
centrebody. Reports suggest that Alfa can be targeted against ships or land targets and that it has been designed to fit the
SS-NX-26 (3M55 Oniks) and SSC-X-5 ship- and ground-launched missile system canisters.
The export system names for these two missiles are Yakhont (SS-NX-26) and Bastion (SSC-X-5). A dual mode
active/passive radar seeker is in development for Alfa, believed to be the same radar used on the SS-NX-26 and SSC-X-5
missile programmes. There is also a secure digital datalink to update to the missile in flight, and also to reallocate targets in the
terminal phase. Alfa is planned for both high-altitude or low-altitude cruise profiles, depending on the enemy defences. It is
believed that mid-course guidance will be with INS/GPS. The terminal phase is flown at between 10 to 20 m altitude.
In 1996, NPO Mashinostroenia stated that the Alfa cruise missile was still in development and was not expected to enter
service until after the SS-NX-26 and SCC-X-5 projects. The Alfa programme is seen as an extension to the
SS-NX-26/SSC-X-5 programme developments, using as many similar components and interfaces as possible, and it would
appear that this programme may have been put on hold awaiting funding.
UPDATED
A model of the Russian Alfa cruise missile, exhibited in 1997 (Duncan Lennox)
(1998)
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GUNS, PODS AND MOUNTINGS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS)
Date Posted: 13 May 2000
The front end of a GP-9 gun pod fitted with a GSh-23L twin-barrelled 23 mm cannon
Turret-mounted GSh-23L fitted to an Mi-35 combat helicopter on display at the 1995 Paris Air Show
(Duncan Lennox)
GSh-23L cannon and a UPK-23 gun pod on display at Paris in 1997 (Peter Humphris)
(2000)
A close-up picture of the GSh-23L cannon showing the mechanically linked breeches (Peter Humphris)
(2000)
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Shipunov OKB
Moscow
Russian Federation
Entries: AT-12, AT-16 (ASM)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
Description
The PROSAB-250 cluster bomb has a canister shaped body, with a blunt nose and an eight-fin drum tail unit similar to that
used on many Russian conventional bombs. The bomb, which is fitted with standard Russian 250 mm spaced suspension lugs,
is estimated to be 1.85 m long, have a body diameter of 400 mm, a tailspan of about 0.43 m and when loaded weighs around
250 kg. The cluster bomb's nose section has an arming vane believed to be used in the fuze operation. There is also a small
propeller on the pointed end of the tail unit in the middle of the fins. The main body compartment holds 90 PROSAB bomblets.
These are a small cylindrical device that is 84 mm long, has a body diameter of 64 mm and contains 127 g of HE. Because of
the cluster bomb's overall weight and the fact that it holds 90 bomblets, it is estimated that the bomblets would weigh around 1
kg. The bomblets can be set to detonate on impact, but they are primarily used as a self-destruct device timed to detonate after a
set time period. The timing period is believed to be built in during manufacture and can be of various delays. It is then arranged
that the full load of 90 bomblets will contain as wide a range of time delays as possible in order to hinder clearance operations
for the longest possible time. It is also believed that the bomblet will have some type of disturbance fuze. Each PROSAB
bomblet has an indication of its self-destruct time on the body rim, usually in the form of silver dots or bands of colour.
After release from the parent aircraft the cluster bomb follows a normal spinning ballistic trajectory. At an altitude
determined by the fuzing system the outer `skin' of the container is opened and the 90 bomblets are dispersed over the target
area. The method used to dispense the bomblets is not known but it is thought to be done simply by centrifugal forces.
Operational Status
The PROSAB-250 cluster bomb is believed to be in service with Russian Federation and former allied air forces.
Specifications
Cluster bomb
Length: 1.85 m
Body diameter: 400 mm
Tailspan: 0.43 m
Lug spacing: 250 mm
Weight: 250 kg
Filling: 90 bomblets
Bomblet
Length: 0.084 m
Body diameter: 64 mm
Tailspan: n/a
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: n/k
Filling: 127 g HE
Contractor
Not known.
VERIFIED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
PFM-1 BOMBLET
Type
Submunition.
Development
The PFM-1 fragmentation bomblet was developed to meet a Russian Air Force requirement for an anti-personnel
submunition/bomblet for delivery from a variety of airborne carriers. Although the PFM-1 is referred to as a bomblet, its
sequence of operation is like that of an air distributed mine and is similar in concept to the US BLU-43B (Dragons Tooth)
minelet. It was designed to have the least number of metal parts and be filled with a liquid explosive. The bomblet has been
nicknamed `Green Parrot' by the Western media, and is known to have been used extensively in the Afghanistan conflict. It
was designed for dispensing from `onboard' containers carried by helicopters and light aircraft, but it is also believed to have
been used in RBK-250/500 and PROSAB type cluster bombs (see separate entries). There are unconfirmed reports that the
PFM-1 could also be delivered by 240 mm mortars, such as the 2S4.
Description
The PFM-1 has a most distinctive shape resembling that of a sycamore seed or butterfly. It comprises two hollow wing-like
sections, joined at a central core, and is manufactured in one piece from a pliable plastic material. The bomblet is 115 mm long
(wing span), about 50 mm wide (wing chord), and is filled with 35 to 40 g of liquid explosive. The total weight is unknown but
if the designation number follows normal Russian practices the bomblet is likely to weigh around 1 kg. When dispensed, the
PFM-1 releases a safety/arming plug from one end of the central tube-like core. Retardation of the bomblet during its fall
comes from its spinning motion caused by its `sycamore seed' wing configuration. As it falls a piston is allowed to travel under
spring pressure through a silicon-based viscous liquid. This process continues after the bomblet reaches the ground. The
movement of the piston acts as an arming delay to insure that the PFM-1 does not detonate on striking the ground. Once the
arming process is complete, any distortion of the PFM-1s body will cause a striker to hit the bomblet's detonator and set off the
liquid explosive charge. Distortion may be effected by stepping on or kicking the body or by an accumulation of light pressures
(such as those produced by handling). Generally the PFM-1 is believed to use the MVDM fuze, that is used in the PGMDM
scatterable anti-tank mines, although examples have been found with the marking VGM-52 and some reports mentioned a
VGM-6 fuze.
Operational Status
The PFM-1 is in service with the Russian Federation and former allied air forces. However, it is not known currently what
dispensing systems are used to deliver the bomblet although it is believed that the RBK-250/-500 and PROSAB-250 cluster
bombs have been used. The bomblet was used extensively in the Afghanistan conflict, where it was known to have been
dispensed by helicopters.
Specifications
PFM-1
Length: 115 mm
Body diameter: 50 mm wide
Tailspan: n/a
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 1 kg
Filling: 35-40 g liquid explosive
Contractor
Not known.
VERIFIED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
OKT-1.5 BOMBLET
Type
Submunition.
Development
The OKT-1.5 is thought to have been developed in the Second World War to meet a requirement of the former Soviet Union
for an anti-personnel submunition/bomblet for delivery from a variety of airborne carriers. The bomblet was developed as a
basic hollow sphere for carrying either incendiary or chemical agents. It was designed for dispensing from `onboard' dispensers
carried by helicopters and light aircraft, cluster bombs, or from vertical magazines fitted in aircraft bomb bays. It is not known
what systems are used to deliver the OKT-1.5 bomblet, but unconfirmed reports suggest they are used with the PROSAB-250
cluster bomb.
Description
The spherical OKT-1.5 bomblet consists of two thin metal hemispheres, one of which is grooved in such a manner as to break
into four separate parts on hitting the ground. The other hemisphere has a filler plug whose weight controls the centre of
gravity of the complete bomblet so that it falls with the filler plug downwards. The bomblet's body is 122 mm in diameter, and
has a volume of 1 litre. The contents can be 1.17 kg of an incendiary agent or 1.25 kg of some persistent chemical agent such
as mustard gas, making a total weight of approximately 1.5 kg. Once released the bomblet free-falls and on striking the ground
breaks open along the lines of the preformed grooves which are 0.8 mm deep. This action of splitting apart allows the contents
of the bomblet to be scattered. When used in the incendiary mode, information to date indicates that the inflammable agent is in
liquid form and comprises a solution of phosphorous, sulphur and water.
Operational Status
The OKT-1.5 is believed to be still in service with the Russian Air Force although it is not known currently what dispensing
systems are used to deliver the bomblet.
Specifications
OKT-1.5
Length: n/a
Body diameter: 122 mm (sphere)
Tailspan: n/a
Lug spacing: n/a
Weight: 1.5 kg
Filling: 1.17 kg incendiary agent, 1.25 kg chemical agent
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
From top to bottom, line drawing of the 250 kg, 500 kg and 1,500 kg chemical spray tanks
(1993)
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
Specifications
BRAB-200DS BRAB-220 BRAB-500 BRAB-1000
Length 2.06 m 1.68 m 2.36 m 3.08 m
Body diameter 203 mm 277 mm 399 mm 480 mm
Tailspan 0.38 m n/k n/k n/k
Lug spacing 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm n/k
Weight 213 kg 238 kg 500 kg 963 kg
Filling 12.2 kg HE 38 kg HE 106 kg HE 207 kg HE
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
AOKh BOMBS
Type
Chemical fragmentation bomb.
Development
The AOKh' (Aviabomba Oskolochaya Khimichyeskaya) family of chemical fragmentation bombs were originally developed
before the Second World War. They were designed for use against targets such as marching columns, troop concentrations, and
so on; and were considered especially useful against motorised units and tanks. There are four known bombs; AOKh-8,
AOKh-10, AOKh-15, and AOKh-25 and all can be carried as bomblets in the RRAB series of cluster bombs (Rotating Scatter
Bombs (Rotativno Razbrasivayushchaya AviaBomba)) and the latter two, with their single suspension lugs can be dropped in
sticks. The RRAB cluster bombs were fitted with standard Russian twin suspension lugs allowing them to be carried under the
wings or fuselage of some aircraft, or in bomb bays of larger bombers. The RRAB cluster bombs are believed to be cleared for
carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-27 `Flogger', Tu-95 `Bear', Tu-16 `Badger', Tu-22M `Backfire' and Tu-22 `Blinder' aircraft
of the Russian and allied air forces.
Description
AOKh-8 is a miniature bomb that has a cylindrical body with a four-fin tail unit and a nose fuze. It is 0.63 m long, has a
maximum body diameter of 106 mm and weighs 8.0 kg. Known chemical fillings are limited to a 0.56 kg charge of War Gas
No 12 (diphenylclorarsine). The explosive filling consists of a fuzed mass of picric acid and dinitronaphthalene, with a primer
charge of 32 g of tetryl.
The fragmentation element consists of 1.5 kg of small (8 to 10 g) metal splinters. The fuze is thought to be the AGM-1. The
AOKh-8 is normally carried as a bomblet in the RRAB series of cluster bombs (Rotating Scatter Bombs (Rotativno
Razbrasivayushchaya AviaBomba)). The RRAB-1 typically carries 60 AOKh-8, the RRAB-2 can carry 50 and the RRAB-3
can carry 18. Upon detonation the bomblet produces both fragmentation and toxic effects.
AOKh-10 has a cylindrical body with a four-fin tail unit and a nose fuze. It has an overall length of 0.61 m, tailspan of 0.13
m and weighs 9.8 kg. Known chemical fillings include War Gas No 12 (diphenylchlorarsine), Adamsite or chloracetophanone;
the weight of which is between 500 to 800 g depending on agent used. The explosive and primer charges are the same type as
those of the AOKh-8, although the weight of the AOKh-10's explosive charge is 750 to 760 g. The fuze most often used is
AGM-1, although the AW-4 and AM-A can also be utilised. The AOKh-10 was normally carried as a bomblet in the RRAB
series of cluster bombs. The RRAB-1 typically carries 100 AOKh-10, the RRAB-2 can carry 25. Upon impact and detonation it
produces both fragmentation and toxic effects. The fragmentation effect is considerably more lethal than the AOKh-8. It is
considered to have an effective radius of around 30 m producing approximately 230 splinters. The effect of the chemical
charge is a thick cloud curtain out to 200 m and a thinner cloud out to 400 m.
AOKh-15 is a converted 19 mm thick 107 mm forged steel artillery projectile. This is accomplished by adding a nose fuze
and welding a conical container with four tail fins to the rear of the cylindrical body. There is a single suspension lug at the
centre of gravity 160 mm from the nose. The sheet iron tail container is filled with about 1 kg of the combat agent. The
AOKh-15 is 0.63 m long, has a maximum body diameter of 107 mm, a tailspan of 0.13 m and weighs 15 kg. Known chemical
fillings are the same as AOKh-10, as is the fuze system.
The bursting and primer charges are similar to those of the AOKh-10, although the weight of the AOKh-15's explosive
charge is 1.15 kg. The AOKh-15 can be dropped in sticks or delivered by the RRAB series of cluster bombs. Upon impact and
detonation it produces both fragmentation and toxic effects. Its fragmentation effect is more lethal than the AOKh-10, with an
effective radius of 40 m. The effect of the chemical charge is less than that of the AOKh-10 with a thick cloud curtain out to
200 m, but barely visible as thin smoke at 400 m.
AOKh-25 is also converted from a forged steel artillery projectile, although in this case a 122 mm shell was used. This is
accomplished in a similar manner to that of the AOKh-15 and there is a single suspension lug at the centre of gravity point. The
AOKh-25 has a maximum body diameter of 122 mm, and weighs 23.6 kg. The bomb's tailcone contains 0.38 kg of chemical
agent which are the same as for the AOKh-10 and AOKh-15, as is the fuze system. The bursting and primer charges are similar
to those of the AOKh-15, although the weight of the AOKh-25's explosive charge is slightly greater at 1.5 kg. The AOKh-25
can be dropped in sticks or delivered by the RRAB series of cluster bombs. Upon impact and detonation it produces both
fragmentation and toxic effects. Its fragmentation effect is more lethal than the AOKh-10 or -15, with an effective radius of 40
m and a greatly increased number of splinters. The effect of the 0.38 kg chemical charge is less than that of the AOKh-10 and
-15 due to its smaller size.
Operational Status
While all the bombs presented above date back to 1940, the AOKh-25 was apparently used as late as 1963 (by the Egyptian Air
Force in Yemen) and possibly even later. The Russian reluctance to discard any weapon that might have some use, makes it
possible that some of these bombs remain available for use with Russian and allied air forces. However, these bombs were not
listed in a 1996 catalogue of weapons.
Specifications
AOKh-8 AOKh-10 AOKh-15 AOKh-25 kg
Length 0.63 m 0.61 m 0.63 m n/k
Body diameter 106 mm n/k 107 mm 122 mm
Tailspan 0.34 m 0.13 m 0.125 m n/k
Lug spacing n/a n/a single single
Weight 8.0 kg 9.8 kg 15 kg 23.6 kg
Filling War Gas No 12 War Gas No 12 War Gas No 12 War Gas No 12
and 1.5 kg of and metal and metal and metal
metal fragments fragments fragments fragments
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
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BOMBS, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Date Posted: 19 August 1999
Jane's Air Launched Weapons 33
AO BOMBS
Type
Fragmentation bombs.
Development
Little is known of the development of this family of conventional lightweight free-fall fragmentation bombs for use by the Russian Air
Force. There are known to be at least nine versions designated AO-2.5, AO-8M2, AO-10, AO-10-6.5, AO-20, AO-20M3, AO-25M1,
AO-25M2 and AO-100. The letters AO stand for aviabomba øskolochaya meaning `aerial fragmentation bomb'. The number in the
designation refers to the bomb size category. The design of the bombs dates back to the Second World War, in fact, several of these bombs
are simply artillery shells converted into bombs by the addition of stabilising fins and a nose fuze. The AO-2.5 bomb series has been used
as submunitions in the RBK-250/275 aircraft dispensers. The bomb design allows them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of small
aircraft, or in bomb bays of larger bombers and they are fitted with a single suspension lug. It is believed that all versions would have been
cleared for carriage on MiG-21 `Fishbed', MiG-27 `Flogger', MiG-29 `Fulcrum', Su-25 `Frogfoot', Su-27 `Flanker', Tu-95 `Bear', Tu-95M
`Bear', Tu-22M `Backfire' and Tu-22 `Blinder' aircraft of the Russian and former allied air forces.
Description
All of these AO fragmentation bombs are believed to have the same unsophisticated high-drag shape of many of the early Russian bombs.
They are cylindrical with a flattened pointed nose, have an old-fashioned fin/ring stabilising fin combination, and are fitted with a single
suspension lug. The AO-8M2 is 0.48 m long, has a body diameter of 104 mm and an actual weight of 7.4 kg including 0.9 kg of explosive
filling. The AO-10 is 0.48 m long, has a body diameter of 91.5 mm and an actual weight of 9.53 kg including 0.86 kg of explosive filling.
The AO-10-6.5 is 0.46 m long, has a body diameter of 76.3 mm and an actual weight of 6.48 kg including 0.68 kg of explosive filling. The
AO-20 is 0.76 m long, has a body diameter of 114 mm and an actual weight of 21.3 kg including 3.0 kg of explosive filling. The
AO-20M3 is 0.98 m long, has a body diameter of 119 mm and an actual weight of 21 kg including 3.0 kg of explosive filling. The
AO-25M1 is 1.06 m long, has a body diameter of 122 mm and an actual weight of 23.6 kg including 3.6 kg of explosive filling. The
AO-25M2 is 1.08 m long, has a body diameter of 122 mm and an actual weight of 24.5 kg including 3.8 kg of explosive filling. The
AO-100 is 1.09 m long, has a body diameter of 282 mm and an actual weight of 99.8 kg including 49.9 kg of explosive filling. Fuzing
details are not known.
Operational Status
Some of the AO family of bombs probably remain in service with Russia and allied air forces, but most will have been made obsolete. The
AO-2.5 bombs have been used as submunitions in RBK-250/-275 cluster bombs and the KMG-U dispenser.
Specifications
AO-2.5 AO-8 M2 AO-10 AO-10 -6.5 AO-20 AO-20 M3 AO-25 M1 AO-25 M2 AO-100
Length 0.38 m 0.48 m 0.48 m 0.46 m 0.76 m 0.98 m 1.06 m 1.08 m 1.09 m
Body diameter 69 mm 104 mm 91.5 mm 76.3 mm 114 mm 119 mm 122 mm 122 mm 282 mm
Tailspan n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k n/k
single single single
Lug spacing n/a single point single point single point single point single point
point point point
Weight 2.88 kg 7.4 kg 9.53 kg 6.48 kg 21.3 kg 21 kg 23.6 kg 24.5 kg 99.8 kg
Filling HE 0.9 kg HE 0.86 kg HE 0.68 kg HE 3.0 kg HE 3.0 kg HE 3.6 kg HE 3.8 kg HE 49.9 kg HE
Contractor
Not known.
UPDATED
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RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ARMY
Type Combat Aircraft Quantity
Some 3,500 helicopters including 1,500 attack (Mi-24 `Hind' and Ka-50 `Hokum') also 1,000
Mi-8 `Hip' (some armed)
AIR FORCE
Type Combat Aircraft Quantity
Combat Aircraft Tu-22M `Backfire' 130
MiG-27 `Flogger' 600
Su-24 `Fencer' 270
Su-25 `Frogfoot' 188
MiG-23 `Flogger' 900
MiG-25 `Foxbat' 350
MiG-29 `Fulcrum' 430
Su-27 `Flanker' 460
MiG-31 `Foxhound' 380
NORTHERN FLEET
Type Combat Aircraft Quantity
Naval Aviation
Armed Helicopters Mi-14 `Haze A' 60
Ka-25 `Hormone' 85
Ka-27 `Helix' 85
Combat Aircraft Tu-22M `Backfire' 25
Su-25 `Frogfoot' 50
ASW Aircraft Il-38 `May' 18
Be-12 `Mail' 18
BALTIC FLEET
Type Combat Aircraft Quantity
Naval Aviation
Combat Aircraft Su-24 `Fencer' 105
Su-27 `Flanker' 25
ASW Aircraft Il-38 `May' 10
Be-12 `Mail' 18
PACIFIC FLEET
Type Combat Aircraft Quantity
Naval Aviation
Combat Aircraft Tu-22M `Backfire' 60
ASW Aircraft Tu-95 K/M `Bear' 19
Il-38 `May' 18
Be-12 `Mail' 35
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