Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

I. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body

A. Objectives
1. Define anatomy and physiology.
a. Anatomy
b. Physiology
2. Describe various specialties of each discipline.

B. The Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

Key

C. Anatomy
1. Gross Anatomy
a. Surface anatomy
b. Regional anatomy
c. Systemic anatomy: organ systems
d. Developmental Anatomy
1. Embryology
e. Clinical Anatomy
2. Microscopic Anatomy
a. Cytology
b. Histology

D. Physiology
1. Cell physiology
2. Special physiology
3. Systemic physiology
4. Pathological physiology

II. Levels of Organization

A. Objectives
1. The major levels of organization in organisms
2. The organ systems of the human body and their major components
B. Levels (Figure 1-1)
1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level (Figure 1-2)
6. Organism Level
Key
III Homeostasis

A. Objectives
Key
1. Autoregulation
2. Extrinsic regulation
3. Mechanism (Figure 1-3)
a. Receptor
b. Control center
c. Effector

B. The Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis (Figure 1-4)

1. The Role of Positive Feedback (Figure 1-5)
a. Disease

C. Systems Integration, Equilibrium, and Homeostasis (Table 1-1)

1. State of equilibrium
a. Dynamic equilibrium
Key

IV. Frames of Reference for Anatomical Studies

A. Objectives
1. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions and
relative positions.
2. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.

B. Superficial Anatomy
1. Anatomical Landmarks (Figure 1-6)
a. Anatomical position
Key
2. Anatomical Regions (Table 1-2, Figure 1-7)
a. Abdominopelvic quadrants
b. Abdominopelvic regions
3. Anatomical Directions (Figure 1-8, Table 1-3)

C. Sectional Anatomy
1. Planes and sections (Figure 1-9, Table 1-4)
a. Transverse
b. Frontal
c. Sagittal

D. Body Cavities (Figure 1-10)

1. The Thoracic Cavity
2. The Abdominopelvic Cavity