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R.C.C. STRUCTURES
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CRACKS IN BUILDING
Structural cracks
due to incorrect design
faultyconstruction
Overloading
Elastic deformation
Creep
Chemical reaction
Vegetation
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NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS:
MOISTURE CHANGES
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Curing: If proper curing starts as soon as initial
set has taken place and continued for 7 to 10
days shrinkage is comparatively less
Excessive fines: More fines in aggregate
requires more water for same workability and
hence more shrinkage.
Temperature: Concrete made in hot weather
needs more water for same workability see Fig
– 8 and hence results in more shrinkage.
Temperature: Concrete made in hot weather
needs more water for same workability hence
results in more shrinkage.
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INITIAL EXPANSION
An example of cracks of wall due to initial
expansion of bricks is given in fig
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SOME MEASURES FOR CONTROLLING
SHRINKAGE
Shrinkage in plastering can be reduced by
ensuring proper adhesion. The plastered should
not be stronger than the back ground.
Shrinkage cracks in masonry can be minimized by
avoiding use of rich cement mortar and by
delaying plastering till masonry has dried after
proper curing and has undergone most of its initial
shrinkage.
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Tool Kit for Engineers
THERMAL MOVEMENT
. The cracking of a typical structure due to thermal
movement is given in fig
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• IN CASE OF FRAMED BUILDINGS DUE TO THERMAL MOVEMENT
FRAMES ARE DISTORTED AND CRACKS MAY APPEAR AS SHOWN IN
FIG
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Tool Kit for Engineers
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PREVENTION OF THERMAL CRACKS
To prevent thermal cracks expansion joints, control joints
and joints in case of change of shape and direction of wing
in a structure are to be provided
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GENERAL GUIDE LINES TO PROVIDE MOVEMENT JOINTS
Type of Structure Movement of Joints
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CREEP
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GENERAL MEASURES FOR AVOIDANCE REDUCTION OF
CRACKS DUE TO ELASTIC STRAIN, CREEP AND SHRINKAGE
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MOVEMENT DUE TO CHEMICAL REACTION
Certain chemical reaction in building materials result is
appreciable change in volume of resulting products and
internal stresses are set up which may result in outward
thrust and formation of cracks.
Soluble sulphate reacts with tricalcuium aluminate in
cement and hydraulic lime and form products which
occupy larger volume and ends in developing cracks. An
example of cracking of a floor due to coming in contact of
the sub base made of brick khoa with heavy sulphate
content and water can be seen in fig
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PREVENTION
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CORROSION OF
REINFORCEMENT
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FOUNDATION MOVEMENT AND
SETTLEMENT OF SOIL
Building on expansion clays are extremely crack prone. The soil
movement in such clay is more appreciable upto a depth of 1.5 to
2M and this cause swelling and shrinkage and results in crack in
the structure. The cracks due to settlement are usually diagonal in
shape. Crack appearing due to swelling is vertical Fig
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CRACKING DUE TO VEGETATION
Large trees growing in the vicinity of buildings cause damage in all
type of soil conditions. If the soil is shrinkable clay cracking is severe
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REPAIR
The repair for cracks may be undertaken after ascertaining the reasons for
the appearance of the crack. A few basic principles if followed will be
more effective
1. Rendering of minor crack less that 1m wide may be done after observing
the crack for some time and then sealing it with weak mortar of cement,
lime and sand.
2. Cracks where width change with season should be filled up with elastic
fillers like silicon or polyurethene compound.
3. Where sheer crack are observed shear keys made of RCC concrete with at
least 1.5 percent steel vein forcemeat may be provided at 1 to 1.5m
intervals.
4. If cracks are due to movement of soil in black cotton once, prevention of
moisture penetration in the surrounding areas has to be ensured by
providing a waterproof blanket around the plinth. The masonry wall below
ground level should also be separated from the adjoining soil by replacing
the existing soil with coarse grain material.
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STRUCTURAL CRACKS
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Tool Kit for Engineers
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