9 PL Start

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٦٢
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬?‫א‬??‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 PL/SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

DML‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPL/SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ PL/SQL‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PL/SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
for‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ .١
‫א‬Rolls K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Revoke‫א‬Grant‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
Projector‫א‬ •
 •
 •
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Multi-user Environment‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K System Security‫א‬ K١
System  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Level
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Data Security‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Database administrator‫א‬،SQL‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،Tables ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  WSchema ‫א‬
،  SchemaKSequences‫א‬،Views ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
.System Privileges ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،Roles ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDatabase Administrator‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ،  CREATE USER
KTablespace
K DROP USER
‫א‬   ‫א‬   W   ALTER USER
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Schema CREATE ANY TABLE
 DROP ANY TABLE
‫א‬‫א‬ CREATE SEQUENCE
‫א‬ DROP SEGUENCE
‫א‬‫א‬ CREATE TRIGGER
‫א‬ DROP TRIGGER
‫א‬،W‫א‬ ALTER TRIGGER
EF CREATE VIEW
  DROP ANY VIEW
 CREATE ROLE
‫א‬ ALTER ANY ROLE
‫א‬ DROP ANY ROLE
‫א‬ GRANT ANY ROLE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CREATE SYNONYM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DROP ANY SYSNONYM
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،CREATE USER‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
CREATE USER user_name
IDENTIFIED BY password;
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ User_name 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Password 
W
SQL> CREATE USER scott
2 IDENTIFIED BY tiger;
User Created.

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  DBA‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

GRANT privilege [, privilege …]
TO user_name [, user_name, …];
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Privilege
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ User_name

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CREATE SESSION‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
CREATE TABLE  •
CREATE SEQUENCE  •
CREATE VIEW  •
CREATE PROCEDURE‫א‬ •
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
SQL> GRANT create session, create table, create sequence, create view
2 TO scott;
Grant succeeded.
‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬Role
،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K   
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  DBA ‫א‬  
K

CREATE ROLE role_name;
، Tables ‫א‬ manager‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ CLARK‫א‬ BLAKE‫א‬ ،views
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SQL> CREATE ROLE manager;
Role Created.

SQL> GRANT create table, create view
2 TO manager;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> GRANT manger to CLARK;

Grant succeeded.

 ‫א‬
    ،   DBA ‫א‬    
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬   
 KALTER USER‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ALTER USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY password;

-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ User_name
 K‫א‬‫א‬  Password

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K

Object Privileges ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،View،Table‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KProcedureSequence
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Procedure Sequence View Table  ‫א‬‫א‬
√ √ ALTER
√ √ DELETE
√ EXECUTE
√ INDEX
√ √ INSERT
√ REFERENCE
√ √ √ SELECT
√ √ UPDATE

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
with grant    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K        
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬option
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
GRANT object_privilege ([columns])

ON object
TO {user | role | PUBLIC}
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Object_privilege
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    Columns
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ON object
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     TO
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    PUBLIC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WITH GRANT OPTION
 Krichsue‫א‬EMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

SQL> GRANT select
ON emp
TO sue, rich;
Grant succeeded.
 W‫א‬EMP‫א‬‫א‬richsue‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM scott.emp;
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬richsue‫א‬
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM emp FOR scott.emp;
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp;
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WITH GRANT OPTION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
SQL> GRANT select, insert
2 ON dept
3 TO scott
4 WITH GRANT OPTION;
Grant succeeded.
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،dept‫א‬‫א‬scott‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Data Dictionary‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Data Dictionary Table
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ROLE_SYS_PRIVS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ROLE_TAB_PRIVS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ USER_ROLE_PRIVS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬USER_COL_PRIVS_MADE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬USER_COL_PRIVS_RECD
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،REVOKE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬WITH GRANT OPTION‫א‬‫א‬
REVOKE {privilege [,privilege . . .] | ALL }

ON Object
FROM {user [, user . . .] | role | PUBLIC}
[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];

W
Referential Integrity  CASCADE
CONSTRAINTS
References‫א‬‫א‬ Constraint

 KEMP‫א‬‫א‬Scott‫א‬‫א‬W
SQL> REVOKE select
2 ON emp
3 FROM scott;
Revoke succeeded.

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 _________________________________________________

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 _________________________________________________

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ E٣
 _________________________________________________

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،DBA‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 _________________________________________________

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 _________________________________________________

‫א‬DEPT‫א‬‫א‬ALI‫א‬،SALEM‫א‬ E٦
 K


 KSALEM‫א‬DEPT‫א‬‫א‬ALI‫א‬ E٧


 KSALEM‫א‬DEPT‫א‬‫א‬ALI‫א‬ E٨


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DEPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬



 Data Dictionary‫א‬USER_TABLES‫א‬ E١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬




 KALI‫א‬DEPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SALEM‫א‬E١١
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
Projector‫א‬ •
 •
 •
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Explicit Cursors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Select ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     Active set ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Active Set
7369 SMITH CLERK

Cursor 7566 JONES MANAGER Current Row
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 
7876 ADAMS CLERK
7902 FORD ANALYST 


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬PL/SQL
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


NO 
YES

EMPTY
DECLARE OPEN FETCH CLOSE


‫أﻧﺸﺊ‬ ‫ﺣﺪد‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫أاﻟﻎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌ ًﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ 
‫اﻟﺬاﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺈﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺮ‬ .‫اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬ 
‫ﺧﺎﺻ ًﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
،‫اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬WDeclare‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WOpen ‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WFetch‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WClose ‫א‬   K٤
K‫א‬
    ،‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cursor
KPL/SQL‫א‬‫א‬ •
 INTO Select‫א‬ •
KFETCH
CURSOR cursor_name IS
Select_statement
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ORDER BY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT empno, ename
FROM emp;
CURSOR dept_cursor IS
SELECT *
FROM dept
WHERE deptno = 10;
BEGIN
……
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬   PL/SQL       ‫א‬     W
 KFetch‫א‬،Exception
OPEN Cursor_name;

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fetch 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FETCH cursor_name INTO [variable1, variable2, …] |
record_name];
 W‫א‬Fetch‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Fetch ‫א‬ INTO‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Select‫א‬
KFETCH INTO‫א‬‫א‬Record K٢
K،‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 WFetch‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FOR loop‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_empno, v_ename;

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KINVALID_CURSOR
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ PL/SQL     ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬                ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  OPEN_CURSORS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥٠

…
FOR I IN 1—10 LOOP
…
END LOOP
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;

- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
True/False %ISOPEN
 K
‫א‬
True/False %NOTFOUND
‫א‬
‫א‬
True/False %FOUND
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Number %ROWCOUNT
‫א‬‫א‬

%ISOPEN
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 TRUE ‫א‬ K ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬،%ISOPEN
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
IF NOT emp_cursor%ISOPEN THEN
OPEN emp_cursor;
END IF;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor; …
 K%ROWCOUNT%NOTFOUND
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%ROWCOUNT‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%NOTFOUND‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;
v_ename emp.ename%TYPE;
SELECT empno, ename
FROM emp;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%ROWCOUNT > 10 OR
Emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
…
END LOOP;
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;
‫א‬   NULL %NOTFOUND،
‫א‬   WHEN  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬     
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،TRUE

EXIT WHEN emp_curor%NOTFOUND
OR emp_cursor%NOTFOUND IS NULL;

 Cursors and Records‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K   ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

K‫א‬ PL/SQL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

DECLARE CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT empno, ename
FROM emp;
Emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_record;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
INSERT INTO temp_list(empid,empname)
VALUES (emp_record.empno, emp_record.ename);
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;
 KFOR‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  FOR ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   KFOR ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،
‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
W‫א‬

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
SELECT ename, deptno
FROM emp;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN emp_cursor LOOP
-- EF
IF emp_record.deptno = 30 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Employee ‘ ||
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
emp_record.ename || ‘ works in the Sales Dept. ‘);

END IF;
END LOOP;--
END; /
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN (SELECT ename, deptno
FROM emp) LOOP
-- EF
IF emp_record.deptno = 30 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Employee ‘ ||
emp_record.ename || ‘ works in the Sales Dept. ‘);
END IF;
END LOOP;--
END; /

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
SQL> CREATE TABLE top_dogs
(name VARCHAR2(25),
salary NUMBER(11,2) );
 K‫א‬PL/SQLE٢
Ksubstitution variables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫ א‬K١
KEMP‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KTop_dogs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
Please enter the number of top money makers: 5

NAME SALARY
KING 5000
FORD 3000
SCOTT 3000
JONES 2975
BLAKE 2850

‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 W،‫א‬
KKing, Ford, Scott٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KKing, Ford, Scott and Jones٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

NAME SALARY
KING 5000
FORD 3000
SCOTT 3000

NAME SALARY
KING 5000
FORD 3000
SCOTT 3000
JONES 2975
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
Projector‫א‬ •
 •
 •
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،PL/SQL    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ORA-01403
KNO-DATA-FOUND‫א‬PL/SQL‫א‬
‫א‬ RAISE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،(Enclosing Block)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Failure

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
DECLARE DECLARE
 BEGIN BEGIN 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
EXCEPTION EXCEPTION  

 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ END; END; 

‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception1 [ OR exception2 . . . ] THEN
Statement1;
Statement2;
[WHEN exception3 [ OR exception4 . . . ] THEN
Statement1;
Statement2;
. . .]
[WHEN OTHERS THEN
Statement1;
Statement2;
. . .]
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WHEN OTHERS‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NO_DATA_FOUND K١
TOO_MANY_ROWS K٢
INVALID_CURSOR K٣
ZERO_DIVIDE K٤
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PL/SQL

NO_DATA_FOUND ‫א‬‫א‬،Standard Package
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TOO_MANY_ROWS

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTHER‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




DECLARE ASSOCIATE REFERENCE


Declarative Section Exception 
Handling Section

‫א‬ PRAGMA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
EXCEPTION_INIT  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 


  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  PRAGMA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPRAGMA
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
DECLARE
e_emps_remaining EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA_EXCEPTION_INIT (e_emps_remaining, -2292) ;
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := &p_deptno ;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM dept
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_emps_remaining THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Cannot remove dept ‘||
TO_CHAR (v_deptno) || ‘. Employees exist ‘);
END;

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PL/SQL
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KRAISE‫א‬ K٢

DECLARE
e_invalid_product EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
UPDATE product
SET descrip = ‘&product_description’
WHERE prodid = &product_number;
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
RAISE e-invalid_product;
END IF;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_invalid_product THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (‘Invalid product number. ‘);
END;
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬SQLCODE K١
 KSQLERRM K٢


DECLARE
v_error_code number;
v_error_message varchar2(255);
BEGIN
...
exception
WHEN OTHERS THEN
ROLLBACK;
v_error_code := SQLCODE;
v_error_message := SQLERRM;
INSERT INTO errors VALUES (v_error_code, v_error_message);
END;
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Enclosing Block
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
DECLARE

. . . 
exception; e_no_rows
exception; e_integrity 
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (e_integrity, -2292);
BEGIN 
FOR c_reocrd IN emp_cursor LOOP

BEGIN
BEGIN
SELECT …
SELECT … 
UPDATE …
UPDATE … 
RAISE e_no_rows;
RAISE e_no_rows;
END IF; 
END IF;
EXCEPTION
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_inventory THEN …

WHEN e_inventory THEN …
WHEN e_no_rows THEN …
WHEN e_no_rows THEN …
END;
END; 


END LOOP;
EXCEPTION
‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬       ،NO_DATA_FOUND
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KRAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

…
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20201,
‘Manager is not a valid employee.’);
END;
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
…
DELETE FROM emp
WHERE mgr = v_mgr;
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20202, ‘This is not a valid manager’);
END IF;
…
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PL/SQL‫א‬ E١
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١
<Salary>‫א‬?‫א‬MESSAGES
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢
K<Salary>‫א‬?‫א‬MESSAGES
‫א‬ ‫א‬ MESSAGES    ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
 ? ‫א‬ MESSAGES    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٤
K?
KMESSAGES‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
RESULTS
 ٢٠٠٠–
 ٥٠٠‫א‬
٣٥٠٠‫א‬

  DEPT ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    PL/SQL  ‫א‬ E٢
Substitution  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 Kvariables
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬PL/SQL K٢
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Please enter department number: 50

Please enter department location: Huston
PL/SQL procedure successfully Completed
G_MESSAGE
‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PL/SQL‫א‬E٣
 K$١٠٠
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Please enter the salary: 800
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
G_MESSAGE
٩٠٠٧٠٠‫א‬E١F

G_MESSAGE
٣١٠٠٢٩٠٠‫א‬E٣F

G_MESSAGE
٦١٠٠٥٩٠٠‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
Projector‫א‬ •
 •
 •
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Program Constructs‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ،Program Modules ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،Modules‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬   Database Server ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Source Code‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  KP-Code  ‫א‬   Compile   ‫א‬ 
 W’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Anonymous Stored 
procedure/
block DECLARE Function 
Application BEGIN Application

procedure/
trigger Function
EXCEPTION
Database Package
trigger
Object Type
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAnonymous Block K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SubprogramsWNamed Block    K٢
Function, Procedure, Trigger, PackageW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KNested Blocks‫א‬‫א‬
Anonymous PL/SQL Block
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬    PL/SQL     ،   
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Execution time
DECLARE (Optional ‫)א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
BEGIN (Mandatory )
‫א‬‫א‬
EXCEPTION (Optional ‫)א‬

END; (Mandatory )
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬،
Declaration section‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   Declare ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KBegin ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Executable Section‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
End‫א‬Begin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Exception Section‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Exception ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Named PL/SQL Block‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PL/SQL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Parameters ‫א‬
 K Procedure‫א‬،Function‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Header
IS
Declaration section
BEGIN
Executable Section
Exception (optional)
Exception section
END;
،Subprograms،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،Header‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KFunctionProcedure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

K،‫א‬‫א‬ K

KFunctions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Return‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬ IS ‫א‬
 KAnonymous Blocks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Anonymous Blocks ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬Subprograms‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 .Advantages of Subprograms‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KImprove Reusability‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
KImprove maintenance‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
KImprove Performance‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Network Traffic ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  Database Server ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
Procedure Builder   Database Client ‫א‬     KSQL*Plus
 KForms Builder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KProceduresFunctions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 o
Projector‫א‬ o
 o
 o
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Procedure‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WProcedureReturn value
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
[ (Parameter1 [,Parameter2, …] ) ]
AS
[ Local Declaration ]
Begin
Executable Statements
[Exception
exception handlers ]
END [procedure_name]

     ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ Procedure    
 W ‫א‬
Header‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ISAS‫א‬‫א‬
Body‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  IS    
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬   REPLACE 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Procedure‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬Procedure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
Oracle
Editor
SQL*Plus

Code
Procedure Code
Builder
Save
SQL> START file.sql
2

Source code 
ORACLE
Compile 
P-Code 
Execute

‫א‬ SQL*Plus  Procedure Builder ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K‫א‬‫א‬
Compile the code‫א‬ K٢
 p-code‫א‬Source Code‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ Start   Procedure Builder ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 SQL*Plus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Procedural Parameter Modes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Calling Environment‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KIN OUT،OUT،INW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Procedure

IN parameter
Calling Environment OUT parameter


IN OUT parameter

(Declare)


Begin


Exception



 KIN‫א‬W
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Procedure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬FIN
 ‫א‬‫א‬Procedure‫א‬‫א‬  OUT
‫א‬‫א‬   Procedure ‫א‬ ‫א‬     IN OUT
 Parameter‫א‬‫א‬

 Parameter Modes for Formal Parameters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Actual Parameter ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IN OUT  OUT IN
     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  Subprogram‫א‬
        ‫א‬ 
Initialized Variable Un initialized variable  ‫א‬‫א‬
Actual  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  Parameters
 ‫א‬    ، 
    ،
 

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،IN    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE raise_salary
2 (v_id in emp.empno%TYPE)
3 IS
4 BEGIN
5 UPDATE emp
6 SET sal = sal * 1.10
7 WHERE empno = v_id;
8 END raise_salary;
9 /
Procedure created.
SQL> EXECUTE raise_salary(7369)
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
SQL*Plus‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Raise_salary‫א‬  
 ٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EXECUTE‫א‬،SQL*Plus‫א‬

SQL> EXECUTE raise_salary (7369)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Procedure Builder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PL/SQL> raise_salary (7369)

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
SQL> CREAE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE query_emp
(v_id IN emp.empno%TYPE,
v_name OUT emp.ename%TYPE,
v_salary OUT emp.sal%TYPE,
v_comm OUT emp.empno%TYPE)
IS
BEGIN
SELECT ename, sal, comm.
INTO v_name, v_salary, V_comm
FROM emp
WHERE empno = v_id;
END query_emp;
/

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SQL*Plus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SQL> START emp_query.sql
Procedure created.
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬emp_query.sql

SQL> VARIABLE g_name VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> VARIABLE g_sal NUMBER
SQL> VARIABLE g_comm NUMBER
SQL> EXECUTE query_emp(7654,:g_name, :g_sal, :g_comm)


 Host Variables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(:)‫א‬‫א‬

SQL> PRINT g_name
G_NAME
MARTIN
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE format_phone
(v_phone_no IN OUT VARCHAR2)
IS
BEGIN
v_phone_no := ‘(‘ || SUBSTR(V_phone_no,1,3) ||
‘)’ || SUNSTR(V_phone_no,4,3) ||
‘-‘ || SUBSTR(v_phone_no,7);
END format_phone;
/
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

SQL> VARIABLR g_phone_no VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> BEGIN :g_phone_no := ‘8006330575’; END;

/
G_PHONE_NO
8006330575
SQL> EXECUTE format_phone (:g_phone_no)

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
SQL> PRINT g_phone_no

G_PHONE_NO
(800)633-0575

- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬W
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Position‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Name‫א‬
EZ>F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Combination
K‫א‬

 W
BEGIN
add_dept;
add_dept (‘TRAINING’, ‘NEW YORK’);
add_dept (v_loc => ‘DALLAS’, v_name => ‘EDUCATION’);
add_dept (v_loc => ‘BOSTON’);
END;
/

SQL> SELECT * FROM dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC

…. ….. ….
41 unknown unknown
42 TRAINING NEW YORK
43 EDUCATION DALLAS
44 unknown BOSTON
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Default‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ Default‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_dept
(v_name IN dept.dname%TYPE DEFAULT ‘unknown’,
v_loc IN dept.loc%TYPE DEFAULT ‘unknown’)
IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO dept
VALUES (dept_deptno.NEXTVL, v_name, v_loc);
END add_dept;
/

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  SQL*Plus   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬   Named Subprogram       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Anonymous Block
 W
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE process_emps
IS
SELECT empno
FROM emp;
BEGIN
FOR emp_rec IN emp_cursor
LOOP
raise_salary (emp_rec.empno); -- invoke procedure
END LOOP;
COMMT;
END;
/

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Removing Server-Side procedure‫א‬‫א‬

 W،DROPPROCEDURESQL*Plus‫א‬‫א‬

SQL> DROP PROCEDURE raise_salary;
Procedure dropped.
 W
SQL*Plus Compilation Errors ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬SHOW_ERRORS‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E١
PRODUCT‫א‬‫א‬ ADD_PROD   K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢
 K‫א‬PRODUCT‫א‬‫א‬،

 E٢
،PRODUCT UPD_PROD  K١
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  PRODUCT ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬

 E٣
‫א‬،PRODUCT DEL_PROD  K١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  .٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬PRODUCT‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 o
Projector‫א‬ o
 o
 o
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Functions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KExpression‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Return value
 WFunction
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name
[ (argument1 [mode1] datatype1 [,argument2 [mode2] datatype2, …] ) ]
RETURN datatype
IS|AS
[ Local Declaration ]
Begin
Executable Statements
[Exception
exception handlers ]
END [function_name]

     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     Function ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Header‫ א‬K١
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IS  AS‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  REPLACE ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  RETURN ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٢
 Ksize
Body‫ א‬K٣
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IS
RETURN (variable)‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Function‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬Function‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Editor
1 Oracle
Code SQL*Plus
Procedure Code
Compile Builder
Save
SQL> START file.sql
2 Compile
Source code
ORACLE 

P-Code

Execute 

‫א‬ SQL*Plus  Procedure Builder‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K‫א‬‫א‬
Compile the code‫א‬ K٢
 p-code‫א‬Source Code‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ Start   Procedure Builder ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 SQL*Plus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSQL*Plus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KNUMBER،‫א‬

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_sal
(v_id IN emp.empno%TYPe)
RETURN NUMBER
IS
v_salary emp.sal%TYPE := 0;
BEGIN
SELECT sal
INTO v_salary
FROM emp
WHERE empno = v_id;
RETURN (v_salary);
END;
/

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  PL/SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Calling Environment GET SAL function



7934 v id 
RETURN v_salary
SQL> START get_salary.sql

Function Created
SQL> VARIABLE g_salary number
SQL> EXECUTE :g_salary := get_sal(7934)


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed 

PL/SQL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

SELECT ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
HavingWhere‫א‬ E٢
Group byConnect By, Start with, Order by E٣
InsertValues E٤
UpdateSet E٥
INSERT,        ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UPDATE, DELETE
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Remove Server side functions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Drop‫א‬ SQL  SQL*Plus‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Drop Function get_sal;
Function dropped.
Drop function  DDL  Rollback ‫א‬     W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Expression  PL/SQL
RETURN data type  
‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PROD_DESC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K
PRODUCTS‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

KDescSQL*Plus‫א‬ K

KDesc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K



 E٢
   empno ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  Annual_Sal ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
KNULLcomm‫א‬‫א‬،(sal*12)+comm
 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
Projector‫א‬ •
 •
 •
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  Database Trigger‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
      Application Trigger ‫א‬     
 KForms Builder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،Views ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬DML
 Kinstead of ??
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Trigger‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٣
Constraint   Primary key ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Before 
 ‫א‬  
After  Trigger Timing‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Instead of 
‫א‬   
Insert ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  DML Trigger Event ‫א‬
 Update 
  view ‫א‬
Delete 
 ‫א‬
  
 Statement ‫א‬ Trigger Type ‫א‬
Row 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Trigger body ‫א‬
 PL/SQL 
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Before K١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trigger     ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  •
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K     Firing
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRollback‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAfter K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
??‫א‬‫א‬  ??  •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WInstead of K٣
‫א‬  views ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ? ?   ‫א‬  
?‫א‬‫א‬ Insert, update, delete
 K‫א‬‫א‬?
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kinsert ,update or delete‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬update ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

. . . . UPDATE OF sal . . . .

 Ksal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
. . . . INSERT or UPDATE or DELETE . . . .
. . . . INSERT or UPDATE OF jobs . . . .
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   EUPDATE     F ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KDEPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W
SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES (50, ‘EDUCATION’, ‘NEW YORK’);
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
??   ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ?? ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Before Statement

DEPT table
DEPTNO DNAME LOC

Before Row trigger
10 RESEARCH DALLAS
After Row trigger
20 SALES CHICAGO
30 OPERATIONS BOSTON After Statement trigger

Firing Sequence of Database Triggers on a Single 
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W
SQL> UPDATE emp
SET sal = sal * 1.1
WHERE deptno = 30;
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬??
 K‫א‬‫א‬??KUPDATE‫א‬


Before Statement trigger
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO Before Row trigger

After Row trigger
7839 KING
Before Row trigger
7698 BLAKE After Row trigger
Before Row trigger
7788 SMITH After Row trigger
After Statement trigger
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،PL/SQL SQL‫א‬‫א‬،
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Correlation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
anonymous ‫א‬‫א‬ Knames
 W‫א‬‫א‬PL/SQL Block
[DECLARE]
BEGIN
[EXCEPTION]
END;
 W‫א‬
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name
Timing event1 [OR timing event2 Or timing event3]
ON table_name
PL/SQL block;
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
ENDBEGINDECLARE‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K??W

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER secure_emp
BEFORE INSERT ON emp
BEGIN
IF (TO_CHAR (sysdate,’DY’) IN (‘THU’,’FRI’)) OR
(TO_CHAR (sysdate, ‘HH24’) NOT BETWEEN ‘08’ AND ‘18’)
THEN RAISE_APPLAICATION_ERROR (-20500,

‘You may only insert into EMP during normal hours.’);
END IF;
END;
/

‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRollback‫א‬
Server side built in‫א‬ RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

SQL> INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, deptno)
2 VALUES (77, ‘ALI’ 40);
INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, deptno)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20500: You may only insert into EMP during normal hours.
ORA-06512: at “SCOTT.SECURE_EMP”, line 4

ORA04088: error during execution of trigger ‘SCOTT.SECURE_EMP’

 KORACLE‫א‬‫א‬W

 W Using Conditional Predicates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬INSERTING, DELETING, UPDATING‫א‬‫א‬
EMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER secure_emp
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp
BEGIN
IF (TO_CHAR(sysdate, ‘DY’) IN (‘THU’,’FRI’)) OR

(TO_CHAR (sysdate, ‘HH24’) NOT BETWEEN ‘08’ and ‘18’)
THEN
IF INSERTING THEN
‘You may only insert into EMP during normal hours’);
ELSIF DELETING
‘You may only delete from EMP during normal hours’);
ELSIF UPDATING(‘SAL’)
‘You may only update SAL during normal hours’);
ELSE
‘You may only update EMP during normal hours’);
END IF;
END IF;
END;
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ??   
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
USER TABLENAME COLUMN INS UPD DEL MAX MAX MAX
_NAME _NAME _INS _UPD _DEL
SCOTT EMP 1 1 1 5 5 5
SCOTT EMP SAL 1 5
JONES EMP 0 0 0 5 0 0
‫א‬ SAL‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_salary_count
AFTER UPDATE OF sal ON EMP
DECLARE
V_salary_changes NUMBER;
V_max_changes NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT upd, max_upd
INTO v_salary_changes, v_max_changes
FROM audit_table
WHERE user_name = user

AND tablename = ‘EMP’
AND column_name = ‘SAL’;

- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
IF v_salary_changes > v_max_changes THEN
‘ You may only make a maximum of ‘ ||
TO_CHAR (v_max_changes) || ‘ changes to the SAL column’);

END IF;
END;
 W‫א‬
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name
Timing event1 [OR timing event2 Or timing event3]
ON table_name
[ REFERENCING OLD AS OLD | NEW AS new]
FOR EACH ROW
[WHEN condition]
PL/SQL block;

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
FOR EACH ROW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬،

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_emp
AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF DELETING THEN
UPDATE audit_table SET del = del + 1
WHERE user_name = user AND tablename = ‘EMP’

AND col_name IS NULL;
ELSIF INSERTING THEN
UPDATE audit_table SET ins = ins + 1

ELSIF UPDATING(‘SAL’) THEN

UPDATE audit_table SET upd = upd + 1
AND col_name = ‘SAL;
ELSE
UPDATE audit_table SET upd = upd + 1

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
END IF;
END; /
AUDIT_EMP_TABLEEMP‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   KEMP   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_emp_values
AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO audit_emp_table

(user_name, timestamp, id, old_last_name, new_last_name,
old_title, new_title, old_salary, new_salary)
VALUES (USER, SYSDATE, :OLD.empno, :OLD.ename,

:NEW.ename, :OLD.job, :NEW.job, :OLD.sal,
:NEW.sal);
END;
/
 Audit_Emp_Table‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
USER_NAME TIMESTAMP ID OLD_LAST_NAME NEW_LAST_NAME
SCOTT 12-NOV-97 NULL NULL HUSTON
ALI 10-DEC-97 7844 MAGE TURNER

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
OLD_TITLE NEW_TITLE OLD_SALARY NEW_SALARY
NULL ANALYST NULL 3500
CLERK SALESMAN 1100 1100

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KNEWOLD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ NULL INSERT‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  UPDATE‫א‬

NULL  ‫א‬‫א‬  DELETE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬NewOLD‫• א‬
PL/SQLSQLEWF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KWHEN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWF •
،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KWhen clause
 Employee’s Commission‫א‬ EMP‫א‬ ‫א‬  W
K‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER derive_commmission_pct
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF sal ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.job = ‘SALESMAN’)

BEGIN
IF INSERTING THEN
:NEW.comm := 0;
ELSIF :OLD.comm IS NULL THEN
:NEW.comm := 0;
ELSE
:NEW.comm := :OLD.comm * (:NEW.sal/:OLD.sal);
END IF;
END;
/
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
CREATE TRIGGER‫א‬‫ א‬K١ CREATE PROCEDURE‫א‬‫ א‬K١
Data Dictionary ‫א‬   K٢ Data Dictionary ‫א‬   K٢
‫א‬ Source ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Source ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
p_code p_code
EF‫א‬ K٣ EF‫א‬ K٣
Transaction  ‫א‬   K٤ Transaction  ‫א‬   K٤

 Commit, Savepoint   Processing  Commit, Savepoint   Processing
K‫א‬‫א‬Rollback  ‫א‬‫א‬Rollback

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

EF‫א‬ K١ EF‫א‬ K١
Transaction Processing‫א‬ Transaction  ‫א‬   K٢

Rollback  Commit, Savepoint    Commit, Savepoint   Processing
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬Rollback
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ p_code‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، Data Dictionary
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EnabledW‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KDisabled
Data base integrity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ALTER TRIGGER ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KConstraints

 W

 W‫א‬
ALTER TRIGGER trigger_name DISABLE | ENABLED

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE | ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS

 W‫א‬‫א‬
ALTER TRIGGER trigger_name COMPILE
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬        
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
DROP TRIGGER trigger_name
 W
SQL> DROP TRIGGER secure_emp;
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  Foreign Key‫א‬‫א‬،Primary Key ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Unique Key‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Mutating‫א‬،Mutating‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
Foreign ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
KKey
 W
     ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_salary
BEFORE INSERT Or UPDATE OF sal, job ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (:new.job <> ‘PRESIDENT’)

DECLARE
v_minsalary emp.sal%type;
v_maxsalary emp.sal%type;
BEGIN
SELECT MIN(sal), MAX(sal)
INTO v_minsalary, v_maxsalary

FROM emp
WHERE job = :new.job;
IF :new.sal < v_minsalary OR :new.sal > v_maxsalary THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20505, ‘out of range’);
END IF;
END;
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
WK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

SQL> UPDATE emp
SET sal = 1500
WHERE ename = ‘SMITH’;
ERROR at line 2
ORA-04091: table EMP is mutating, trigger/function may not see it
ORA-06512: at “CHECK_SALARY”, line 5
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger ‘CHECK_SALARY’

mutating‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KEMP






- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W
 E١
 ٨W٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٦W٠٠‫א‬

    ‫א‬ SECURE_DML  ‫א‬      K١
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ PRODUCT      ‫א‬  K٢


 E٢
      COMM   SALESMAN ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    EMP ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K ‫א‬
 KCUSTOMER‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬      ‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،customer ID
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ORD‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
SQL> DESCRIBE emp;
Name Null? Type

-------------------- --- ------ --------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2 (10)
JOB VARCHAR2 (9)
MGR NUMBER (4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER (7,2)
COMM NUMBER (7,2)
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER (2)
SQL> DESCRIBE dept;
Name Null? Type

-------------------- --- ------ --------------------
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2 (14)
LOC VARCHAR2 (13)
- ١٣٤ -
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
SQL> DESCRIBE salgrade;
Name Null? Type

-------------------- --- ------ --------------------
GRADE NUMBER(4)
LOSAL VARCHAR2 (10)
HISAL VARCHAR2 (9)
SQL> DESCRIBE ord;
Name Null? Type

-------------------- --- ------ --------------------
ORDID NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ORDERDATE DATE
COMMPLAN VARCHAR2 (1)
CUSTID NOT NULL NUMBER (6)
SHIPDATE DATE
TOTAL NUMBER (8,2)
- ١٣٥ -
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
SQL> DESCRIBE product;
Name Null? Type

------------------------------ --- ------ --------------------
PRODID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
DESCRIP VARCHAR2 (30)
SQL> DESCRIBE item;
Name Null? Type

------------------------------ --- ------ --------------------
ORDID NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ITEMID NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
PRODID NUMBER(6)
ACTUALPRICE NUMBER(8,2)
QTY NUMBER(8)
ITEMTOT NUMBER(8,2)
- ١٣٦ -
   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
SQL> DESCRIBE customer;
Name Null? Type

------------------------------ --- ------ --------------------
CUSTID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2 (45)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (40)
CITY VARCHAR2 (30)
STATE VARCHAR2 (2)
ZIP VARCHAR2 (9)
AREA NUMBER (3)
PHONE VARCHAR2 (9)
PERID NOT NULL NUMBER (4)
CREDITLIMIT NUMBER (9,2)
COMMENTS LONG
SQL> DESCRIBE price;
Name Null? Type

------------------------------ --- ------ --------------------
PRODID NOT NULL NUMBER(6)
STDPRICE NUMER (8,2)
MINPRICE NUMBER (8,2)
STARTDATE DATE
ENDDATE DATE
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،8i/8‫א‬‫א‬ •
K١٤٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Introduction to SQL and PL/SQL, Oracle University book, volume 2 •
Develop PL/SQL Program Units, Oracle University book •
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤ ‫א‬
 ٦ ‫א‬
 ٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠ 
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥  ‫א‬
 ١٦ ‫א‬
 ١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠  For‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢  
 ٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥  ‫א‬
 ٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٣٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣١ RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR‫א‬
٣٢ 
٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦ 
٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧ ‫א‬
٣٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬Default‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢ 
٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٩ 
٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٢ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
٦٧ ‫א‬
٦٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢ ‫א‬
٧٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٩ ‫א‬
٧٩ ‫א‬
٨٢ 
٨٣ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 PL/SQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

.System Privileges ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

SQL> GRANT manger to CLARK;

GRANT object_privilege ([columns])

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WITH GRANT OPTION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

REVOKE {privilege [,privilege . . .] | ALL }

7369 SMITH CLERK

 INTO Select‫א‬ •

emp_record.ename || ‘ works in the Sales Dept. ‘);

Please enter the number of top money makers: 5

Please enter the number of top money makers: 3

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 BEGIN BEGIN 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PL/SQL

Please enter department number: 50

Please enter the salary: 3000

Please enter the salary: 6000

Application BEGIN Application

DECLARE (Optional ‫)א‬

Declaration section‫א‬ K

‫א‬ SQL*Plus  Procedure Builder ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

Procedural Parameter Modes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Calling Environment OUT parameter

SQL> EXECUTE query_emp(7654,:g_name, :g_sal, :g_comm)

SQL> BEGIN :g_phone_no := ‘8006330575’; END;

SQL> EXECUTE format_phone (:g_phone_no)

SQL> PRINT g_phone_no

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

Removing Server-Side procedure‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ SQL*Plus  Procedure Builder‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

Calling Environment GET SAL function

SQL> START get_salary.sql

SQL> VARIABLE g_salary number

SQL> EXECUTE :g_salary := get_sal(7934)

Remove Server side functions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. . . . INSERT or UPDATE OF jobs . . . .

VALUES (50, ‘EDUCATION’, ‘NEW YORK’);

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

30 OPERATIONS BOSTON After Statement trigger

SQL> UPDATE emp

SET sal = sal * 1.1

WHERE deptno = 30;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO Before Row trigger

After Statement trigger

anonymous ‫א‬‫א‬ Knames

Timing event1 [OR timing event2 Or timing event3]

BEFORE INSERT ON emp

(TO_CHAR (sysdate, ‘HH24’) NOT BETWEEN ‘08’ AND ‘18’)

THEN RAISE_APPLAICATION_ERROR (-20500,

2 VALUES (77, ‘ALI’ 40);

INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, deptno)

ORA-06512: at “SCOTT.SECURE_EMP”, line 4

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp

IF (TO_CHAR(sysdate, ‘DY’) IN (‘THU’,’FRI’)) OR

‘You may only insert into EMP during normal hours’);

‘You may only delete from EMP during normal hours’);

‘You may only update SAL during normal hours’);

‘You may only update EMP during normal hours’);

_NAME _NAME _INS _UPD _DEL

SCOTT EMP SAL 1 5

‫א‬ SAL‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  

AFTER UPDATE OF sal ON EMP